A lipoperoxidação gera diversas espécies carbonílicas altamente reativas dentre as quais se destacam acroleína (ACR), malondialdeído (MDA), 4-hidroxi-2-hexenal (HHE) e 4-hidroxi-2-nonenal (HNE). A principal via endógena de metabolização desses compostos é através de conjugação com glutationa por ação da glutationa-S-tranferase. Contudo, diversos trabalhos têm mostrado que dipeptídeos contendo histidina, tal como a carnosina (CAR), também podem formar conjugados com aldeídos e auxiliar na detoxificação desses compostos. Em nosso trabalho adutos de CAR com ACR, HHE, HHEd5, HNE e HNEd11 foram sintetizados, purificados e caracterizados. A reação da CAR com ACR foi estudada em detalhes. Resultados mostraram que a carnosina reage com acroleína formando 03 produtos principais: m/z = 265, m/z = 283 e m/z = 303, sendo este último mais estável e mais abundante. Dados de RMN H1, COSY e HSQC permitiram elucidar a estrutura dessa molécula (m/z = 303) e propor uma rota de reação. Em seguida, uma metodologia baseada em cromatografia líquida acoplada à espectrometria de massas do tipo \"Ion Trap\" (ESI+ HPLC/MS-MS) foi desenvolvida e validada para quantificação simultânea dos adutos sintetizados. Pelo método desenvolvido é possível quantificar com precisão 25 pmol de CAR-HHE, 1 pmol de CAR-ACR e 1 pmol de CAR-HNE com um coeficiente de variação de aproximadamente 10 % e acurácia de 98 % (HHEd5 e HNEd11 foram usados como padrão interno). Análise em urina de adultos não fumantes mostraram que os produtos sintetizados estão presentes na urina de humanos em concentrações de 3,6 ± 1,4; 2,3 ± 1,5 e 1,3 ± 0,5 nmol / mg de creatinina, respectivamente para CAR-ACR, CAR-HHE e CAR-HNE. Em ratos transgênicos SODG93A modelo para esclerose lateral amiotrófica (ELA), a suplementação da dieta dos animais com 35 ± 5 mg carnosina/animal/semana melhorou a manutenção do peso e a sobrevida dos animais. Análises dos adutos sintetizados em amostras de músculo sugerem que a metabolização de aldeídos esteja comprometida nesses animais e que a carnosina poderia funcionar como \"scavenger\" para esses compostos. Esses resultados comprovam que dipeptídeos de histidina atuam na detoxificação de compostos carbonílicos e participa de suas vias de excreção. Além disso, a caracterização da estrutura e desenvolvimento de método sensível de detecção abre a possibilidade de utilização desses adutos como biomarcadores de estresse redox e exposição a aldeídos. / Lipid peroxidation generates reactive carbonyl species, including 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (HNE), acrolein (ACR), 4-hydroxy-2-hexenal (HHE) and malondialdehyde (MDA). One major pathway of aldehyde detoxification in vivo is through conjugation with glutathione catalyzed by glutathione-S-transferases or, alternatively, by conjugation with endogenous histidine containing dipeptides, such as carnosine (CAR). The reaction of CAR with ACR was investigated in an effort to assess its possible biological role. One stable adduct was isolated by reverse-phase HPLC and characterized on the basis of extensive spectroscopic measurements. The proposed reaction route for product formation involves the reaction of the CAR amino group with ACR via a Schiff base formation followed by dehydration and cyclization through Michael addition in the imidazole ring forming an instable compound with m/z = 265. The subsequent reaction with another molecule of ACR followed by cyclization gives rise to the final product with m/z = 303.A highly sensitive method involving HPLC-MS analysis was developed for the simultaneous accurate quantification of CAR- ACR, CAR-HHE and CAR-HNE adducts in human urinary samples from non-smoking adults. This methodology permits quantification of 10 pmol CAR-HHE and 1 pmol of CAR-ACR and CAR-HNE. Adduct levels in urine were 3.6 ± 1.4, 2.3 ± 1.5, 1.3 ± 0.5 nmol/mg of creatinine, respectively to CAR-ACR, CAR-HHE and CAR-HNE. In SODG93A transgenic rats model to amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), the food supplementation of the animals with 35 ± 5 mg carnosine/animal/week improve de body weight and the life span of the ALS treated group. Analysis of the synthesized adducts in muscle sample showed suggest than aldehyde metabolization is compromised in this animals and that may be carnosine work like a scavenger for these compounds. Our results indicate that carnosine adduction can be an important detoxification route of α,β -unsaturated aldehydes. Moreover, carnosine adducts quantification may be useful as redox stress indicator in vivo.

Acetoacetato (AA) e 2-metilacetoacetato (MAA) são compostos β-cetoácidos acumulados em diversas desordens metabólicas como no diabetes e na isoleucinemia, respectivamente. Examinamos o mecanismo de oxidação aeróbica de AA e MAA iniciada por intermediários reativos de mioglobina de coração de cavalo (Mb) gerados pela adição de H2O2. Uma rota quimioluminescente que envolve um intermediário dioxetânico cuja termólise gera espécies α-dicarbonílicas (metilglioxal e biacetilo) foi proposta e estudada. Emissão de luz ultra fraca acompanha a reação, e sua intensidade aumenta linearmente pelo aumento da concentração tanto de Mb (10-500 µM) quando AA (10-100 mM). Estudos de consumo de oxigênio mostraram que MAA é, como esperado, quase uma ordem de grandeza mais reativo que AA. Estudos de EPR com captação de spin, utilizando MNP, possibilitaram detectar adutos de MAA atribuíveis a um radical centrado no Cα (aN = 1.55 mT) e ao radical acetila (aN = 0.83 mT). O sinal do radical acetila é totalmente suprimido por sorbato, um conhecido e eficiente supressor de espécies tripletes, o que é consistente com uma rota reacional envolvendo um intermediário dioxetânico. Clivagem-α da ligação carbonila-carbonila do produto biacetilo triplete produziria, de fato, radicais acetila. Além disso, utilizando AA como substrato para Mb/H2O2, um sinal de EPR atribuível ao aduto MNP-AA• (aN = 1.46 mT e aH = 0.34 mT) foi observado e confirmado por efeito isotópico. O consumo de oxigênio e o rendimento de compostos α-dicarbonílicos foram dose-dependentes à concentração de AA ou MAA (1-50 mM) bem como à concentração de H2O2 adicionado às misturas de reação contendo Mb (até 1:10 quando medido o consumo de oxigênio, e até 1:25 quando medido o rendimento de compostos α-dicarbonílicos) e tert-butilhidroperóxido (até 1:200). Os perfis de pH (5,8-7,8) para consumo de oxigênio e rendimento de compostos α-dicarbonílicos mostraram maiores rendimentos para baixos valores de pH, indicativo de ferrilMb formada no ciclo peroxidático da proteína. Avaliando os níveis de lesão de Mb, os β-cetoácidos diminuíram o nível de desorganização protéica na estrutura secundária e terciária elicitada por H2O2. Ainda, houve maior preservação da estrutura primária da proteína, sendo que MAA protegeu mais em comparação a AA, embora quando utilizado este último composto, foi mostrado que há acetilação dose-dependente de Mb. Acetoacetato aumentou a velocidade de descoramento da hemeproteína, provavelmente por ataque de espécies tripletes geradas no sistema. Músculos de rato, plantar e sóleo, expostos ex vivo a concentrações citotóxicas de glicose oxidase (GOX, gera H2O2 em fluxo), foram protegidas pelos ésteres etílicos AAE e MAAE. Foi detectado biacetilo no meio intracelular em músculos expostos a MAAE e GOX. A concentração deste composto α-dicarbonílico é claramente relacionada à abundância de Mb em cada um dos tipos de músculos estudados. Em resumo, Mb tratada com metabólitos β-cetoácidos (AA e MAA) gera radicais centrados em carbono e produtos α-dicarbonílicos altamente reativos no estado triplete. Experimentos realizados com tecido muscular ex vivo sugerem que esta reação possivelmente ocorra in vivo. Levantamos a hipótese de que a geração de espécies carbonílicas reativas e seus adutos em condições de desbalanço metabólico possam contribuir para a compreensão das bases moleculares de desordens cetogênicas. / Acetoacetate (AA) and 2-methylacetoacetate (MAA) are β-ketoacids accumulated in several metabolic disorders such as diabetes and isoleucinemia, respectively. Here we examine the mechanism of AA and MAA aerobic oxidation initiated by the reactive enzyme intermediates formed by the reaction of muscle horse myoglobin (Mb) with H2O2. A chemiluminescent route involving a dioxetane intermediate whose thermolysis yields triplet α-dicarbonyl species (methylglyoxal and diacetyl) is envisaged. Accordingly, the ultraweak light emission that accompanies the reaction increases linearly by raising the concentration of both Mb (10-500 µM) and AA (10- 100 mM). Oxygen uptake studies revealed that MAA is, expectedly, almost one order of magnitude more reactive than AA. EPR spin-trapping studies with MNP detected spin adducts from MAA attributable to an α-carbon-centered radical (aN = 1.55 mT) and to an acetyl radical (aN = 0.83 mT). As the acetyl radical signal is totally suppressed by sorbate, a well-known efficient triplet species quencher, the dioxetane hypothesis seems to be reliable. The α-cleavage of the carbonyl-carbonyl bond of a putative excited triplet diacetyl product would, in fact, leads to an acetyl radical. Furthermore, using AA as substrate for Mb/H2O2, an EPR signal assignable to a MNP-AA• adduct (aN = 1.46 mT and aH = 0.34 mT) was observed and confirmed by isotope effect. Oxygen consumption and α-dicarbonyl yield were also dependent on AA or MAA concentrations (1-50 mM) as well as on the concentration of peroxide added to the Mb-containing reaction mixtures: H2O2 (up to 1:10 when measuring oxygen uptake and up to 1:25 when measuring the α-dicarbonyl yield) and t-butOOH (up to 1:200). The pH profiles (5.8-7.8) of oxygen consumption and α-dicarbonyl yield show higher reaction rates at lower pHs, indicative of a ferrylMb intermediate. Evaluating Mb lesion, both β-ketoacids reduced disorganization of the secondary and tertiary protein structure elicited by H2O2. Therefore, Mb primary structure was more preserved, and MAA was more protective than AA. Moreover using the later compound, it was shown that Mb acetylation is dose-dependent. Acetoacetate increased the rate of the hemeprotein bleaching, probably due to the attack of triplet products generated in the system. Plantaris and soleous rat muscles exposed to damaging concentrations of glucose oxidase (GOX, generates H2O2 in flux), was cytoprotected by AAE and MAAE. Intracellular diacetyl was detected in muscle samples exposed to MAAE and GOX. The α-dicarbonyl concentration is clearly related to the Mb abundance in the muscle types. In summary, Mb treated with peroxides reacts with β-ketoacid metabolites (AA and MAA), yielding carbon-centered radicals and highly reactive α-dicarbonyl products in the triplet state. Experiments carried out ex vivo with muscle tissue showed that this reaction possibly occurs in vivo. A new route for generation and accumulation of carbonyl reactive species and adducts is here proposed to occur in unbalanced metabolic situations, such as is the case of ketogenic disorders.

O consumo de álcool vem sendo associado a um aumento do risco de câncer e a uma situação de estresse oxidativo. Os metabólitos responsáveis por tais processos permanecem em discussão. Neste trabalho, caracterizamos novos metabólitos radicalares do etanol e examinamos suas interações com ácidos nucléicos. Primeiramente, demonstramos que os radicais 1-hidroxietila e 2-hidroxietila produzidos durante a oxidação do etanol por sistemas Fenton alquilam DNA e RNA in vitro produzindo os adutos 8-(1-HE)Gua e 8-(2-HE)Gua, respectivamente. Esses adutos foram sintetizados e caracterizados quimicamente. Também, demonstramos que acetaldeído, o principal metabólito do etanol, é oxidado por sistemas Fenton, peroxinitrito, xantina oxidase, partículas submitocondriais e ratos a radicais acetila e metila. Esses radicais foram caracterizados e seus mecanismos de formação elucidados, pelo menos in vitro. A possibilidade do radical 1-hidroxietila alquilar ácidos nucléicos in vivo foi também examinada. Inesperadamente, o aduto 8-(1-HE)Gua foi detectado em RNA e DNA do fígado de ratos controle e seus níveis não foram significativamente alterados após administração aguda de etanol. Esses resultados sugerem que os radicais 1-hidroxietila, acetila e metila são importantes metabólitos do etanol in vivo mas atacam preferencialmente outras biomoléculas que não ácidos nucléicos. / Alcohol consumption has been associated with increased cancer risk and an oxidative stress condition. Ethanol metabolites responsible for these processes remain debatable. Here, we characterized novel radical metabolites of ethanol and examined their interactions with nucleic acids. First, we demonstrated that the 1-hydroxyethyl and 2-hydroxyethyl radical produced from ethanol oxidation by Fenton systems alkylated DNA and RNA in vitro to produce 8-(1HE)Gua and 8-(2-HE)Gua, respectively. Both adducts were synthesized and structurally characterized. Next, we demonstrated that acetaldehyde, the main ethanol metabolite, is oxidized by Fenton systems, peroxynitrite, xanthine oxidase, submitochondrial particles and whole rats to acetyl and methyl radicals. These radicals were characterized and their production mechanisms in vitro elucidated. The possibility of the 1-hydroxyethyl radical alkylating nucleic acids in vivo was also examined. Unexpectedly, the adduct 8-(1-HE)Gua was detected in RNA and DNA from liver of control rats and their levels were not increased by acute ethanol treatment. Overall, the results suggest that the radicals 1-hydroxyethyl, acetyl and methyl are important ethanol metabolites in vivo but they preferentially attack biomolecules other than nucleic acids.

O ácido 5-aminolevulínico (ALA) é o primeiro precursor do grupo heme acumulado, principalmente no fígado, em alguns tipos de porfirias hepáticas hereditárias (porfiria aguda intermitente-AIP e tirosinemia) ou adquiridas (intoxicação por chumbo) devido à diminuição da atividade da enzima porfobilinogênio deaminase. Amostras de biópsias de fígado de pacientes portadores de AIP revelaram alterações estruturais nas mitocôndrias e no retículo endoplasmático, acúmulo de lipofuscina, gordura e corpúsculos de ferritina. Têm sido demonstrado que mutações mitocondriais induzidas por pró-oxidantes também contribuem para o envelhecimento celular e para o desenvolvimento do câncer. Esses dados podem estar relacionados à maior incidência de carcinoma hepatocelular (HCC) em pacientes sintomáticos de AIP. In vitro, ALA produz espécies reativas de oxigênio (ROS), através da oxidação catalisada por metais, e pode ser visto como uma fonte endógena de ROS, iniciando danos oxidativos a estruturas celulares como o DNA, podendo estar envolvido na iniciação e promoção do câncer. Além disso, o produto final de oxidação do ALA, o ácido 4,5-dioxovalérico (DOVA) é capaz de induzir modificações nas bases do DNA como outros derivados carbonílicos reativos. Neste estudo, demonstramos que o ALA é capaz de produzir danos ao DNA como quebras de fita de DNA plasmidial, aumento do nível de 8-oxo-7,8- dihidro-2\'-desoxiguanosina e 5-hidroxi-2´-desoxicitidina em DNA de órgãos de ratos tratados com ALA e aumento da formação de diversas bases modificadas em DNA de timo de bezerro. O DOVA reagiu com 2´-desoxiguanosina e DNA de timo de bezerro isolado produzindo dois adutos diastereoisômeros. O ALA e o DOVA foram capazes de aumentar a mutagenicidade em S. typhimurium TA104 e induzir resposta SOS em E. coli PQ37. Danos ao DNA mitocondrial e nuclear também foram detectados através da técnica de reação quantitativa em cadeia da polimerase em fibroblastos humanos transformados tratados com ALA. Todos esses dados fornecem informações referentes ao potencial genotóxico do ALA e permitem estabelecer uma proposta de bases moleculares para conectar as lesões ao DNA promovidas pelo ALA com a maior incidência de carcinoma hepatocelular em pacientes sintomáticos de AIP. / 5-Aminolevulinic acid (ALA) is a heme precursor accumulated in some inborn (acute intermittent porphyria-AIP and tyrosinosis) or acquired (lead poisoning) types of hepatic porphyria. In AIP patients, ALA is overproduced and accumulated in the liver. Liver biopsy samples of AIP patients revealed mitochondrial and endoplasmic reticulum structural alterations and accumulation of lipofucsin, fat and ferritin bodies. Mitochondrial mutations induced by pro- oxidants were suggested to contribute to cellular aging and cancer. These findings may be connected to the higher frequency of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) associated to symptomatic AIP patients. In vitro, ALA produces reactive oxygen species (ROS) upon metal- catalyzed oxidation and can be viewed as a deleterious endogenous source of ROS, triggering oxidative damage to cell structures and organs and being involved in the initiation and promotion of cancer. Besides, the final oxidation product of ALA, the 4,5-dioxovaleric acid (DOVA) is expect to induce DNA base modifications as already shown for other reactive carbonyl derivatives. In this study we demonstrated that ALA is able to produce DNA lesions such as strand breaks in plasmid DNA, increased steady state level of 8-oxo-7,8- dihydro-2\'-deoxyguanosine and 5-hydroxy-2´-deoxycytidine in rat organs DNA of ALA-treated rats and increased formation of several modified DNA bases in calf thymus DNA. 4,5-Dioxovaleric acid was showed to react with 2\'-deoxyguanosine and isolated calf thymus DNA through Schiff?s base formation to produce two diastereisomeric adducts. Aminolevulinic acid and DOVA were able to increase mutagenicity of the S. typhimurim strain TA104 and induce SOS response in E. coli PQ37. The mitochondrial and nuclear DNA damage were also detected by quantitative polymerase chain reaction technique in transformed human fibroblasts treated with ALA. All these data provide additional information on the genotoxic potential of ALA and reinforce the hypothesis that ALA may be involved in the induction of HCC in symptomatic AIP patients.

The aim of this master´s thesis was to determine the concentration of bioactive substances such as total polyphenols and flavonoids as well as the total antioxidant capacity in tea extracts from Rosa canina. In the second part, an experiment was found to detect antimicrobial activity and an effective concentration of ethanol against selected bacteria. The theoretical part is focused on description of natural antioxidants and their effect on free radicals, description of tea, description of rose hazel and possibilities of spectrophotometric determination of natural substances and eventually basic distribution of bacteria. In the experimental part, ethanol and aqueous extracts were prepared in which the total number of polyphenols, flavonoids and antioxidant effects. The results of the determination of polyphenols and flavonoids show that the solvent with ethanol is more suitable for flower fermentation and water is more suitable for dropping the rose. Comparison of the antioxidant activity of macerates showed no significant differences; slightly higher antioxidant activity showed macerates from pink flowers. The extracts showed antimicrobial activity against Micrococcus luteus and slightly against Bacillus cereus. The highest antimicrobial activity was determined for the micrococcus luteus

Human 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX) oxidizes arachidonic acid to 5S-hydroperoxy-6E,8Z,11Z,14Z-eicosatetraenoic acid (5-HpETE) and leukotriene (LT) A4. In neutrophils, LTA4 is further converted to the potent chemoattractant LTB4. These cells also contain the heme enzyme myeloperoxidase (MPO), which produces several potent oxidants such as hypochlorous acid (HOCl), which are involved in pathogen defense and immune regulation. Here, we addressed the question whether MPO-derived oxidants are able to affect the activity of 5-LOX and the product profile of this enzyme. Human 5-LOX was incubated with increasing amounts of HOCl or HOBr. Afterward, arachidonic acid metabolites of 5-LOX were analyzed by reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography as well as by liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry. The incubation of 5-LOX with the MPO-derived oxidants significantly changed the product profile of 5-LOX. Thereby, HOCl and HOBr increased the ratio of 5-H(p)ETE to 6-trans-LTB4 in a concentration-dependent manner. At low oxidant concentrations, there was a strong decrease in the yield of 6-trans-LTB4, whereas 5-HpETE did not change or increased. Additionally, the formation of 8-HpETE and 12-HpETE by 5-LOX rose slightly with increasing HOCl and HOBr. Comparable results were obtained with the MPO-H2O2-Cl– system when glucose oxidase and glucose were applied as a source of H2O2. This was necessary because of a strong impairment of 5-LOX activity by H2O2. In summary, MPO-derived oxidants showed a considerable impact on 5-LOX, impairing the epoxidation of 5-HpETE, whereas the hydroperoxidation of arachidonic acid was unaffected. Apparently, this was caused by an oxidative modification of critical amino acid residues of 5-LOX. Further work is necessary to assess the specific type and position of oxidation in the substrate-binding cavity of 5-LOX and to specify whether this interaction between 5-LOX and MPO-derived oxidants also takes place in stimulated neutrophils.

Background: Ceramide synthesis and metabolism is a promising target in cancer drug development. γ-tocotrienol (GT3), a member of the vitamin E family, orchestrates multiple effects that ensure the induction of apoptosis in both, wild-type and RAS-mutated pancreatic cancer cells. Here, we investigated whether these effects involve changes in ceramide synthesis and transport. Methods: The effects of GT3 on the synthesis of ceramide via the de novo pathway, and the hydrolysis of sphingomyelin were analyzed by the expression levels of the enzymes serine palmitoyl transferase, ceramide synthase-6, and dihydroceramide desaturase, and acid sphingomyelinase in wild-type RAS BxPC3, and RAS-mutated MIA PaCa-2 and Panc 1 pancreatic cancer cells. Quantitative changes in ceramides, dihydroceramides, and sphingomyelin at the cell membrane were detected by LCMS. Modulation of ceramide transport by GT3 was studied by immunochemistry of CERT and ARV-1, and the subsequent effects at the cell membrane was analyzed via immunofluorescence of ceramide, caveolin, and DR5. Results: GT3 favors the upregulation of ceramide by stimulating synthesis at the ER and the plasma membrane. Additionally, the conversion of newly synthesized ceramide to sphingomyelin and glucosylceramide at the Golgi is prevented by the inhibition of CERT. Modulation ARV1 and previously observed inhibition of the HMG-CoA pathway, contribute to changes in membrane structure and signaling functions, allows the clustering of DR5, effectively initiating apoptosis. Conclusions: Our results suggest that GT3 targets ceramide synthesis and transport, and that the upregulation of ceramide and modulation of transporters CERT and ARV1 are important contributors to the apoptotic properties demonstrated by GT3 in pancreatic cancer cells.

En radiothérapie, les nanoparticules faites de métaux lourds telles que les nanoparticules l’or (AuNPs) ont démontré des propriétés radiosensibilisantes particulièrement prometteuses. Une augmentation de la dose et du nombre de radicaux produits, à échelle tumorale (effet photoélectrique) et à échelle sub-cellulaire (électrons Auger) pourraient être responsables d’une partie des effets pour les rayons X de basse énergie. Dans le cadre de cette thèse, nous proposons d'étudier ces mécanismes physiques et chimiques précoces par des outils de simulation, afin de mieux les quantifier et comprendre leur impact sur la survie cellulaire. Nous avons d’abord finalisé et validé une simulation Monte Carlo développée pour suivre les électrons jusqu’à très basse énergie à la fois dans l’eau (meV) et dans l’or (eV). Nous avons obtenu de bons résultats pour l’or en comparant nos données avec des données expérimentales de la littérature, en terme de production d’électrons et de perte d’énergie. Nous avons utilisé cet outil de simulation pour quantifier l’énergie déposée dans des nanocibles situées près d’une AuNP, qui est corrélée à la probabilité de générer des dommages. Cette étude a nécessité d’importantes optimisations, afin d’atteindre des temps de calculs raisonnables. Nous avons montré une augmentation significative de la probabilité d’avoir un dépôt d’énergie dans la nanocible supérieur à une énergie seuil, dans un rayon de 200 nm autour de la AuNP, ce qui suggère qu’une AuNP pourrait efficacement détruire des cibles biologiques situées dans sa périphérie. Nous avons ensuite utilisé la simulation pour quantifier des effets chimiques. A échelle macroscopique, nous avons estimé l'augmentation de la quantité de radicaux libres produits en présence d’une concentration d’AuNPs. Nous avons également comparé la distribution radiale des espèces chimiques d’une nanoparticule d’or ionisée, à celle d’une nanoparticule d’eau ionisée. Si le nombre total d'espèces chimiques par ionisation était en moyenne plus important pour l'or que pour l'eau, le nombre d’espèces chimiques produites en périphérie de la nanoparticule n’était pas systématiquement supérieur pour l’or par rapport à l’eau. Cela suggère que l’effet de la AuNP dans sa périphérie réside surtout dans l’augmentation de la probabilité d’avoir une ionisation. Nous avons également étudié plusieurs scénarios pour expliquer l’augmentation expérimentale inattendue de la production d’espèces fluorescentes lors de l’irradiation d’une solution d’AuNPs et de coumarine. Notre étude suggère qu’un scénario plausible pouvant expliquer les observations expérimentales est l’interférence entre une AuNP et une des molécules intermédiaires produites suite à la réaction entre la coumarine et le radical hydroxyle. Pour finir, nous avons injecté les résultats des simulations dans le modèle biophysique NanOx, développé à l’origine à l’IPNL pour calculer des doses biologiques en hadronthérapie, afin de prédire la survie cellulaire en présence de AuNPs. Nous avons aussi implémenté le Local Effect Model (LEM), principal modèle biophysique utilisé dans le contexte des nanoparticules. Pour le LEM, nous nous sommes appuyés sur plusieurs approches dosimétriques proposées dans la littérature. Pour un système simpliste où les AuNPs étaient distribuées de façon homogène dans la cellule, nous avons montré que, selon l’approche dosimétrique, les prédictions de survies du LEM étaient significativement différentes. De plus, nous avons obtenu une augmentation de la mort cellulaire avec NanOx qui était due uniquement à l’augmentation macroscopique du dépôt de dose. Nous n’avons obtenu aucun effet supplémentaire dû aux électrons Auger, en contradiction avec les prédictions du LEM. Cette étude suggère que les modèles actuels proposés pour prédire l'effet radiosensibilisant des AuNPs doivent être améliorés pour être prédictifs, en prenant par exemple en compte de potentiels mécanismes biologiques mis en évidence par l'expérience / In radiation therapy, high-Z nanoparticles such as gold nanoparticles (GNPs) have shown particularly promising radiosensitizing properties. At an early stage, an increase in dose deposition and free radicals production throughout the tumour (photoelectric effect) and at sub-cellular scale (Auger cascade) might be responsible for part of the effect for low-energy X-rays. In this Ph.D work, we propose to study these early mechanisms with simulation tools, in order to better quantify them and better understand their impact on cell survival. We first finalised and validated Monte Carlo (MC) models, developed to track electrons down to low energy both in water (meV) and gold (eV). The comparison of theoretical predictions with available experimental data in the literature for gold provided good results, both in terms of secondary electron production and energy loss. This code allowed us to quantify the energy deposited in nanotargets located near the GNP, which is correlated with the probability to generate damages. This study required important optimisations in order to achieve reasonable computing time. We showed a significant increase of the probability of having an energy deposition in the nanotarget larger than a threshold, within 200 nm around the GNP, suggesting that GNPs may be particularly efficient at destroying biological nanotargets in its vicinity. The MC simulation was then used to quantify some chemical effects. At the macroscale, we quantified the increase of free radicals production for a concentration of GNPs. We also compared the radial distribution of chemical species following the ionisation of either a gold nanoparticle or a water nanoparticle. We showed that following an ionization, the average number of chemical species produced is higher for gold compared to water. However, in the vicinity of the nanoparticle, the number of chemical species was not necessarily higher for gold compared to water. This suggests that the effect of GNPs in its vicinity mostly comes from the increase of the probability of having an ionisation. We also studied several scenarios to explain the unexpectedly high experimental increase of the production of fluorescent molecules during the irradiation of a colloidal solution of GNPs and coumarin. Our study suggests that a plausible scenario to explain experimental measurements would be that GNPs interfere with an intermediate molecule, produced following the reaction between a coumarine molecule and a hydroxyl radical. During the last step of this Ph.D work, we injected our MC results in the biophysical model NanOx, originally developed at IPNL to calculate the biological dose in hadrontherapy, to predict cell survival in presence of GNPs. In addition, we implemented the Local Effect Model (LEM), currently the main biophysical model implemented for GNP-enhanced radiation therapy, to compare the NanOx and the LEM predictions with each other. In order to estimate cell survival with the LEM, we used various dosimetric approaches that were proposed in the literature. For a simple system where GNPs were homogeneously distributed in the cell, we showed that the LEM had different outcomes with regard to cell survival, depending on the dosimetric approach. In addition, we obtained an increase of cell death with the biophysical model NanOx that was purely due to the increase of the macroscopic dose. We did not obtain an increased biological effectiveness due to Auger electrons, which comes in contradiction with the LEM predictions. This study suggests that the current biophysical models available to predict the radiosensitizing effect of GNPs must be improved to be predictive. This may be done, for instance, by accounting for potential biological mechanisms evidenced by experimental works

No description available.

Le stress oxydatif et la formation des radicaux libres sont impliqués dans plusieurs mécanismes de la mort neuronale qui caractérisent la maladie d'Alzheimer. Les antioxydants sont reconnus comme une source de protection contre le stress oxydatif et peuvent avoir un effet protecteur sur le développement de la maladie d’Alzheimer. Cette étude visait à évaluer le potentiel antioxydant, par le biais du score « oxygen radical absorbance capacity » (ORAC), de l’alimentation habituelle de personnes âgées atteintes de la maladie d’Alzheimer en comparaison avec des témoins appariés pour l’âge sans problèmes cognitifs. L’hypothèse stipulait que les patients atteints de la maladie d’Alzheimer ont une alimentation dont le potentiel antioxydant est inférieur à celui des témoins sans problèmes cognitifs. L’étude a consisté en des analyses secondaires de données provenant de l’étude « Nutrition-Mémoire » (NMS), durant laquelle quarante-deux patients avec une démence du type Alzheimer (DTA) probable et leurs aidants étaient suivis pendant une période de dix-huit mois. Pour la présente étude, les données provenaient de trois jours de collecte alimentaire, ont été colligées au début (T0) de l’étude NMS, selon la méthode « Multiple-Pass ». Le potentiel antioxydant de l’alimentation a été déterminé à l’aide de la description des aliments énumérés dans la base de données des valeurs ORAC de l’USDA. Les résultats de l’étude ont montré que les patients avaient une alimentation dont le potentiel antioxydant était inférieur à celui des témoins (13784,07 ± 7372,70 μmol TE/100g contre 23220,54 ± 10862,55 μmol TE/100g, patients et témoins, respectivement; p<0,0001). Les analyses de régression hiérarchique pas à pas montraient que l’IMC, l’éducation, et le groupe (patients, témoins) étaient des facteurs influençant le score ORAC total. La consommation des aliments riches en antioxydants est un comportement préventif à faible risque qui pourrait bénéficier des individus susceptibles de développer la maladie d'Alzheimer. / Oxidative stress and the formation of free radicals are involved in several mechanisms of neuronal death that are characteristic of Alzheimer's disease. Antioxidants are known to help defend against oxidative stress and may protect against the development of Alzheimer's disease. This study aims to evaluate the antioxidant potential, using the “oxygen radical absorbance capacity” (ORAC) score of the diet of older adults people with Alzheimer's disease compared with cognitively-intact age-matched controls. It was hypothesized that the antioxidant potential of the diet of elderly people with Alzheimer's disease will be lower than that of controls without cognitive problems. The current study is a secondary analysis of data obtained from the "Nutrition-Memory study" (NMS). The NMS study recruited forty-two patients with probable Alzheimer’s disease, and their caregivers, and followed them over a period of eighteen months. The current study focuses on three days of dietary data collection, compiled at the beginning (T0) of the NMS study. The antioxidant potential of the diet was determined using the list of ORAC scores highlighted in the USDA database for the oxygen radical absorbance capacity of selected foods. Our results showed that the diet of patients (13784.07 ± 7372.70 μmol TE/100g) had a lower antioxidant potential than that of controls (± 23220.54 10862.55 μmol TE/100g). Moreover, BMI, education and group-status were factors that influenced the total ORAC score. Eating foods rich in antioxidants is a low risk preventative behaviour that could benefit individuals susceptible to developing Alzheimer’s disease.