Empatitrötthet knackar på  Abstrakt Bakgrund: Begreppet empatitrötthet beskrivs som ett successivt och tilltagande slitage på vårdarens förmåga att engagera, känna med och bry sig om sina patienter. Ett biologiskt, psykologiskt och socialt tillstånd av utmattning och dysfunktion som kommer av långvarig exponering för andras lidande. Empatitrötthet kan skapa negativa känslor som skam, sorg, skuld, irritation, otålighet, otillräcklighet och ökad rädsla. Andra faktorer i privatlivet som sitt eget mående, hälsa eller missnöje kan också öka risken för empatitrötthet. Motiv: Empatitrötthet är ett problem i vården. Förhoppningen för studien är att det kan belysa kunskapsluckor i hur personalen upplever empatitrötthet och vad som kan förbättras för att minska risken. Syftet med studien var att utforska personals upplevelser av empatitrötthet, belyst från deras erfarenheter av att arbeta på en psykiatrisk slutenvårdsavdelning.  Metod: Studien genomfördes med semistrukturerade intervjuer och materialet analyserades med kvalitativ innehållsanalys. Samtliga deltagare i studien arbetar som vårdpersonal på en sluten psykiatrisk vårdavdelning. Tio individuella intervjuer genomfördes med fem sjuksköterskor samt fem undersköterskor. Resultat: Resultatet visade att Empatitrötthet skapar processer i arbetsgruppen, Patientmötet påverkas, Empatitrötthet går under radarn och Frustration leder till likgiltighet. Konklusion: Empatitrötthet finns inom den psykiatriska vården, det är något som de flesta upplever och som hämmar personalen i sitt dagliga liv. Det leder till frustration och irritation mot både kollegor och patienter. Med hjälp av varandra och insatser och strategier från arbetsledning kan det minskas eller hållas i schack. Genom att uppmärksamma hur viktig gruppdynamiken är i kampen mot empatitrötthet kan omvårdnaden och bemötandet förbättras. Denna studie kan bidra till en djupare förståelse för empatitrötthet och vad som anses viktigt av vårdpersonal när man hamnar i det. Eventuellt kan det även leda till att man pratar mer öppet och uppmärksammar det i arbetsgruppen. / Compassion fatigue comes knocking  Abstract Background: The term compassion fatigue as a successive and increasing wear on the staff’s ability to engage, feel and care with its patient. Biological, psychological and social condition of exhaustion and dysfunction that comes from a prolonged exposion of others suffering. Compassion fatigue can create negative feelings of guilt, shame, sorrow, irritation, impatience, inadequacy and increased fear. Other factors are problems in the private life and that health or dissatisfaction can increase compassion fatigue. Motive: Compassion fatigue is a problem in health care. Our hope is that the study can enlighten the knowledge gap on how the staff experience compassion fatigue. Aim: The aim of the study was to explore staff's experiences of compassion fatigue, highlighted from their experiences of working in a psychiatric inpatient ward. Methods: The study was conducted with interviews and the data vas analyzed with qualitative content analysis. All participants work as staff in an inpatient psychiatric ward. Ten individual semi-structured interviews were conducted with five registered nurses and five undergraduated nurses. Result: The result shows that Compassion fatigue creates processes in the work group, The patient meeting is affected, Compassion fatigue goes under the radar and Frustration leads to indifference. Conclusion: Compassion fatigue exists in the psychiatric care, and is hampering the staff’s social life. It leads to frustration and irritation towards booth patient and colleagues. With the help of each other and strategies from the work management, it can be reduced. By paying attention to how important group dynamics are in the fight against compassion fatigue, care and treatment can be improved. This study can contribute to a deeper understanding of compassion fatigue. It can also lead to talking more openly and paying attention to it in the work group.

In this dissertation, we investigate various aspects of signed graphs, with a particular focus on signings and sign-symmetric signed graphs. We begin by examining the complete graph on six vertices with one edge deleted ($K_6$\textbackslash e) and explore the different ways of signing this graph up to switching isomorphism. We determine the frustration index (number) of these signings and investigate the existence of sign-symmetric signed graphs. We then extend our study to the $K_6$\textbackslash 2e graph and the McGee graph with exactly two negative edges. We investigate the distinct ways of signing these graphs up to switching isomorphism and demonstrate the absence of sign-symmetric signed graphs in some cases. We then introduce and study the signed graph class $\mathcal{S}$, which includes all sign-symmetric signed graphs, we prove several theorems and lemmas as well as discuss the class of tangled sign-symmetric signed graphs. Also, we study the graph class $\mathcal{G}$, consisting of graphs with at least one sign-symmetric signed graph, prove additional theorems and lemmas, and determine certain families within $\mathcal{G}$. Our results have practical applications in various fields such as social psychology and computer science.

Call number: LD2668 .T4 1979 B78 / Master of Science

Cette thèse est consacrée à l'étude expérimentale des composés antiferromagnétiques géométriquement frustrés à deux dimensions. Dans ces systèmes, la structure magnétique formée de triangles interdit de satisfaire simultanément toutes les interactions antiferromagnétiques et peut générer des états fondamentaux originaux. <br /><br />Nous présentons l'étude par RMN et µSR du composé triangulaire à côtés partagés NaCrO2, un système Heisenberg modèle de spin 3/2. Nous mettons ainsi en évidence un régime de fluctuations très étendu en dessous d'un maximum de chaleur spécifique, signature d'excitations originales spécifiques à cette classe de systèmes. <br /><br />Nous présentons ensuite l'étude de l'Herbertsmithite ZnCu3(OH)6Cl2, première réalisation expérimentale d'une structure kagomé parfaite de spin 1/2. Nous montrons par µSR que dans la famille plus large des Paratacamites ZnxCu4-x(OH)6Cl2, lorsque x passe de 0 à 1, le système évolue à basse température d'un état ordonné à longue distance vers un état fluctuant, type liquide de spin, pour x>0.66. Les mesures de RMN de l'oxygène 17 dans l'Herbertsmithite nous ont permis d'isoler la contribution intrinsèque de celle des défauts issus des substitutions Cu/Zn. L'évolution de la susceptibilité, ainsi que les mesures de relaxation démontrent l'absence de gap dans le spectre des excitations magnétiques. Nos mesures suggèrent que ces excitations ont un poids constant sur toute la zone de Brillouin, comme prédit théoriquement. L'évolution de la raie des défauts est en accord qualitatif avec l'image théorique de la localisation de singulets non magnétiques autour de l'impureté.

In today's competitive marketplace, relationship marketing has become an important factor. Companies want to achieve customer loyalty through sustainable long-term relationships with customers, especially in the service industry. Thus, companies implement loyalty programs, and conduct consumer research to evaluate the success of these programs. The customer satisfaction construct, is often used by companies to measure the level of satisfaction of their customers. However, previous literature argues that this construct conceal negative emotions. Therefore, the authors have chosen to investigate one type of negative emotion, namely frustration, within frequent flyer programs. The purpose of this thesis is to explore and identify what incidents cause frustration for members within the SAS EuroBonus program. The authors’ goal is to tap into customer frustration, as well as different types of sensations and the underlying incidents that create these sensations. This study will further investigate what impact customer frustrations can exert on program members’ behaviour towards the SAS EuroBonus program. The research method chosen for this thesis was of qualitative nature; the primary data were collected using a single case study, with semi structured interviews, conducted with members of the SAS EuroBonus program of Silver level or higher. The findings from this research reveal that even though individuals claim to be satisfied, negative emotions and concealed frustration is evident. The incidents found in this case study concern qualification barriers, inaccessibility, no additional value, additional costs and service. These incidents resulted in both strongly and weakly felt frustration sensations, which in turn led to three categories of frustration behaviours, namely avoidance, protest and passive behaviour.

Dans ce mémoire, je rapporte l'étude par RMN d'un nouveau composé synthétique avec une structure magnétique kagomé hautement frustrée : la vésigniéite-Sr. Ce sont les noyaux de $^{51}\mathrm{V}$ et de $^{63,65}\mathrm{Cu}$ qui servent de sonde magnétique pour les mesures effectuées sur l'échantillon qui prend la forme d'une poudre. Les résultats montrent que l'interaction Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya pousse les moments à s'ordonner à $120^\mathrm{o}$ les uns par rapport aux autres dans une configuration $q=0$ mais avec un léger angle au-dessus du plan kagomé. Cette configuration est source de ferromagnétisme faible dans l'échantillon malgré l'interaction antiferromagnétique entre atomes de cuivre voisins.

The motivational properties of Longstreth's (1970) definitions of incentive and frustrative cues were tested using 32 rats in a two phase straight alleyway experiment. During pretraining, incentive cue Ss were presented a visual cue prior to reinforcement; frustrative cue Ss experienced the visual cue simultaneously with reinforcement. Ss encountered the same cue in mid-alley during 40 CRF training trials. Significant inhibition developed as frustrative cue Ss passed through the cue and postcue segments. Significant incentive effects occurred midway through training only in the postcue segment. Differential resistance to extinction was not found. The results did not support all of Longstreth's assumed functions. The motivational effects were interpreted using Spence's and Amsel's instrumental learning paradigms.

Video games provide a competitive, goal-oriented environment. They involve individuals who often seek intentionally to frustrate their opponents’ goals. The gaming community is made up of players who vary in their interpersonal style, learning histories, and skill levels. In this rich and dynamic environment, stress is a common experience. Given the prevalence of gameplay in the population and the frequency of gameplay among gamers, it is important to examine coping responses to stressors, particularly maladaptive ones. The present research entails three studies. In Study 1, I use exploratory factor analyses to develop three scales purported to measure maladaptive coping strategies in response to frustration in multiplayer video games: aggression (CIV-A), catharsis (CIV-C), and self-condemnation (CIV-S). In Study 2, I provide further evidence of the single factor structure identified in Study 1 using confirmatory factor analyses. I additionally provide evidence that the three CIV scales can be used as a single, three-factor measure (CIV-III). Moreover, I conduct a path analysis to provide initial evidence of the scale’s construct validity, wherein I provide evidence that measures of personality (anger and arousal) predisposition predict CIV-III subscale scores. Finally, in Study 3, I examine patterns of these coping styles by running a Latent Profile Analysis. I found evidence for four maladaptive coping profiles: low maladaptive coping, external maladaptive coping, internal maladaptive coping, and low maladaptive coping. Finally, I provide evidence that measures of personality and motivations for video gaming can predict coping profile membership.

Detta arbete har i syfte att analysera den påverkan målinriktad feedback har på spelarens fokus gentemot sekundära spelmål. I arbetet presenteras studier kopplade till sekundära måls påverkan på en spelares upplevelse samt forskning om olika former av feedback och dess användningsområden. Slutsatserna kopplade till de sekundära spelmålen visade att de både kan skada och förgylla spelupplevelsen. Arbetet sammanställer slutsatserna med forskningen om feedback för att analysera om de tillsammans kan ge ett nytt resultat. För att besvara frågeställningen utvecklades två versioner av ett spel, ett med målinriktad feedback och ett utan. Undersökningen gick ut på att granska försöksdeltagare som testade spelen och analysera de skillnader och likheter de olika grupperna uppvisade. Resultatet från arbetet visade att målinriktad feedback kan påverka spelares fokus på sekundära spelmål genom att öka deras motivation gentemot dem, men att spelares mottaglighet av målinriktad feedback skiljer sig beroende på typen av feedback och hur den implementeras.

Recentemente, observamos na comunidade científica o despertar de um interesse pelo estudo de lantanídeos com base em titânio; neste ínterim, as amostras Sm2Ti2O7 e Nd2Ti2O7 se destacam por terem sido pouco exploradas, especialmente a baixas temperaturas. Análises cristalográficas de monocristais de Sm2Ti2O7 e Nd2Ti2O7 nos permitiram confirmar inicialmente características de rede como a geometria cúbica e monoclínica, respectivamente, enquanto as análises magnéticas e calorimétricas forneceram a temperatura de transição, até então inédita no caso do Nd2Ti2O7 (aproximadamente T=0,62K), além de ordenamento do tipo antiferromagnético e presença de anisotropia a altas temperaturas, na amostra de Sm2Ti2O7, e por toda a extensão de temperaturas trabalhadas, na amostra de Nd2Ti2O7. Por fim, identificamos também a entropia esperada para spins do tipo Ising em ambas as amostras. / Recently the scientific community has shown interest for titanium lanthanides, with the titanates Sm2Ti2O7 and Nd2Ti2O7 being poorly approached, specially at low temperatures. Crystallographic analysis were performed on the single crystal samples of Sm2Ti2O7 and Nd2Ti2O7, which allowed us to confirm its expected cubic and monoclinic structures, respectively; Magnetic and calorimetric data displayed the transition temperature, not previously seen in case of Nd2Ti2O7, of T=0.35K and T=0.62K, respectively, and the antiferromagnetic behaviour of both samples; Anisotropy was observed at high temperatures on the Sm2Ti2O7 data and along all the temperature range studied for the Nd2Ti2O7 sample. Finally, we have identified the entropy of Ising spins on both samples.