Propriedades benéficas são associadas ao consumo moderado de vinho devido à presença dos compostos fenólicos. Uma dose diária de vinho de até 200 ou 300 mL é sugerida para mulheres e homens, respectivamente. Entretanto, dentre os compostos presentes nos vinhos, podem ser encontrados compostos carbonílicos tóxicos, como o formaldeído, acroleína, acetaldeído, furfural e carbamato de etila, os quais tem sido associados a efeitos adversos à saúde humana, incluindo o câncer. O objetivo deste trabalho foi desenvolver e validar um método para a quantificação simultânea destes compostos tóxicos através da microextração em fase sólida no modo headspace associada à cromatografia gasosa acoplada à espectrometria de massas quadrupolar no modo de monitoramento de íons selecionados (HS-SPME- GC/qMS-SIM) e caracterizar o risco relacionado à exposição a estes compostos. Quatro etapas da vinificação (uva, mosto, após a fermentação alcoólica e vinho) e vinhos comercialmente disponíveis foram analisados com o uso da GC/qMS-SIM após verificar as coeluições através da cromatografia gasosa bidimensional abrangente acoplada ao detector de espectrometria de massas por tempo de voo (GC×GC- TOFMS). O acetaldeído e a acroleína derivatizados coeluíram na primeira dimensão cromatográfica com o limoneno e o hexanoato de metila, respectivamente. Em função disso, foram escolhidos como íons quantificadores na análise por GC/qMS, íons que não foram encontrados no espectro de massas dos compostos coeluídos. Os parâmetros de validação (LOD, LOQ, recuperação, repetibilidade e reprodutibilidade) mostraram que a HS-SPME-GC/qMS-SIM é adequada para quantificar simultaneamente os cinco compostos tóxicos. A acroleína foi encontrada em concentrações similares na uva e mosto, e não foi detectada após a fermentação alcoólica e no vinho. O acetaldeído foi detectado em menores concentrações no mosto e em maiores níveis após a fermentação alcoólica. A concentração de furfural foi maior nas uvas do que nas demais etapas. O carbamato de etila não foi detectado nas etapas da vinificação e nos vinhos comerciais. Os níveis de formaldeído ficaram entre os valores de LOD e LOQ em todas as etapas da vinificação e nos vinhos comerciais. Além disso, nos vinhos comercialmente disponíveis, a acroleína foi encontrada em 50% das amostras, o acetaldeído e o furfural estavam presentes em todas as amostras. O único composto cuja ingestão pode representar risco a saúde é a acroleína. Dessa forma, este estudo contribuiu para identificar os pontos críticos de controle relacionados à presença de compostos tóxicos durante a vinificação, incluindo a produção do acetaldeído durante a fermentação alcoólica e a contaminação das uvas com acroleína e furfural através do ar atmosférico. Além disso, os resultados da ocorrência destes compostos tóxicos em vinhos comercialmente disponíveis poderão contribuir para a criação de uma legislação nacional que estabeleça limites dos mesmos nesta bebida. / Beneficial properties are associated with moderate consumption of wine due to the presence of phenolic compounds. A daily intake of wine of up to 200 or 300 mL is suggested for women and men, respectively. However, toxic carbonyl compounds such as formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, acrolein, furfural and ethyl carbamate can be found among the compounds present in wines, which have been associated with adverse effects on human health, including cancer. The objective of this work was to develop and validate a method for simultaneous quantification of these toxic compounds through headspace solid phase microextraction associated with gas chromatography with quadrupole mass spectrometric detection in selected-ion monitoring mode (HS-SPME-GC/qMS-SIM) and characterize the risk related to exposure to these compounds. Four vinification steps (grape, must, after alcoholic fermentation and wine) and commercially available wine were analyzed using GC/qMS-SIM after checking the coelutions by comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography with time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC×GC-TOFMS). The derivatized acetaldehyde and acrolein coeluted in the first chromatographic dimension with limonene and methyl hexanoate, respectively. Based on this, were chosen as quantifiers ions in GC/qMS analysis, ions that were not found in the mass spectra of the coeluted compounds. The validation parameters (LOD, LOQ, recovery, repeatability and reproducibility) showed that HS-SPME-GC/qMS-SIM is adequate to simultaneously quantify the five toxic compounds. Acrolein was found at similar concentrations in grape and must, and was not detected after alcoholic fermentation and in wine. Acetaldehyde was detected at lower concentrations in the must and at higher levels after alcoholic fermentation. The concentration of furfural was higher in the grapes than in the other stages. Ethyl carbamate was not detected in the vinification steps and in commercially wine. Formaldehyde levels were between the LOD and LOQ values at all stages of winemaking and commercial wines. In addition, in commercially available wines, acrolein was found in 50% of samples, acetaldehyde and furfural were present in all samples. The only compound whose intake may pose a health risk is acrolein. Thus, this study contributed to identify critical control point related to the presence of toxic compounds during winemaking, including the production of acetaldehyde during alcoholic fermentation and the contamination of grapes with acrolein and furfural through atmospheric air. In addition, the results of the occurrence of these toxic compounds in commercially available wines may contribute to the creation of national legislation that establishes limits of the same in this drink.

Natural compounds have been the primary resource used to produce polymeric materials by humankind since the mid-1900s. Yet, progress in bio-based polymers from renewable feedstock has encountered some obstacles, mainly due to the low prices of petroleum-based monomers, compared to natural and sustainable materials. However, most commodity plastics are non-degradable materials, and solid plastic waste accumulation adversely affects the environment. As the world population is growing and demanding chemicals, energy, and plastics materials, polymer research is focusing on synthesizing bio-based and degradable polymers. Thus, biomass, a sustainable and inexpensive feedstock, is highly appropriate for designing alternative thermoplastics that are degradable to reduce the current environmental issues. In this dissertation, three different approaches were used to afford alternative thermoplastics to petroleum‐based commodities: bio-based poly(ether-amide)s, random aromatic copolyesters, and copoly(acetal triazole)s. In our first approach, two new lignin‐derived poly(ether‐amide)s (PEA)s were prepared. Their thermal properties showed high degradation temperature (Td) ranging from 330 °C to 380 °C, and glass transition temperature (Tg) between 100 °C and 120 °C. The chemical degradation studies revealed that the PEAs were degradable in 4 M H2SO4, HNO3, and TFA in 3 days. The second polymer group synthesized were semicrystalline bio-based aromatic copolyesters with tunable thermal properties. The thermal analysis of these copolyesters revealed high Td (413 °C to 446 °C) and Tg and Tm ranging from –36 °C to 67 °C and 60 °C to 267 °C, respectively. Their crystallization behavior showed a dependence on the comonomer composition, exhibiting a pseudo-eutectic region. Finally, furfural- and benzaldehyde-based copoly(acetal triazole)s (Td range 280–340 °C) were prepared by click polymerization at room temperature. Preliminary results showed that furfural-based copoly(acetal triazole)s were susceptible to hydrolytic degradation under neutral conditions after only 8 days at 40 °C. Overall, degradable and bio-based polymers were successfully synthesized as a potential thermoplastic alternative for packaging applications.

Novel bifunctional metal-loaded polymer–silica composite (PSC) catalysts were investigated in the hydrodeoxygenation (HDO) of 4-(2-furyl)-3-buten-2-one (FAc) as a model substance for furfural–acetone aldol condensation products. PSC catalysts were synthesized via a sol–gel method with different polymer contents and subsequently doped with different noble metals. The product composition of the HDO of FAc could be tuned by using catalysts with different polymer (i.e., acidic properties) and metal content (i.e., redox properties), showing the great potential of metal-loaded PSC materials as tunable catalysts in biomass conversions with complex reaction networks. Furthermore, high yields (>90%) of the fully hydrodeoxygenated product (n-octane) could be obtained using noble metal-loaded PSC catalysts in only 8 h of reaction time.

Le furfural, identifié comme l'un des 30 principaux produits chimiques biologiques, est une molécule importante en terme de chimie verte et développement durable. L'objectif de ce travail de doctorat est de réaliser la synthèse et la conversion du furfural en flux continu et par lots. Ici, nous avons développé des méthodes plus éco-efficiente pour la synthèse du furfural, et valorisé le furfural en produits à haute valeur ajoutée, tels que le 2-furonitrile, l'alcool furfurylique, etc... Plusieurs questions clés ont été identifiées afin de concevoir des processus plus écologiques que les processus actuels. En détail, des expériences de synthèse du furfural ont été réalisées dans l'eau pure ou dans un mélange eau-solvants organiques lorsque des co-solvants (verts ou écologiques) sont nécessaires. L'irradiation par micro-ondes a été choisie comme méthode de chauffage pour accélérer le processus de déshydratation, et un réacteur à flux continu à micro-ondes a également été utilisé pour améliorer la productivité du furfural. En partant du furfural pour produire des produits chimiques à haute valeur ajoutée, des réacteurs à flux efficace, tels que Pheonix, H-cube Pro ainsi que des micro-ondes à flux continu avec micro-réacteur, ont également été identifiés comme des alternatives intéressantes pour améliorer la productivité des composés cibles. En conséquence, certains résultats prometteurs ont été obtenus du point de vue de l'industrie. / Furfural, which has been identified as one of top 30 bio-based chemicals, is an important green platform molecule, The aim of this PhD work is to realize the synthesis and conversion of furfural in batch and continuous flow. Here, we developed sorne greener methods for furfural synthesis, and valorized furfural into high value-added products, such as 2-furonitrile, furfuryl alcohol etc. Several keys issues were identified in order to design processes greener than the current ones. ln detail, experiments for furfural synthesis were performed in water or in water and organic solvent when co-solvents (green or eco-friendly) are necessary. Microwave irradiation has been chosen as the heating method to accelerate the dehydration process, and microwave continuous flow reactor was also applied to improve furfural productivity. When starting from furfural to produce high value-added chemicals, efficient flow reactors, suc as Pheonix, H-cube Pro as well as microwave continuous flow With micro-reactor, were also identified as interesting alternatives to improve the productivities of target compounds. As a result, some promising results were obtained in the viewpoint of industry.

Submitted by Johnny Rodrigues (johnnyrodrigues@ufcg.edu.br) on 2018-09-12T14:54:13Z No. of bitstreams: 1 BRUNO RAFAEL PEREIRA NUNES - DISSEERTAÇÃO PPGEQ 2011..pdf: 859694 bytes, checksum: bacdea10710b33aa5a5be8070e2ac852 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-09-12T14:54:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 BRUNO RAFAEL PEREIRA NUNES - DISSEERTAÇÃO PPGEQ 2011..pdf: 859694 bytes, checksum: bacdea10710b33aa5a5be8070e2ac852 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Por motivos econômicos, geopolíticos e ambientais as atenções do mundo se voltam para as fontes alternativas de energia. As iniciativas nacionais contemplam o desenvolvimento de novas tecnologias com base na biomassa lignocelulósica, proporcionando assim a sua utilização como matéria-prima no processo de obtenção do bioetanol. Devido à dificuldade encontrada na fermentação, por causa do surgimento de substâncias inibidoras durante a hidrólise ácida, este trabalho teve como objetivo estudar a utilização de argilas com ocorrência no estado da Paraíba, bentonita e vermiculita, para adsorver furfural e hidroximetilfurfural, inibidores presentes no licor hidrolisado. Testes preliminares foram realizados utilizando as argilas vermiculita natural e organofílica e as argilas bentonita verde claro e justina. Durante a realização destes testes mediu-se a quantidade de adsorbato no início e ao término dos ensaios utilizando-se um espectrofotômetro a 284 nm, para que com estes valores pudéssemos calcular a quantidade de cada inibidor adsorvido (q) e removido (%R) por cada argila. Observou-se que as argilas vermiculita natural e organofílica adsorveram quantidades de furfural maiores que as argilas bentonita, 22,95 e 13,36 (mg/g), respectivamente. Novos experimentos foram realizados com estas argilas utilizando como ferramenta o planejamento fatorial 2² com três repetições no ponto central, objetivando-se avaliar a influência do pH e da massa de adsorvente em relação a capacidade de adsorção q(mg/g) e de remoção (%R), onde se verificou a necessidade da utilização de um planejamento estrela, uma vez que houve influência da curvatura. Observou-se também que, independente da argila utilizada, se obteve quantidades semelhantes de inibidor adsorvidas, mostrando que a utilização da vermiculita natural torna-se mais viável, uma vez que a obtenção da vermiculita organofílica requer procedimentos dispendiosos. Durante a realização dos experimentos do planejamento estrela, utilizando vermiculita natural, acompanhou-se a cinética do processo analisando-se o comportamento da concentração de inibidores com o tempo, onde se constatou, na maioria dos experimentos, uma diminuição maior, nos minutos iniciais, seguida por uma região de estabilidade, em torno de 30 minutos, e um aumento das concentrações nos minutos finais. Após a realização do planejamento verificou-se a influência dos fatores estudados na adsorção de furfural e HMF e pôde-se concluir que, segundo esta análise, a massa de adsorvente apresenta influência apenas sobre a quantidade adsorvida (q) dos inibidores para a argila utilizada, e que o pH não influenciou em nenhuma resposta deste processo. A quantidade de inibidor removida pelos adsorventes estudados é baixa quando se compara com outros métodos utilizados, porém a sua combinação com alguns destes métodos pode gerar melhores resultados. / For economic, geopolitical and environmental reasons the world attention turned to alternative sources of energy. National initiatives include the development of new technologies based on lignocellulosic biomass, thus allowing for its use as feedstock in the process of production of bioethanol. Due to the difficulty encountered in the fermentation, because of the appearance of inhibitors during hydrolysis, this work aims at studying the use of clays occurring in the state of Paraiba, bentonite and vermiculite, to adsorb furfural and hydroxymethylfurfural, inhibitors present in the liquor hydrolyzed. Preliminary tests were conducted using natural and organophilic vermiculite clays and light green and justina bentonite clays. During this testing was measured the amount of adsorbate at the beginning and end of the tests using a spectrophotometer at 284 nm, so that these values could calculate the amount of each inhibitor adsorbed (q) and removed (%R) for each clay. It was observed that the clays and organophilic natural vermiculite adsorbed larger amounts of furfural that bentonite clays, 22.95 and 13.36 (mg / g), respectively. New experiments were performed with these clays using the tool as 2² factorial design with three replications at the central point, aiming to evaluate the influence of pH and adsorbent mass for the adsorption capacity q (mg/g) and removal (%R), where was observed a need to use a star planning, since was influence of the curvature. It was also noted that regardless of the clay used was obtained similar amounts of adsorbed inhibitor, showing that the use of natural vermiculite becomes more feasible, since the achievement of organophilic vermiculite requires more procedures. During the realization for experiments from the star planning , using natural vermiculite, was followed by the kinetic of the process for the analyzing the behavior of the concentration of inhibitors over time, where we found, in most experiments, a greater decrease in opening minutes followed by a region of stability, about 30 minutes, and an increase in concentrations in the final minutes. After the completion of planning there was the influence of the factors studied in the adsorption of furfural and HMF and it was concluded that under this analysis, the adsorbent mass has influence only on the amount adsorbed (q) inhibitors for the clay used And that the pH did not influence this process in any response. The amount of inhibitor removed by adsorbents studied is low when compared with other methods, but its combination with some of these methods can produce better results.

No description available.

[ES] En esta Tesis Doctoral se presenta la obtención de productos de alto valor añadido a partir de moléculas plataforma derivadas de la biomasa tales como HMF, glicerina, ácido levulínico y alcoholes grasos. Se ha llevado a cabo la síntesis de dioles con interés como monómeros para la obtención de polímeros biodegradables mediante acetalización del HMF con glicerina utilizando aluminosilicatos micro y mesoporosos como catalizadores ácidos heterogéneos. Los resultados obtenidos mostraron que la zeolita bidimensional (ITQ-2) y el material mesoporoso estructurado (MCM-41) poseen las características adecuadas para dicha reacción, pu-diendo llevarse a cabo el proceso deseado con una excelente conversión y selectividad a los acetales cíclicos. El estudio se ha podido extender al em-pleo de diferentes compuestos furánicos y glicoles. Por otra parte, se ha obtenido una nueva familia de surfactantes no iónicos derivados del HMF, mediante un proceso multietapa, que consiste en la eterificación selectiva de HMF con un alcohol graso dando lugar a un 5-alcoximetilfurfural, que posteriormente, se acetaliza con glicerina en pre-sencia de un catalizador ácido heterogéneo. El estudio mostró que la zeoli-ta BetaF, sintetizada en medio fluoruro y con una relación Si/Al = 100, po-see las propiedades de acidez y adsorción óptimas para llevar a cabo el proceso obteniéndose rendimientos y selectividades excelentes y minimi-zando al mismo tiempo la desactivación del catalizador. La zeolita Be-taF(100) se ha empleado con excelentes rendimientos en el proceso multi-etapa utilizando diferentes alcoholes grasos. Dichos compuestos surfactan-tes presentan valores de HLB comprendidos entre 4.9-6.6, y buena estabili-dad térmica, por lo tanto, podrían ser empleados como emulsionantes de agua en aceite (W/O) para diversas aplicaciones industriales. También, se ha llevado a cabo la síntesis de furfuril aminas N-sustituidas (productos de interés farmacológico), mediante aminación reductiva de aldehídos furánicos con aminas en presencia de catalizadores heterogé-neos basados en nanopartículas de Pd soportadas sobre carbón activo. El catalizador de Pd/C óptimo, con una carga metálica del 1 % en peso y un tamaño de partícula de 2.7 nm resultó ser estable y reusable en la reac-ción de aminación reductiva de HMF con diferentes aminas y amoniaco, así como, en la reacción en cascada utilizando nitrobenceno, para obtener diferentes 5-(hidroximetil)-2-furfuril aminas N-sustituidas con excelentes rendimientos y selectividades. Por último, se ha llevado a cabo síntesis quimioselectiva de precursores de surfactantes (4-alcoxipentanoatos de metilo) mediante eterificación reduc-tiva del levulinato de metilo con alcoholes grasos. Para ello se han em-pleado nanopartículas de paladio sobre diferentes soportes como cataliza-dor. Los catalizadores de Pd/C proporcionan los mejores resultados, siendo el catalizador óptimo el que presenta una carga metálica del 2.5 % en peso y tamaño de cristal alrededor de 10 nm. Se han obtenido surfactantes aniónicos mediante la saponificación de los 4-alcoxipentanoatos con exce-lentes propiedades tensioactivas. Además, la eterificación reductiva se ha extendido a otros compuestos carbonílicos y alcoholes grasos, todos ellos derivados de la biomasa para la obtención de biolubricantes con excelentes resultados. / [CA] En aquesta Tesi Doctoral es presenta l'obtenció de diferents productes d'un alt valor afegit partint de molècules plataforma derivades de la biomassa, tals com HMF, glicerina, àcid levul·linic i alcohols grassos. S¿ha dut a terme la síntesi de diols amb interés com monòmers per a l'obtenció de polímers biodegradables mitjançant l'acetalització de HMF amb glicerina. Els resultats obtinguts mostraren que la zeolita bidimensional (ITQ-2) i el material mesoporós (MCM-41) presenten les característiques adequades en aquesta reacció, podent dur-se a terme el procés desitjat amb una excel·lent conversió i selectivitat als acetals cíclics. L'estudi s'ha pogut estendre a l'ús de diferents compostos furànics i glicols. Per un altre costat, s'ha obtingut una nova família de surfactants no iònics derivats del HMF, mitjançant un procés multietapa que consisteix en l'eterificació selectiva del HMF amb un alcohol gras per donar un 5-alcoximetilfurfural, que posteriorment s'acetalitza amb glicerina en presència d'un catalitzador àcid heterogeni. L'estudi va mostrar que la zeolita BetaF, sintetitzat en medi fluorur amb una relació Si/Al = 100, posseeix les propietats d'acidesa i adsorció òptimes per a dur a terme el procés obtenint-se rendiments i selectivitats excel·lents, minimitzant al mateix temps la desactivació del catalitzador. La zeolita BetaF(100) s'ha empleat amb excel·lents rendiments en el procés multietapa utilitzant diferents alcohols grassos. Aquests compostos surfactants presenten valors de HLB compresos entre 4.9-6.6, i bona estabilitat tèrmica, per tant, podrien ser empleats com emulsionants d'aigua en oli (W/O) per a diverses aplicacions industrials. En altre capítol d'aquesta tesi, s'ha dut a terme la síntesi de furfuril amines N-substituïdes (productes d'interés farmacològic), per mitjà de l'aminació reductiva d'aldehids furànics amb amines en presència de catalitzadors heterogenis basats en nanopartícules de Pd sobre carbó actiu. El catalitzador de Pd/C òptim, amb una càrrega metàl·lica de l'1 % en peso i una grandària de partícula de 2.7 nm va resultar ser estable i reusable en la reacció d'aminació reductiva de HMF amb diferents amines i amoníac, així com, en la reacció en cascada utilitzant nitrobenzé, per a obtenir diferents 5-(hidroximetil)-2-furfuril amines N-substituïdes amb excel·lents rendiments i selectivitats. Per últim, s'ha dut a terme la síntesi quimioselectiva de precursors de surfactants (4-alcoxipentanoats de metil) mitjançant eterificació reductiva del levulinato de metil amb alcohols grassos. S'han emprat nanopartícules de pal·ladi sobre diferents suports com catalitzadors. Els catalitzadors de Pd/C proporcionen els millors resultats, sent el catalitzador òptim aquell que presenta una càrrega metàl·lica del 2.5 % en peso i grandària de cristall al voltant de 10 nm. S'han obtingut surfactants aniònics mitjançant la saponificació dels 4-alcoxipentanoats amb excel·lents propietats tensioactives. A més, l'eterificació reductiva s'ha estés a altres compostos carbonílics i alcohols grassos, tots ells derivats de la biomassa per a l'obtenció de biolubricants amb excel·lents resultats. / [EN] This Doctoral Thesis presents different improved catalytic pathways to-wards the production of high added value chemicals from platform mole-cules derived from biomass such as HMF, glycerol, levulinic acid and fatty alcohols. First, the synthesis of diols has been studied since they show great interest as monomers for the production of biodegradable polymers. These diols have been obtained by acetalization of HMF with glycerol using micro and mesoporous aluminisilicates as heterogeneous acid catalyst. The results obtained showed that the two-dimensional zeolite (ITQ-2) and the struc-tured mesoporous material (MCM-41) have the appropriate characteristics required for this reaction. The desired process can be carried out with an excellent conversion and selectivity to cyclic acetals. The study has been extended to the use of different furanic compounds and glycols. Secondly, a new family of non-ionic surfactants derived from HMF has been obtained by a multi-stage process. On the first step, the selective etherification of HMF with a fatty alcohol is carried out obtaining 5-alcoxymethylfurfural which is subsequently acetalized with glycerol in the presence of a heterogeneous acid catalyst during the second step. The study showed that zeolite BetaF synthesized in a fluoride medium and with a Si/Al = 100 ratio provides the optimal acidity and adsorption properties to carry out the process obtaining excellent yields and selectivities while min-imizing the deactivation of the catalyst. Next, BetaF(100) zeolite has been used with excellent yields in the multi-stage process using different fatty alcohols. These surfactant compounds present HLB values between 4.9-6.6 and good thermal stability, therefore, they could be used as water-in-oil (W/O) emulsifiers for diverse industrial applications. Thirdly, N-substituted furfuryl amines (products of high interest for phar-macology) have been synthetized by reductive amination of furanic alde-hydes with amines in the presence of heterogeneous catalysts. These cata-lysts are based on Pd nanoparticles supported on active carbon (Pd/C). The optimal Pd/C catalyst, with a metallic load of 1 % by weight and a particle size of 2.7 nm showed high stabillity and reusability in the reductive amina-tion reaction of HMF with different amines and ammonia, as well as, in the cascade reaction with nitrobenzene, to obtain different 5-(hydroxymethyl)-2-furfuryl N-amines substituted with excellent yields and selectivities. Finally, chemoselective synthesis of surfactant precursors (methyl 4-alcoxypentanoates) has been carried out by reductive etherification of me-thyl levulinate with fatty alcohols. For this purpose, palladium nanoparti-cles have been used on different supports as a catalyst. The Pd/C catalysts show the best results. Different metallic loadings were tested, being the optimal the catalyst with 2.5 % in weight and crystal size around 10 nm. By employing this catalyst anionic surfactants have been obtained by saponifi-cation of 4-alcoxypentanoates with excellent surfactant properties. In addition, reductive etherification has been extended to other carbonyl compounds and fatty alcohols, all derived from biomass to obtain biolubri-cants with excellent results. / En primer lugar, me gustaría agradecer al Instituto de Tecnología Química como institución y más concretamente a las personas responsables que me otorgaran la beca predoctoral Severo Ocho “La Caixa” la cual, me ha permitido llevar a cabo el desarrollo de mi Tesis Doctoral. Extender este agradecimiento a la entidad de La Caixa por su programa de becas. / García Ortiz, A. (2019). Zeolitas y metales soportados como catalizadores para la obtención de productos de química fina a partir de la biomasa [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/130212