<p> This study examines the problem of "rurbanization," which is a term that has been applied to the process by which rural areas are being changed by urban influences. This implies more than the traditional geographic concept of land-use change at the rural-urban fringe, but is concerned with bagic changes in the agricultural industry relating to appearance, land use, nengity and social structure.</p> <p> In rural Southern Ontario, there are two main phenomena occurring to effect these changes: the increage in part-time farming and in low-density residences. This study is concerned more specifically with an examination of these two phenomena. Its two main objectives are to gee how these two are interrelated and how they have affected agriculture and rural society. </p> <p> The study achieveg thege objectives through the use of a questionnaire admtnigtered to residents of Brantford township, a rural area with a thriving agricultural industry, but at the same time under considerable stress from urban pressures. Three types of residents were surveyed: full- time farmers, part-time farmers and non-farmers. The data collected was subjected to discriminant and cross-tabulation analyses in order to observe similarities and differences among the three groups . These similarities and differences allowed inferences concerning the acceptance or rejection of six postulated hypotheses. </p> <p> The following general conclusions result from the analysis: </p> <p> Part-time farmers and rural non-farmers are predominantly former urbanites who have migrated to rural areas. Both groups share similar occupations and have lived at the rural location for a similar length of time, but non-farmers tend to be older an to have been born and raised on a farm. However, there does exist a significant minority of part-time farmers who ere former full-time farmers. Both phenomena appear to be fairly permanent arrangements as the overwhelming majority of both groups wished to maintain their present status. </p> <p>Full-time farmers tend to have a larger size of holding than part-time farmers. Part-time farmers place less emphasis on livestock and tobacco as the predominant crop than do full-time farmers, and tend to place a greater emphasis upon corn and mixed grains as cash crops. The type and quality of land that is occupied and the attitude toward the preservation of agricultural land do not vary significantly by group. All three groups were strongly in favour of preservation of land for farming. The participation rates of part time and non farmers in the rural organizations of the township and in the urban organizations of nearby towns are not significantly different from those of full-time farmers. </p> <p> The study has confirmed some of the findings of other researchers and has in turn shed some new light on the "rurbanization" problem. Urban out-migration has been found to be the most important cause of the problem. Thus, the problem appears to be the result of a social phenomenon rather than a physical one, and the phenomena causing the problem appear to be persistent and permanent. It may also be noted that the choice of alternative, either part-time farming or non-farming residency, is somehow related to the age and location of birth and childhood of the urban out-migrant. Significantly, more part-time farmers were born in city and more non-farmers were born on a farm. It may be argued that is precisely opposite to the situation that might be expected. / Thesis / Bachelor of Arts (BA)

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No description available.

[pt] O presente estudo tem por objetivo analisar a implantação e implementação do Programa Experimental de Educação Integral de Corumbá no Mato Grosso do Sul, entre os anos de 2009 a 2015 que visou a ampliação da jornada escolar com uma nova organização curricular, em três escolas urbanas e uma rural. Para entender esse processo adotamos a metodologia qualitativa com análises de fontes bibliográficas, documentais e orais. Fizemos uma abordagem histórica acerca da educação integral em tempo integral para compreender a política em nível local. Para tanto, apresentamos as diferentes matrizes filosófica, ideológica e política do conceito de educação integral que emergiram no Brasil no início do século XX, e as principais experiências de tempo integral praticadas pelo país. Analisamos a legislação e as discussões atuais sobre a temática e as principais referências teóricas sobre o tema. Para compreender a experiência local, analisamos os documentos e textos que versaram a respeito da política de educação integral do município. Também fizemos entrevistas semiestruturadas com diretores, coordenadores e professores. Três modelos nortearam de forma direta o programa de Corumbá: o Programa Mais Educação, o Ginásio Carioca e a Escola da Ponte. Concluímos que as escolas tiveram dificuldades em entender e colocar em prática o que foi prescrito, por outro lado procuram, cada uma à sua maneira, aumentar o tempo diário e as atividades escolares. Por isso, configurou-se numa proposta de educação integral em tempo integral em construção. E devido a sua configuração, marcada pelo baixo investimento do poder público e localização das escolas, corre o risco de não ser expandida para outras unidades da rede de ensino. / [en] The present study aims to analyze the implantation and implementation of the Experimental Program of Full-time Education of Corumbá in Mato Grosso do Sul, between the years 2009 and 2015 that aimed at extending the school day with a new curricular organization in three urban schools and a rural one. To understand this process, we adopted the qualitative methodology with analyzes of bibliographic, documentary and oral sources. We have taken a historical approach to full-time education to understand politics at the local level. For that, we presented the different philosophical, ideological and political matrices about the concept of full-time education that emerged in Brazil at the beginning of the 20th century, and the main full-time experiences practiced by the country. We analyzed the legislation and the current discussions on the theme and the main theoretical references on the subject. To understand the local experience, we analyzed the documents and texts that dealt with the full-time education policy of the city. We also conducted semi-structured interviews with directors, coordinators and teachers. Three models guided directly the program of Corumbá: the More Education Program, the Carioca Gymnasium and the School of the Ponte. We conclude that schools had difficulties in understanding and putting into practice what was prescribed, on the other hand they sought, each in their own way, to increase daily time and school activities. Therefore, it was set up in a proposal for full-time integral education in construction. And due to its configuration, it was marked by the low investment by the government and location of the schools, it runs the risk of not being expanded to other education network units.

Yes / This article presents midwives' views and experiences of flexible working and work-life balance. Both flexible working and work-life balance are important contemporary agendas within midwifery and can have both positive and negative consequences for midwives. Full-time midwives and those without caring commitments feel disadvantaged by flexible working and work-life balance policies as they have to fit when they work around part-time midwives and are increasingly expected to cover extra work. They feel their work-life balance is marginalised and this is fuelling discontent and resentment among midwives and leading to divisions between full and part-time staff that reinforce flexibility stigma. Although flexible working and work-life balance are important for recruiting and retaining midwives they are part of the ongoing tensions and challenges for midwives and the midwifery profession. Keywords flexibility stigma, flexible working, full-time work, marginalisation, midwives, National Health Service,

This qualitative phenomenological dissertation explored The Departmental Work Lives of Full-Time Non-Tenure Track Faculty (FTNTT) at two public four-year universities located in the Southeastern region of the United States. This study is based on interviews with twelve (FTNTT) faculty members representing departments traditionally associated within the College of Arts and Sciences. This study found FTNTT faculty participants highly credentialed and reasonably satisfied in their positions. This study adds the descriptor heterogeneous to FTNTT faculty members’ job roles, work environments, daily engagements, and work experiences and contradicts existing literature that finds FTNTT faculty positions to be resource deficit and administratively non-supporting. Literature surrounding FTNTT faculty, Agency Theory, and the concepts of Agency of Perspective, Agency of Action, and Action of Avoidance informed this study. This study extended Agency of Action to include intentional, strategic behaviors of inaction (coined within this study as Action of Avoidance) toward the departmental contexts of policies and practices concerning discipline, employability, employment longevity, and personal FTNTT faculty career trajectories. Agency Theory, Agency of Perspective, Agency of Action, and Action of Avoidance, as identified by the researcher, emerged as strong frameworks used by FTNTT faculty to construct behaviors to successfully navigate long-term careers under short-term conditions. Based on FTNTT faculty responses, this study outlines policies and practices that are perceived as supportive or non-supportive. Policymakers may use this data to inform strategies for improving support among FTNTT faculty members.

No início do século XXI eclodiram mudanças nas políticas curriculares brasileiras para o Ensino Médio (EM) e para a Educação Profissional, com destaque para a promoção do currículo integrado e ampliação da jornada escolar. Os Institutos Federais de Educação Ciência e Tecnologia (IFs) foram criados no bojo dessas mudanças; logo, seus princípios norteadores incorporaram as finalidades esboçadas em tais políticas. Se tomarmos o texto curricular como uma partitura, podemos dizer que, com base numa partitura, diferentes músicas podem sem tocadas. Nesse contexto, o objetivo do presente estudo foi analisar o currículo do Ensino Médio Integrado (EMI) do Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia de Minas Gerais (IFMG), suas conexões com a educação em tempo integral (ETI) e com a construção curricular do componente Educação Física (EF). Buscando interpretar a partitura e ouvir a polifonia instaurada no currículo do IFMG, a metodologia adotada incluiu análise de documentos curriculares; entrevista semiestruturada com um gestor; entrevistas narrativas com professores de EF; e grupo focal com estudantes. Recorrendo à hermenêutica crítica, as análises compreenderam três dimensões: macro, mezo e micro. A dimensão macro contempla um olhar panorâmico sobre o EM, na tentativa de compreender os condicionantes do currículo para essa etapa da Educação Básica. A dimensão mezo abrange os arranjos específicos do IFMG e suas orientações curriculares para os cursos de EMI. Na dimensão micro, o recorte é o currículo da EF, enquanto um componente curricular do EMI do IFMG e os efeitos do currículo na vida de um grupo de estudantes. Os dados produzidos indicaram que o currículo prescrito do IFMG é permeado pelo discurso neoliberal que submete as finalidades da educação escolar às necessidades do mercado, conferindo-lhe características associadas à concepção instrumental. Os Projetos Pedagógicos de Curso (PPCs) reproduzem esse discurso e explicitam a falta de integração curricular. A construção do currículo da EF nos campi ressignifica as prescrições ao dar maior centralidade à cultura, incorporar pressupostos da formação integral e atender demandas da jornada em tempo integral, contudo em algumas situações se curva aos discursos hegemônicos, afetada pelas relações de poder. As narrativas dos estudantes apontaram dificuldades impostas pela jornada extenuante e excesso de tarefas, resultantes de um currículo que não contempla as múltiplas dimensões da formação humana. Os estudantes destacaram alguns efeitos do currículo, como o estímulo à autonomia, a valorização das diferenças na formação de suas identidades e a oportunidade de construir uma rede de conhecimentos em torno dos temas estudados, sintonizada com questões candentes em suas vidas. A interpretação do conjunto indica que embora seja necessário mais investimento na integração do corpo docente e na construção coletiva dos PPCs, a fim de superar a falta de integração do EMI e atender às especificidades da jornada em tempo integral, as improvisações dos professores e dos estudantes ressignificaram as normativas institucionais, produzindo currículos que intencionam superar tais problemas, inspirados pelos pressupostos das teorias críticas e pós-críticas. / In the beginning of the 21st century, changes in the curricular policies for High School (HS) and Professional Education broke out, highlighting the promotion of the integrated curriculum and extension of school hours. The Institutos Federais de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia (IFs) [Federal Institutes for Education, Science and Technology] were created in the wake of those changes, and thus their guiding principles incorporated the same purposes outlined by said policies. If we see the curricular text as sheet music, its possible to say that different songs can be played based on a single score. In this context, this studys goal was to analyze the curriculum of the Integrated High School (IHS) of the Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia de Minas Gerais (IFMG), its connections to full-time education (FTE) and to the curricular development of the Physical Education (PE) component. Seeking to interpret the sheet music and listen to the polyphony established on IFMGs curriculum, the chosen methodology included the analysis of curricular documents; a semi-structured interview with a school manager; narrative interviews with PE teachers; and focus group with students. Using critical hermeneutics, the analysis comprise three dimensions: macro, meso and micro. The macro dimension shows a panoramic view of HS, trying to understand the curriculums conditioner for this stage of Basic Education. The meso dimension comprehends IFMGs specific arrangements and their curricular orientation for the IHS courses. Regarding the micro dimension, the chosen fragment is PEs curriculum while being a curricular component of IFMGs IHS, and the curriculums effect in the lives of a group of students. The data found showed that IFMGs prescribed curriculum is permeated by neoliberal discourse, which subjugates the school educations purposes to the needs of the market, giving it features that can be associated to instrumental design. The Course Pedagogical Projects (CPP) propagate this discourse and make explicit the lack of curriculum integration. The development of PEs curriculum at the campi resignifies the prescriptions by giving more prominence to the culture, incorporating assumptions of the integral formation, and meeting the demands of the full-time schedule; however, in some situations, it bends to the hegemonic discourse, affected by power relations. The students stories indicate difficulties imposed by the strenuous schedule and excessive work, results of a curriculum that doesnt contemplate the multiple dimensions of human formation. The students highlighted some of the curriculums effects, such as encouraging autonomy, the appreciation of differences during their own identity formation, and the opportunity to develop a knowledge network around the subjects studied, in tune with burning questions in their lives. The interpretation of this set indicates that, although more investment is necessary in the facultys integration and in the collective development of the CPPs, aiming to overcome the lack of integration in the IHS and to meet the specificities of the full-time schedule, the teachers and students improvisations resignified the institutional regulations, creating curriculums that aim to overcome such problems, inspired by the assumptions of critical and post-critical theories.

A escola de tempo integral tem feito parte de discursos políticos, documentos e metas educacionais do país como uma possível (e promissora) proposta para o alcance de uma educação de qualidade. Considerando isso, este trabalho teve por objetivo analisar o Projeto Escola de Tempo Integral, criado pela Secretaria de Educação do Estado de São Paulo em 2005. Este Projeto incentivou a participação de escolas de tempo parcial da rede estadual de ensino que tivessem salas de aula em número suficiente para atendimento em período integral, além do interesse da comunidade escolar em aderir à iniciativa. Neste modelo, crianças e adolescentes do 1º ao 9º ano do ensino fundamental teriam a possibilidade de realizar atividades em período integral dentro da própria escola, cuja Matriz Curricular era composta por aulas comuns às escolas de tempo parcial e por oficinas, de diversas áreas temáticas, na Parte Diversificada do currículo. Tendo este Projeto como norteador, essa pesquisa buscou aprofundar questões referentes ao ensino fundamental em tempo integral e ao direito à educação de qualidade por meio de pesquisas documental e bibliográfica, com consulta e análise de documentos oficiais, bem como com a realização de pesquisa de campo, para conhecimento da dinâmica deste Projeto numa escola da rede estadual de São Paulo. Foram realizadas entrevistas com crianças, pais/responsáveis, professores, gestores e responsáveis pelo Projeto em nível central. Verificou-se que a escola pesquisada não passou por nenhuma reestruturação para o atendimento de crianças em período integral, não recebeu recursos financeiros diferenciados e as orientações para implementação do Projeto foram insuficientes, influenciando, negativamente, o clima escolar e o trabalho pedagógico. A participação da comunidade foi, praticamente, inexistente e a única prioridade pedagógica explícita, os resultados a serem alcançados nas provas do SARESP, visando atingir a meta do indicador de avaliação estadual de desempenho escolar dos alunos o IDESP. / The term full-time school has been part of political speeches, documents and educational goals in Brazil as a possible (and promising) proposal to achieve quality education. Taking this into consideration, this thesis had the purpose of analyzing the Full-Time School Project, devised by the Sao Paulo State Education Department in 2005. Such Project encouraged the participation of part-time schools from the state system which had sufficient classrooms to operate in full-time scheme, in addition to the interest of the school community in taking on the initiative. According to this model, children and teenagers from 1st through 9th grade of elementary/middle school would have the possibility of performing activities full time within the school, whose curriculum matrix consisted of the same classes taught in the part-time schools and workshops, from several subject areas, in the diversified portion of the curriculum. Taking this Project as a guiding element, my research sought to take an in-depth look into the issues concerning full-time elementary/middle school and the right to a quality education through documental and bibliographical review, consulting and analyzing official documents, as well as a field research, in order to get to know the dynamics of this Project in a school of the Sao Paulo state education system. Interviews were conducted with children, parents/guardians, teachers, managers and the officers in the charge of Project on the central level. I have found that the school being researched did not go through any restructuring process in order to serve the children in a full-time routine, did not get extra financial funds and guidance to implement the Project were insufficient. This adversely affected the school ambience and the pedagogical work. The involvement of the community was virtually non-existent and the only explicit pedagogical priority was the results that should be achieved in the SARESP (institutional assessment) tests, whose goal was to reach the score of state assessment of the students´ academic achievement IDESP.

O atual desenvolvimento tecnológico e o cenário nada favorável da qualidade de educação no Brasil fazem com que a educação escolar tenha que ser repensada. Na busca por novos desafios, a rede pública do Estado de São Paulo propõe a ampliação da jornada escolar como uma estratégia para uma formação mais completa do aluno, uma formação de qualidade. O objetivo desse estudo é analisar os efeitos da ampliação da jornada escolar sobre o rendimento dos alunos da 8ª série da rede pública estadual paulista. A idéia é avaliar o programa Escola de Tempo Integral, focando o seu impacto sobre a proficiência média das escolas, nas avaliações de português e matemática, e sobre as taxas de aprovação escolar. Para tanto, são aplicados métodos de pareamento (propensity score matching) e análises em painel dos dados do SARESP dos anos de 2007 e 2008, além de uma abordagem, a partir do método de diferenças em diferenças, dos dados do Censo Escolar do Estado de São Paulo, dos anos de 2005, 2007 e 2009. Os resultados mostraram que, para ambos os dados analisados, os alunos das escolas de tempo integral não apresentaram grandes diferenças de resultado, em termos de proficiência e aprovação escolar, relativamente aqueles que freqüentaram as escolas tradicionais. As estimativas obtidas a partir das técnicas de pareamento, aplicadas aos dados do Saresp, mostraram que o programa não teve efeito sobre o desempenho dos alunos em matemática. Na avaliação de língua portuguesa, os resultados foram positivos, mas de pequena magnitude. Com relação aos dados do Censo Escolar, não foram observados efeitos sobre as taxas de aprovação das escolas estaduais paulistas. Uma possível explicação para a ocorrência de resultados discretos do programa estaria no curto período de análise, ou seja, são efeitos de curto prazo. Outra explicação plausível seria o fato de que pouco tempo é despendido em atividades que possam afetar diretamente a proficiência dos alunos. Outros problemas, como a falta de coordenação dentro das escolas, a falta de material de trabalho para as atividades diversificadas das oficinas e, principalmente, a falta de motivação dos alunos também podem estar limitando os ganhos do programa. Ainda que não se tenha observado ganhos expressivos em termos de desempenho escolar, acredita-se que o programa Escola de Tempo Integral tenha outros efeitos importantes, não mensurados nesse estudo, como a inserção futura no mercado de trabalho, a redução do trabalho infantil e ganhos em termos de proteção social. / The current technological advances and the low quality in the Brazilian education scenario highlight the need of rethinking education in Brazil. In the pursuit of new challenges, the São Paulo State public school system proposed the lengthening of the school day as a strategy for a better and more complete student training. The goal of this study is to analyze the impact of the lengthening of the school day on educational performance of public schools\' 8th graders in the São Paulo State. The idea is to evaluate the Full-Time School (Escola de Tempo Integral) program, focusing on schools\' average proficiency on language and math scores, and on grade advancement rates. Thus, using the 2007-2008 SARESP test, we perform propensity score matching techniques and panel data analyses to evaluate proficiency, and using the 2005, 2007, and 2009 São Paulo State School Census (Censo Escolar) data, we apply the difference-indifferences methodology to evaluate the effect of the program on grade advancement rates. Results showed that full-time schools\' students do not outperform traditional schools\' students both on proficiency and grade advancement rate. Estimates for the SARESP matched sample did not show improvements on math performance, but for language there was a small significant effect. When it comes to the School Census data, we found no effect on grade advancement rates. A possible explanation for the small results is that we are evaluating these effects in the short run only. Another plausible explanation relies on the fact that little time is spent on activities which could directly affect students\' performance. Limitations to the gains of the program might be arising from the lack of coordination within the schools, the scarcity of working materials for the diversified activities at the courses carried out during the afternoon, and specially the students\' discouragement. Even with few expressive results in terms of schooling performance, the Fulltime school program may have other important outcomes not measured on this study such as a better future insertion into the labor market, child labor reduction, and gains in terms of social protection.

A coordenação de políticas sociais é um problema de primeira ordem nos Estados federativos, em que se busca simultaneamente a descentralização da execução de políticas e a redução de desigualdades na oferta de direitos sociais. Este é um trabalho sobre as condicionantes municipais para implementação de uma política nacional de educação, e tem como objeto de análise a política de tempo integral nos anos iniciais do ensino fundamental entre os anos de 2011 e 2016. Sob quais condições os municípios brasileiros aderem à política nacional de tempo integral nos anos iniciais do ensino fundamental? Quais são os arranjos institucionais feitos no município para a implementação do programa federal de indução do tempo integral, programa Mais Educação, e do tempo integral nesta etapa de ensino? Essas são as principais perguntas deste trabalho. Para respondê-las, a pesquisa adota uma estratégia híbrida, com a análise de dados quantitativos de variáveis educacionais de todos os municípios do país e também o estudo de caso da experiência de implementação do Mais Educação nos municípios paulistas de Campinas, Valinhos e Vinhedo, participantes do Comitê Metropolitano de Educação Integral da Região Metropolitana de Campinas. Neste trabalho, mostramos que a implementação da jornada de tempo integral nos anos iniciais do ensino fundamental foi mais efetiva nos municípios com entre 10 mil e 100 mil habitantes, e entre os municípios com menor receita orçamentária per capita. O trabalho aponta ainda que a ação da secretaria municipal de educação na criação de arranjos locais para a implementação do programa Mais Educação e a colaboração entre cidades do mesmo território foram fatores determinantes para a adoção da política de tempo integral nos anos iniciais do ensino fundamental no âmbito municipal na Região Metropolitana de Campinas / The coordination of social policies is an important subject for federative states, where both decentralization of policy implementation and reduction of inequalities in the provision of social services are sought. This research work studies the full-time schooling policy in elementary education from 2011 to 2016, and looks for the municipal determinants of the implementation of a national education policy. Which cities implement the full-time policy in elementary education? Which are the institutional arrangements for municipal implementation of the federal program Mais Educação? These are the main questions of this work. To answer them, the research adopts a hybrid strategy, the analysis of quantitative data of education policy in all cities of the country and also a case study of the implementation of the federal program in Campinas, Valinhos and Vinhedo. We show that implementation of full-time schooling in this period were more sucessful among cities with 10.000 to 100.000 people. We show as well that participation of local educational department in local arrangements and local collaboration between cities are key determinants for the adoption of full-time schooling policy in elementary education at the municipal level in the cities of Campinas, Valinhos and Vinhedo