Submitted by Ana Hilda Fonseca (anahilda@ufba.br) on 2014-12-18T15:35:02Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese Doutorado Douglas Gonçalves da Silva.pdf: 2348008 bytes, checksum: 01d5eb52cbdd6aa3d019b03a07db5771 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Fatima Cleômenis Botelho Maria (botelho@ufba.br) on 2015-01-14T12:18:20Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese Doutorado Douglas Gonçalves da Silva.pdf: 2348008 bytes, checksum: 01d5eb52cbdd6aa3d019b03a07db5771 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-01-14T12:18:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese Doutorado Douglas Gonçalves da Silva.pdf: 2348008 bytes, checksum: 01d5eb52cbdd6aa3d019b03a07db5771 (MD5) / CNPq / Neste trabalho foram desenvolvidas estratégias analíticas visando a determinação de espécies metálicas em amostras de arroz utilizando procedimento de digestão ácida em micro-ondas e em bloco digestor para o preparo das amostras. Na primeira parte deste trabalho desenvolveu-se um sistema automático para determinação de mercúrio em amostras de arroz empregando injeção em fluxo com multiseringa (MSFIA) e detecção por fluorescência atômica com vapor frio (CV-AFS). Inicialmente, empregou-se o planejamento fatorial completo para avaliação preliminar das variáveis que afetavam o sistema. Em seguida, o planejamento Doehlert foi utilizado com o objetivo de se obter condições ótimas (SnCl2 3% (m/v) em HCl 2%; vazão da amostra 3 mL min-1 e HNO3 8% (v/v)). O LD e LQ foram iguais a 0,48 e 1,61ng g -1, respectivamente. O desvio padrão relativo foi menor que 2% para uma amostra com concentração de mercúrio igual a 3,63 ng g-1. As concentrações de mercúrio encontradas nas amostras de arroz variaram na faixa de 2,15 a 7,25 ng g-1. Na segunda parte deste trabalho foi proposto um procedimento simples, eficiente e reprodutível para a determinação de cádmio em amostras de arroz por espectrometria de absorção atômica com forno de grafite empregando modificação química permanente com 400 μg de alumínio. Os experimentos foram realizados utilizando-se tubo de grafite com plataforma integrada e aquecimento transversal. Para avaliação da modificação permanente, foram realizados experimentos na ausência e na presença de modificação química convencional com paládio e fosfato de amônio. O programa de temperatura do forno de grafite para a determinação de cádmio foi otimizado para cada tipo de modificador permanente a fim de avaliar a sensibilidade por meio das curvas de pirólise e atomização. A temperatura ótima de pirólise e atomização obtidas foram de 400 e 1800 ºC uma vez que nestas temperaturas os níveis de fundo apresentaram-se baixo, não sendo observada perda de sensibilidade. A massa característica (mo) e o LD do método foram 1,32 pg e 1,8 ng g-1, respectivamente, e a vida útil do tubo de grafite foi de 1080 queimas. O desvio padrão relativo foi igual a 1,67 %, demonstrando uma boa precisão do método. As características analíticas foram comparadas com os métodos recomendados na literatura. No terceiro trabalho avaliou-se a composição mineral de Ca, K, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, Sr e Zn em arroz integral, parboilizado e amostras de arroz branco usando ICP OES. O efeito do cozimento no conteúdo mineral também foi investigado. Todos os dados obtidos foram avaliados utilizando as técnicas de análise multivariada PCA e HCA. O procedimento avaliado apresentou uma boa exatidão, evidenciada pela análise de material certificado. Foram alcançados baixos limites de detecção e quantificação e coeficientes de correlação maiores que 0,999. / In this work, strategies analytical were developed aiming determination of metallic species in rice samples using acid digestion procedure in microwave and block digestor for preparation of the samples. In the first part of this work we developed an automated system for determination of mercury in rice samples using flow injection with multiseringa (MSFIA) and detection by cold vapor atomic fluorescence (CVAFS). Initially, we used a full factorial design for preliminary evaluation of the variables affecting the system. Then, the planning Doehlert was used in order to obtain optimal conditions (SnCl2 3% (w / v) in 2% HCl, sample flow 3 mL min-1 and HNO3 8% (v / v)). The LD and LQ were equal to 0.48 and 1.61 ng g -1, respectively. The relative standard deviation was less than 2% for a sample with a mercury concentration of 3.63 ng g-1. The mercury concentrations found in samples of rice in a range from 2.15 to 7.25 ng g-1. In the second part of this work we propose a simple, efficient and reproducible for the determination of cadmium in rice samples by atomic absorption spectrometry with graphite furnace employing permanent chemical modification with 400 mg of aluminum. The experiments were performed using graphite tube with integrated platform and cross warming. For evaluation of permanent modification, experiments were performed in the absence and presence of conventional chemical modification with palladium and ammonium phosphate. The temperature program graphite furnace for the determination of cadmium was optimized for each type of permanent modifier to assess the sensitivity curves by means of pyrolysis and atomization. The optimum temperature pyrolysis and atomization obtained were 400 and 1800 °C temperatu res since these background levels are presented below, with no observed loss of sensitivity. The characteristic mass (mo) and LD method were 1.32 pg and 1.8 ng g-1 respectively and lifetime of the graphite tube was 1080 firings. The relative standard deviation was equal to 1.67%, showing a good accuracy of the method. The analytical characteristics were compared with the methods recommended in the literature. In the third study evaluated the mineral composition of Ca, K, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, Sr and Zn in brown rice, parboiled and white rice samples using ICP OES. The effect of cooking on the mineral content was also investigated. All data were evaluated using multivariate analysis PCA and HCA. The procedure evaluated showed good accuracy, as evidenced by the analysis of certified material. Were achieved low limits of detection and quantification and correlation coefficients greater than 0.999.

Submitted by Automa??o e Estat?stica (sst@bczm.ufrn.br) on 2016-01-26T17:52:57Z No. of bitstreams: 1 BrenoGustavoPorfirioBezerra_DISSERT.pdf: 1680172 bytes, checksum: 0f4f20935e8e24b12e505645455bea08 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Arlan Eloi Leite Silva (eloihistoriador@yahoo.com.br) on 2016-01-28T19:06:56Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 BrenoGustavoPorfirioBezerra_DISSERT.pdf: 1680172 bytes, checksum: 0f4f20935e8e24b12e505645455bea08 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-01-28T19:06:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 BrenoGustavoPorfirioBezerra_DISSERT.pdf: 1680172 bytes, checksum: 0f4f20935e8e24b12e505645455bea08 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-11-03 / A ?gua produzida representa um grande problema associado com a atividade de extra??o de ?leo bruto. O monitoramento dos n?veis de metais nos res?duos ? constante e requer a utiliza??o de t?cnicas anal?ticas sens?veis. No entanto, a determina??o de elementos tra?o muitas vezes pode exigir uma etapa de pr?-concentra??o. O objetivo deste trabalho foi desenvolver um m?todo anal?tico simples e r?pido para a extra??o e pr?-concentra??o baseada no fen?meno de extra??o no ponto nuvem para a determina??o do Cd, Pb e Tl em ?gua produzida amostras por Espectrometria de Absor??o de alta resolu??o com fonte continua e atomiza??o em forno de grafite. Um planejamento Box Behnken foi usado para obter a condi??o ideal de extra??o dos analitos. Os fatores avaliados foram: concentra??o do agente complexante (o,odietilditilfosfato am?nio, DDTP), a concentra??o do ?cido clor?drico e concentra??o do surfactante (Triton X -114). A condi??o ideal de extra??o foi obtida com: 0,6% m v -1 DDTP, HCl 0,3 mol L-1 e 0,2% m v -1 de Triton X - 114 para o Pb; 0,7% m v -1 DDTP, HCl 0,8 mol L-1 e 0,2% m v -1 Triton X-114 para Cd. Para o Tl foi evidenciado que melhor condi??o de extra??o se d? com aus?ncia de DDTP, as condi??es de extra??o foram ent?o HCl 1,0 mol L-1 e 1,0% m v -1 de Triton X - 114. Os limites de detec??o para o m?todo proposto, foram 0,02 ?g L-1 , 0,004 ?g L-1 e 0,06 ?g L-1 para o Pb, Cd e Tl, respectivamente. Os fatores de enriquecimento foram superiores a 10 vezes. O m?todo foi aplicado para a ?gua produzida da bacia Potiguar, e testes de adi??o e recupera??o foram realizados, e valores ficaram entre 81% e 120%. A precis?o foi expressa com desvio padr?o relativo (RSD) foi inferior a 5% / Produced water is a major problem associated with the crude oil extraction activity. The monitoring of the levels of metals in the waste is constant and requires the use of sensitive analytical techniques. However, the determination of trace elements can often require a pre-concentration step. The objective of this study was to develop a simple and rapid analytical method for the extraction and pre-concentration based on extraction phenomenon cloud point for the determination of Cd, Pb and Tl in produced water samples by spectrometry of high resolution Absorption source continues and atomization graphite furnace. The Box Behnken design was used to obtain the optimal condition of extraction of analytes. The factors were evaluated: concentration of complexing agent (o,o-dietilditilfosfato ammonium, DDTP), the concentration of hydrochloric acid and concentration of surfactant (Triton X -114). The optimal condition obtained through extraction was: 0,6% m v-1 DDTP, HCl 0,3 mol L-1 and 0,2% m v-1 of Triton X - 114 for Pb; 0,7% m v-1 DDTP, HCl 0,8 mol L-1 and 0,2% m v-1 Triton X-114 for Cd. For Tl was evidenced that best extraction condition occurs with no DDTP, the extraction conditions were HCl 1,0 mol L-1 e 1,0% m v-1 de Triton X - 114. The limits of detection for the proposed method were 0,005 ?g L-1 , 0,03 ?g L-1 and 0,09 ?g L-1 to Cd, Pb and Tl, Respectively. Enrichment factors Were greater than 10 times. The method was applied to the water produced in the Potiguar basin, and addition and recovery tests were performed, and values were between 81% and 120%. The precision was expressed with relative standard deviation (RSD) is less than 5%

Neste trabalho foram desenvolvidos quatro métodos analíticos para a determinação de cádmio, cromo, cobre, níquel e ferro em vegetais da família Solanaceae, cultivados pelos métodos convencional e orgânico de produção, obtidos em feiras e mercados da cidade de Porto Alegre, Brasil. Estes vegetais são muito consumidos devido a grande quantidade de nutrientes, no entanto, podem ser contaminados por elementos potencialmente tóxicos, por meio da exposição a poluição, uso de pesticidas, fertilizantes e água contaminada. As determinações foram conduzidas pela técnica de espectrometria de absorção atômica de alta resolução com fonte contínua em forno de grafite por análise direta de sólidos. Para Cd, Cr e Cu foram desenvolvidos três métodos independentes. No caso da determinação de Ni e Fe foi realizada análise simultânea, empregando linhas analíticas alternativas. Temperaturas de pirólise e atomização foram otimizadas para todos os elementos analisados, visando sinais analíticos com elevada sensibilidade e livres de interferências. Os métodos otimizados foram aplicados em amostras de pimentão, batata, tomate, berinjela, pimenta e physalis. Várias amostras apresentaram concentrações superiores aos limites máximos estabelecidos por legislações específicas. Os métodos propostos envolveram mínimo preparo de amostra, reduzindo riscos de contaminação, tempo analítico e custos, além de demonstrarem-se simples, precisos, rápidos e sensíveis. / In this work, four methods have been developed for the determination of cadmium, chromium, copper, nickel and iron in vegetables of the Solanaceae family, cultivated in conventional and organic farming systems, obtained from local markets and local farms, located in the city of Porto Alegre, Brazil. These vegetables are much appreciate due to the large amount of nutrients present in it. However, vegetables can be contaminated by potentially toxic elements, through the exposure to pollution, use of pesticide, fertilizers and contaminated water. The assays were carried out using a high-resolution continuum source graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometer and direct solid sample analysis. Cd, Cr and Cu had their methods individually developed. In the case of the determination of Ni and Fe, it was applied simultaneous analysis, employing alternative analytical lines. Pyrolysis and atomization temperatures were optimized for all target elements, aiming for analytical signals with high sensitivity and free from interferences. The optimized methods were applied in samples of bell peppers, potato, tomato, eggplant, pepper and physalis. Several samples presented concentrations above the maximum permitted by specific legislation. The proposed methods were accurate, simple, fast and sensitive; moreover, a minimum sample preparation was necessary, reducing contamination, analytical time and costs.

Les cellules folliculo-stéllaires (FS) de l'hypophyse antérieure possèdent une forme étoilée et étendent de longues projections cytoplasmiques qui forment des pseudo-follicules entourant les cellules endocrines. Les cellules FS sont connectées entre elles par des jonctions lacunaires (des fois aussi connu sous le nom de jonction communicante) formant ainsi un réseau tridimensionnel continu. Un des rôles principaux des cellules FS est le maintien du microenvironnement de l'hypophyse antérieure, une activité qui est en partie réalisée par la sécrétion de divers facteurs de croissance et de cytokines. Ces messagers chimiques, y compris le bFGF, le VEGF, l’IL-6 et l’IL-1 contrôlent de nombreux processus cellulaires tels que l’expression des gènes d’hormones. Notre intérêt est de déterminer si la communication entre les cellules FS contribue à leur activité régulatrice. Dans notre étude, nous avons utilisé la lignée cellulaire TtT/GF qui partage de nombreuses caractéristiques morphologiques, physiologiques et biochimiques avec les cellules FS. Les jonctions lacunaires/communicantes sont formées par l’association de deux connexons de cellules adjacentes qui unissent le cytoplasme des cellules connectées et permet la diffusion de petites molécules. Chaque connexon est formé par l’oligomérisation de six protéines connexine (Cx) de la famille α, β ou γ. Les connexons, intégrés dans la membrane d’une vésicule du cytoplasme, se migrent vers la membrane cellulaire où ils s’incorporent dans la couche bilipidique. L’expression de la Cx43 (α) par les cellules FS est régulée en réponse à des facteurs de croissance et des cytokines. Des changements dans le microenvironnement de l'hypophyse antérieure causés par des molécules de signalisation sont susceptibles de modifier la Cx43, en particulier l’état de phosphorylation de la protéine. Ces modifications de la Cx43 peuvent ensuite déclencher des changements du comportement de jonctions lacunaires/communicantes formées par la Cx43, comme leur perméabilité et le renouvellement de la protéine Cx43. Les tissus expriment généralement plus d’un type de connexine. Jusqu’aujourd’hui, la Cx43 est la seule connexine à avoir été identifiée dans les cellules FS. Le cristallin exprime les connexines α: Cx43, Cx46 et Cx50. Leur expression est modulée par des facteurs de croissance. Notre hypothèse de travail a été de vérifier si la Cx46 et la Cx50 étaient exprimées par les cellules FS et si celles-ci contribuaient au rôle modulateur des cellules FS hypophysaires. Dans cette étude, nous avons identifié et caractérisé la Cx46 et la Cx50 dans la lignée cellulaire TtT/GF. Nous avons identifié les produits de transcription de Cx46 et de Cx50 par la technique d’analyse northern blot (PCR). Par la suite, les protéines Cx46 et Cx50 ont été identifiées en utilisant des anticorps dans des analyses western blot. Par microscopie confocale, nous avons déterminé la co-localisation de la Cx46 avec certaines marqueurs d’organites : réseau trans-Golgien, endosomes précoces et lysosomes. La Cx50 co-localise avec des marqueurs du réticulum endoplasmique, du réseau cis-Golgien et des endosomes précoces. Un protocole d’isolation des membranes résistantes aux détergents non-ionique a révélé que la Cx46 et la Cx50 n’étaient pas associées à des radeaux lipidiques ni aux cavéoles. Cependant, la microscopie confocale a montré une co-localisation cytoplasmique de la Cx50 et de la flotilline-1. Nous avons poursuivi l’étude sur la localisation de la Cx46 dans le noyau en utilisant une technique d’isolation des fractions enrichies en noyau. Nous avons établi que plusieurs isoformes de la Cx46 sont exclusivement associées au noyau. De plus, avec la microscopie confocale nous avons démontrée une co-localisation de la Cx46 avec un marqueur du nucléole/corps de Cajal. Nous avons démontré un effet du bFGF sur l'expression temporelle de la Cx46 et de la Cx50. L’expression de la Cx46 diminue au cours de longues expositions au bFGF tandis que les niveaux de Cx50 augmentent de façon transitoire au cours du traitement. Dans une autre étude nous avons démontré des changements importants dans les niveaux de la Cx46 et de la Cx50 dans l’hypophyse antérieure des visons durant le cycle de reproduction annuel. Notre étude démontre que les cellules FS expriment la Cx46 et la Cx50. Nous avons aussi établi que la Cx46 et la Cx50 sont localisées dans différentes structures sous-cellulaires, ce qui suggère des rôles différents dans les cellules FS pour ces protéines de jonction lacunaire/communicante. Il est possible que la Cx46 et la Cx50 ne jouent pas un rôle majeur dans la communication intercellulaire dans les cellules FS quiescentes. Nos résultats suggèrent que la Cx46 et la Cx50 peuvent avoir d'autres fonctions : des isoformes de la Cx46 peuvent contribuer à la biogenèse des ribosomes tandis que la Cx50 pourrait avoir un rôle dans la communication dans les cellules stimulées au bFGF. Nos études établissent une base pour des recherches futures. / The folliculo-stellate (FS) cells of the anterior pituitary are star-shaped and extend long cytoplasmic processes forming pseudo-follicles encircling hormone-secreting cells. Dispersed throughout the anterior pituitary gland, FS cells are joined to form a continuous three dimensional network through communicating gap junctions. One of the primary roles of FS cells is the maintenance of the anterior pituitary microenvironment, accomplished through the expression and secretion of various growth factors and cytokines. These chemical messengers, including bFGF, VEGF, IL-6 and IL-1 mediate a range of cellular processes such as hormone gene expression. Our aim is to study whether intercellular communication among FS cells contributes to the modulatory activity of the FS cells within the anterior pituitary gland. To pursue this, we use the TtT/GF cell line that shares many morphological, physiological and biochemical characteristics with FS cells. Gap junctions are formed by the joining of two connexons/hemichanels from adjacent cells that link their cytoplasms allowing for the passive diffusion of small molecules. Connexons/hemichannels are themselves formed by the oligomerization of six connexin (Cx) proteins from the family α, β or γ, which then migrate into the lipid bilayer of the cell membrane. FS cells express Cx43 (α-connexin), which is regulated in response to growth factors and cytokines. Changes in the anterior pituitary microenvironment due to signaling molecules results in modifications to Cx43, particularly in the phosphorylation status of the protein. Such alterations yield alterations in the physiological behaviour of Cx43 gap junctions such as permeability and turnover. Tissues generally express more than one connexin type and to date, Cx43 has been the sole connexin to be identified in FS cells. The ocular lens expresses the α-connexins: Cx43, Cx46 and Cx50, which are modulated by growth factors that are also present in the anterior pituitary. Based on these facts, we hypothesize that Cx46 and Cx50 are also expressed by the FS cells and contribute to the FS modulatory role in the anterior pituitary gland. In the present study, we have identified and characterized Cx46 and Cx50 in the TtT/GF cell line. We identified Cx46 and Cx50 transcripts through northern blots and identified the corresponding protein products using antibodies and western blot analyses. Through confocal microscopy, we determined that Cx46 co-localized with the organelle markers: trans-Golgi, early endosomes and lysosomes. Cx50 co-localized with markers for the ER, cis-Golgi and early endosomes. An isolation procedure using a non-ionic detergent we showed that neither Cx46 nor Cx50 were associated to lipid rafts or caveolae. However, confocal microscopy showed a cytoplasmic co-localization between Cx50 and flotillin-1. We pursued a finding that localized Cx46 to the nucleus and using a nuclear isolation technique, demonstrated that several isoforms of Cx46 are exclusively located in the nuclear compartment. Furthermore, with confocal microscopy we found a co-localization of Cx46 with a nucleolus/coiled body marker. We demonstrated an effect of bFGF on the temporal expression patterns of Cx46 and Cx50 and showed that Cx46 levels decreased over longer exposures to the growth factor while Cx50 levels transiently increased. Lastly, drastic changes were noted in an in situ study of Cx46 and Cx50 in the male and female mink anterior pituitary during the annual reproductive cycle. Our study indicates that addition to Cx43, FS cells also express Cx46 and Cx50. We also demonstrated that Cx46 and Cx50 localize to different sub-cellular structures, suggesting different roles in the FS cells. While they may not play a major role in intercellular communication in quiescent FS cells, our results suggest that Cx46 and Cx50 may serve other functions: Cx46 isoforms may contribute to ribosome biogenesis and Cx50 may have communication-related responsibilities in stimulated cells. Importantly, our identification and characterization studies provide a foundation on which future studies can be built.

Charting the trans-Atlantic movement of ‘dynamic’ psychiatry from The Henry Phipps Psychiatric Clinic, Baltimore, to Gartnavel Mental Hospital, Glasgow, this thesis throws light upon the resultant ‘dynamic’ case note records, produced in Gartnavel during the 1920s. By undertaking an in-depth, qualitative analysis of Gartnavel’s case note records and corresponding archival materials, I explore the polemical question, posed, amongst others, by Foucault, of how psychiatry achieves its distinct status as a science of the individual. Foucault, most notably in Discipline and Power, ascribes to the psychiatric profession the power to fashion individual patient histories into cases, cases which simultaneously emphasise the individuality of a patient, while condensing, i.e. ‘fixing’ their identities that they may be constituted ‘an object for a branch of knowledge and a hold for a branch of power’. This thesis, while recognising the validity of this argument, explores how the clinical practices and philosophical outlook of dynamic psychiatry in the early twentieth century enabled both patient and psychiatrist to negotiate the construction of the psychiatric case note record, and consequently of patients’ individual identities. D. K. Henderson, physician superintendent of Gartnavel between 1921 and 1932, was one of the first, if not the first psychiatrist fully to incorporate dynamic principles into the working practices of a British mental hospital. Initiating methods of case note taking and staff meeting consultation (now integral components of modern day psychiatric practice) he transported the teachings of his mentor, the Swiss émigré psychiatrist Adolf Meyer, to the everyday clinical practices of Gartnavel. The dissemination of dynamic psychiatry through Henderson’s published works and medical teachings is recognised as having integrally shaped the practices of Scottish psychiatry in the twentieth century. However, the significance of the unpublished case note records, produced under his superintendence of Gartnavel during the 1920s, as sources of historical enquiry has gone largely unrecognised. A near-unique archive of ‘dynamic’ case note records is used in this thesis to reveal, what Roy Porter termed, a ‘history from below’ of clinical practices and examinatory processes. For as Henderson employed stenographers and clinical clerks to record verbatim and semi verbatim the dialogues that passed between patients and psychiatrists within staff meetings and mental examinations, I, as Porter himself aspired to, take as the focus of my research a history of the ‘two-way encounters between doctors and patients’. By employing an interdisciplinary research method, one that incorporates Foucauldian, literary, critical medical humanities, as well as more traditional forms of medical history scholarship, I establish a history of dynamic psychiatry set within clinical encounters. Engaging with current debate, evolving primarily within the interdisciplinary sphere of the medical humanities, I argue these records reveal a history of medical humanism, one in which both patients and psychiatrists actively shaped the history of twentieth century Scottish psychiatry.

Stress reaction is usually activated by the brain, when homeostasis is or perceived to be threatened. The stress signals are transmitted from the brain by two main branches; the sympathoadrenomedullary and the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axes and employ neural, humoral and immune pathways to cope with the stressor. Because of its potency, the stress reaction has to be precisely regulated. The HPA axis is regulated by feedback loops where its end product, corticosterone in laboratory rat and mouse, inhibits its activity. The effect of corticosterone does not depend only on the concentration of corticosterone but also on local metabolism of glucocorticoids via oxo-reduction catalyzed by the enzyme 11β -hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 1 (encoded by the Hsd11b1 gene), which intracellularly regenerates active corticosterone from inactive 11-dehydrocorticosterone, or by extra-adrenal de novo steroidogenesis of glucocorticoids. We focused on analysis of stress response in experimental animals differing in HPA axis responsivity (Fischer 344 rats (F344) vs. Lewis rats (LEW) and germ-free (GF) vs. specific pathogen free mice (SPF)) with special emphasis on regulation of stress response, glucocorticoid regeneration and influence of gut microbiota. We found that stress modulated local regeneration of...

Die Nibelungen – Eine mythische Erzählung, die viele Generationen immer wieder fasziniert und bewegt. Seit dem Mittelalter und seit der Wiederentdeckung im 18. Jahrhundert wird das Epos als herausragende literarische Schöpfung angesehen und dient als Vorlage für zahlreiche künstlerische Adaptionen für das Theater, den Film oder das Fernsehen. Erstmals in dieser Forschungsarbeit werden die kulturgeschichtlich wichtigsten Nibelungen-Werke der verschiedenen Epochen miteinander verglichen (von den mittelalterlichen Handschriften über Friedrich Hebbels Drama, Fritz Langs Verfilmung bis hin zu Moritz Rinkes zeitgenössischer Fassung) und mit der Fokussierung auf die Schlagworte „Mythos – Geschlecht – Medien“ analysiert. Wandel ist ein charakteristisches Merkmal von Mythen und die Untersuchung zeigt, dass auch die jahrhundertealte Dichtung kontinuierlich variiert wird und damit bis in die Gegenwart neue Interpretationsmöglichkeiten und Identifikationsangebote bietet. Die verschiedenen Werke integrieren zeitspezifische Einstellungen, ihre Figuren und Motive verändern sich innerhalb bestimmter Erzählkoordinaten und finden immer wieder Anschluss zu unterschiedlichen Wertekategorien auch hinsichtlich der Geschlechterbilder. So beschreiben und vermitteln die mythischen Erzählungen der Nibelungen Geschlechteridentitäten. Die Mechanismen der geschlechtlichen Bedeutungszuschreibung werden in dieser Forschung vorwiegend dargelegt und dadurch deutlich gemacht, wie bestimmte gesellschaftliche Hierarchien organisiert sowie durch die Texte legitimiert werden. Es wird erkennbar, auf welche Weise die bestehenden Geschlechterordnungen durch Normen fortgeführt werden sollen und was passiert, wenn die Gesetze gebrochen werden. Die Analyse legt auch dar, dass die Nibelungen oft in den populären Medien der jeweiligen Epoche abgebildet werden. Dadurch wird ein massenwirksamer Zugang zu der Geschichte ermöglicht und ihr Bekanntheitsgrad weiter gesteigert. Die untersuchten Fassungen veranschaulichen, wie sich mit den unterschiedlichen Mediengattungen die narrativen Formen ändern, was wiederum Auswirkungen auf die Körper- und Geschlechteraussagen hat, und wie sich die geschlechtsspezifischen verbalen und nonverbalen Interaktionsmuster sowie die Rede- und Handlungsebenen neu gestalten. Diese Forschungsarbeit macht verständlich, auf welche Art und Weise sich die Nibelungen im Lauf der Zeit wandeln und sie somit im kulturellen Gedächtnis mit ihren Geschlechterbildern bestehen bleiben konnten. / The Nibelungen: a mythical epic that has been fascinating and moving generations. Since the Middle Ages and its rediscovery in the 18th century, the epic has been viewed as an outstanding piece of literature and has ever since served as a model for adaptations for theatre, cinema or TV. In this research paper, the most important works of the cultural history of the Nibelungen are compared for the first time in the light of the keywords ‘myth – gender – media’. Change is a characteristic of myths, and this paper shows that there has been continuous variation in the Nibelungen epic throughout the centuries, offering new ways of interpretation and identification to our days. The works dealt with reflect the attitudes of their time, so while their characters and motives are changing within certain narrative coordinates, they are seen in different categories of values with regard to ideas of gender. The mythical narrations of the Nibelungen describe and impart gender identities. The paper focuses on expounding the mechanisms attributing specific meanings to the genders, revealing how certain social hierarchies are organised and legitimised by the texts. This will expose the way norms continue existing gender systems and the consequences ensuing from the violation of these laws. The analysis also exposes that the frequent appearance of the Nibelungen in the popular media of the respective era has always facilitated for the masses an approach to the story and increased their familiarity with it. The versions examined exemplify how different media influence forms of narration—which again impacts the conceptions of body and gender—and how verbal and non-verbal patterns of interaction as well as levels of speech and action are re-arranged. This research paper explains the way the Nibelungen change in the course of time, while staying present with their concepts of gender of in the collective cultural memory.

The historical geography of farming in the West Central Region of Scotland has been under-researched. Generalisations based on research relating to other parts of the country are misleading because the development and forms of agriculture in the West Central Region were distinctive. Traditionally this is an area of dairy farming which, during the research period (c.1850-1930) was characterised by small family labour farms. The concentration of small farms, on which the faming family and a few hired workers formed the core labour-force, and where the distinctions between employer and employed were less than on the large arable farms of the East, had consequences for rural social structure, mitigating the effects of capitalism. Through a small set of family labour farms, and the families associated with them, the thesis takes a grassroots approach to exploring the pattern of life on the farms of the Region, with particular regard to gender relations. The survival of such farms, contrary to Marxist expectations is investigated, along with the resilience of the farms during the period of ‘The Great Agricultural Depression.’ Glasgow, the economic capital of the Region, underwent phenomenal growth during the nineteenth century, and had a massive impact upon local agriculture. Glasgow and its satellite towns were a market for agricultural produce, and a source of imported livestock feed, and fertilisers. The fashions, in the town, for consumer goods and non-traditional foodstuffs spread out to the surrounding Region, and interaction between town and country was facilitated by the development of the railways. The significance of farm location in relation to Glasgow is assessed.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / In this work were applied experimental designs to the optimization of analytical methods using atomic spectrometry. Firstly, simultaneous experimental designs were applied to the optimization of two analytical methods, being the first analytical method for the simultaneous determination of macronutrients (Ca, Mg, Na and P), micronutrients (Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn) and trace elements (Al, As, Cd, Pb and V) and other for the simultaneous determination of Th and U in mineral fertilizers, both employing inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP OES). The results of the analysis of mineral fertilizers showed that the elements regulated by Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Food Supply (Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento MAPA) were in agreement with the same, and that the high resolution ICP OES allowed to selectivity possible interfering Ca, Fe and Th in the determination of U, indicating that can be performed simultaneous determination of Th and U by technique. In the second part, univariate designs were applied to the optimization of two analytical methods using direct solid sampling (SS) and detection by high resolution continuum source graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (HR-CS GF AAS), one for the determination of Cu and other for Hg in phosphate fertilizers. The results showed that simple superphosphate and triple superphosphate 2 fertilizers samples obtained concentrations of Hg above the maximum limit established by MAPA, as well showed the highest concentrations of Cu, however this is not regulated. The analytical methods proposed in this work were simple, efficient, fast, accurate and reliable for the determination of macronutrients, micronutrients and trace elements in mineral fertilizers by atomic spectrometry. / Neste trabalho foram aplicados planejamentos de experimentos para a otimização de métodos analíticos utilizando a espectrometria atômica. Primeiramente, foram aplicados planejamentos simultâneos para a otimização de dois métodos analíticos, sendo o primeiro método analítico para a determinação simultânea de macronutrientes (Ca, Mg, Na e P), micronutrientes (Cu, Fe, Mn e Zn) e elementos traço (Al, As, Cd, Pb e V), e outro para a determinação simultânea de Th e U em fertilizantes minerais, ambos empregando espectrometria de emissão óptica com plasma acoplado indutivamente (ICP OES). Os resultados das análises de fertilizantes minerais demonstraram que os elementos regulamentados pelo Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento (MAPA) estavam de acordo com a mesma, e que a alta resolução do ICP OES permitiu a seletividade dos possíveis interferentes Ca, Fe e Th na determinação do U, indicando que pode ser realizada a determinação simultânea de Th e U pela técnica óptica. Na segunda parte, foram aplicados planejamentos univariados para a otimização de dois métodos analíticos utilizando análise direta de sólidos (SS) e detecção por espectrometria de absorção atômica de alta resolução com fonte contínua e atomização em forno de grafite (HR-CS GF AAS), um para a determinação de Cu e o outro para Hg em fertilizantes fosfatados. Os resultados mostraram que as amostras de fertilizantes superfosfato simples e superfosfato triplo 2 obtiveram concentrações de Hg acima dos limites máximo estabelecidos pelo MAPA, bem como apresentaram as maiores concentrações de Cu, porém este não é regulamentado. Os métodos analíticos propostos neste trabalho foram simples, eficientes, rápidos, exatos e confiáveis para a determinação de macronutrientes, micronutrientes e elementos traço em fertilizantes minerais por espectrometria atômica.

Diese Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit dem Einfluss der Zugabe bestimmter Metalloxide ins Glassystem Magnesiumalumosilikate auf den spezifischen E-Modul der Gläser und die daraus hergestellten Glasfasern (GF) sowie mit dem Einsatz dieser GF in Verbundbaustoffe (GFK). 36 Gläser wurden geschmolzen und hinsichtlich Dichte und E-Modul untersucht. Die besten vier Gläser wurden thermisch charakterisiert und zu GF gezogen. Die textil-physikalischen und die mechanischen Eigenschaften dieser GF zeigten, dass die T9-GF mit 14 Gew.-% Y2O3 die besten Ergebnisse mit etwa 31,2 % höherer Zugfestigkeit und 25 % höherem E-Modul sowie eine Steigerung um 17,6 % beim spezifischen E-Modul im Vergleich zu E-GF nachwiesen. Die V10-GF besaßen mit 1993 MPa die höchste charakteristische Zugfestigkeit und wurden für Direktrovings (DR) und unidirektionale Gelege (UD) eingesetzt. Die V10-GFK Stäbe nach DIN EN ISO 9163 wiesen fast die doppelte Zugfestigkeit von E- DR-GFK auf, mit einer 23,8 %igen E-Modulsteigerung. Nach DIN EN 2747 wurden V10-UD-GFK auf Zugfestigkeit geprüft und damit die Beobachtungen aus den DR-GFK Tests bestätigt. Bezüglich der Biegeprüfungen nach DIN EN ISO 14125 wiesen die V10-UD-GFK eine um 51,8 % höhere Festigkeit als die E-UD-GFK sowie einen um 48,4 % höheren Biegemodul auf.:1 Einleitung und Motivation 8 2 Grundlagen 12 2.1 Glas als Werkstoff 12 2.1.1 Definition 12 2.1.2 Struktur des Glases und Netzwerktheorie 13 2.1.3 Glas- und Glasfasereigenschaften: 15 2.2 Glasfasern 29 2.2.1 Glasfaserherstellung 29 2.2.2 Rohstoff für die Glasfaserherstellung 35 2.2.3 Glasfasereigenschaften und -typen 37 2.2.4 Schlichte 40 2.2.5 Literaturübersicht über Hoch-Modul Glasfasern (HM-GF) 41 3 Experimentelles 46 3.1 Glasauswahl 46 3.2 Berechnung der Glaseigenschaften 49 3.3 Glasherstellung und Glasfaserziehverfahren 50 3.3.1 Gemengevorbereitung und Glasschmelzen 50 3.3.2 Ziehprozess und Düsengeometrie 51 3.4 Herstellung der Verbundhalbzeuge 53 3.5 Charakterisierungsmethoden 60 3.5.1 Dichtebestimmung 60 3.5.2 E-Modulbestimmung am Massivglas 60 3.5.3 Bestimmung der thermischen Eigenschaften: Tg ,TL,ⴄ 62 3.5.4 Zugfestigkeit und E-Modulbestimmung von einzelnen Filamenten 66 3.5.5 Verbundeigenschaften Charakterisierung 68 4 Ergebnisse und Diskussion 70 4.1 Glasherstellung und Eigenschaften 70 4.1.1 Glasschmelzen 70 4.1.2 Dichte und E-Modul 73 4.1.3 Thermische Eigenschaften 82 4.2 Glasfaserherstellung und Charakterisierung 86 4.2.1 GF-Herstellung 86 4.2.2 GF-Charakterisierung 87 4.3 Einsatz der GF in Verbundstoffen 93 4.3.1 Die Pull-Out Versuche und deren Ergebnisse 93 4.3.2 GFK-Stäbe Herstellung und Charakterisierung 97 4.3.3 UD-Laminate Herstellung und Charakterisierung 104 4.4 Technische und wirtschaftliche Diskussion der Ergebnisse 108 5 Zusammenfassung und Ausblick 111 6 Danksagung 116 7 Abbildungsverzeichnis 118 8 Tabellenverzeichnis 121 9 Literaturverzeichnis 122 10 Anlagen 131 / This thesis investigates the influence of the addition of certain metal oxides to the magnesium aluminosilicate glass system on the specific E-Modulus of the glasses and the glass fibres (GF) made from them, as well as the use of these GF in composites (GFRP). 36 glasses were melted and analysed for density and E-Modulus. The best four glasses were then thermally characterized and drawn into GF. The textile physical and mechanical properties of these GF showed that the T9-GF with 14 wt.% Y2O3 offered, with about 31.2 % higher tensile strength and 25 % higher E-Modulus as well as an increase of 17.6 % in specific E-Modulus, the best results compared to E-GF. The V10-GF possessed the highest characteristic tensile strength of 1993 MPa and were used to produce non-crimp unidirectional fabrics (UD) and direct rovings (DR) for GFRP-production. The tensile strength of the V10-DR-GFRP according to DIN EN ISO 9163 was almost twice that of E-DR-GFRP with a 23.8 % increase in the E-Modulus. According to DIN EN 2747, V10-UD-GFRP was tested for tensile strength and the observations from the test on DR-GFRP were validated. Regarding the flexural tests according to DIN EN ISO 14125, the V10-UD-GFRP showed a 51.8 % higher strength than the E-UD-GFRP as well as a 48.4 % higher flexural modulus.:1 Einleitung und Motivation 8 2 Grundlagen 12 2.1 Glas als Werkstoff 12 2.1.1 Definition 12 2.1.2 Struktur des Glases und Netzwerktheorie 13 2.1.3 Glas- und Glasfasereigenschaften: 15 2.2 Glasfasern 29 2.2.1 Glasfaserherstellung 29 2.2.2 Rohstoff für die Glasfaserherstellung 35 2.2.3 Glasfasereigenschaften und -typen 37 2.2.4 Schlichte 40 2.2.5 Literaturübersicht über Hoch-Modul Glasfasern (HM-GF) 41 3 Experimentelles 46 3.1 Glasauswahl 46 3.2 Berechnung der Glaseigenschaften 49 3.3 Glasherstellung und Glasfaserziehverfahren 50 3.3.1 Gemengevorbereitung und Glasschmelzen 50 3.3.2 Ziehprozess und Düsengeometrie 51 3.4 Herstellung der Verbundhalbzeuge 53 3.5 Charakterisierungsmethoden 60 3.5.1 Dichtebestimmung 60 3.5.2 E-Modulbestimmung am Massivglas 60 3.5.3 Bestimmung der thermischen Eigenschaften: Tg ,TL,ⴄ 62 3.5.4 Zugfestigkeit und E-Modulbestimmung von einzelnen Filamenten 66 3.5.5 Verbundeigenschaften Charakterisierung 68 4 Ergebnisse und Diskussion 70 4.1 Glasherstellung und Eigenschaften 70 4.1.1 Glasschmelzen 70 4.1.2 Dichte und E-Modul 73 4.1.3 Thermische Eigenschaften 82 4.2 Glasfaserherstellung und Charakterisierung 86 4.2.1 GF-Herstellung 86 4.2.2 GF-Charakterisierung 87 4.3 Einsatz der GF in Verbundstoffen 93 4.3.1 Die Pull-Out Versuche und deren Ergebnisse 93 4.3.2 GFK-Stäbe Herstellung und Charakterisierung 97 4.3.3 UD-Laminate Herstellung und Charakterisierung 104 4.4 Technische und wirtschaftliche Diskussion der Ergebnisse 108 5 Zusammenfassung und Ausblick 111 6 Danksagung 116 7 Abbildungsverzeichnis 118 8 Tabellenverzeichnis 121 9 Literaturverzeichnis 122 10 Anlagen 131