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Specific neuronal phenotypes within the rostral ventrolateral medulla following cardiovascular deconditioning in ratsZidon, Terese M. January 2008 (has links)
Thesis (M.S.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2008. / The entire dissertation/thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file (which also appears in the research.pdf); a non-technical general description, or public abstract, appears in the public.pdf file. Includes bibliographical references.
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Acoustic startle and fear-potentiated startle in rats selectively bred for fast and slow kindling rates : relation to monoamine activity /Kelly, Owen P. January 1900 (has links)
Thesis (M. SC.)--Carleton University, 2001. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 35-53). Also available in electronic format on the Internet.
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Regulation of GABA[subscript]A receptors by protein kinase C and hypoxia in human NT2-N neuronsGao, Lei. January 2005 (has links)
Thesis (Ph.D.)--Medical University of Ohio, 2005. / "In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Medical Sciences." Major advisor: L. John Greenfield, Jr. Includes abstract. Document formatted into pages: iv, 208 p. Title from title page of PDF document. Bibliography: pages 55-62,94-99,137-143,166-206.
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Protein kinase A alterations following chronic flurazepam treatment : implications for inhibitory and excitatory synaptic plasticity in rat hippocampal CA1Lilly, Scott Matthew. January 2006 (has links)
Thesis (Ph.D.)--Medical University of Ohio, 2006. / "In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Medical Sciences." Major advisor: Elizabeth I. Tietz. Includes abstract. Document formatted into pages: iv, 234 p. Title from title page of PDF document. Bibliography: pages 86-95,126-135,167-174,190-232.
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Temporal resolution and determination of the mechanism of ethanol-induced taurine effluxSmith, Anthony Donald, January 2005 (has links)
Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Florida, 2005. / Typescript. Title from title page of source document. Document formatted into pages; contains 165 pages. Includes Vita. Includes bibliographical references.
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Influência do topiramato na consolidação e extinção da memória em modelo animalPerrenoud, Myriam Fortes January 2008 (has links)
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Previous issue date: 2008 / Introduction: Memory is the acquisition, consolidation and evocation of information. It always involves an emotional component, which is added to the information of a cognitive nature. When a memory is the consequence of a particularly stressful and traumatic situation, it involves emotions of that nature and is established through the amygdala and hippocampus and is more resistant to extinction and to be forgotten. Anxiety and stress influence the initial phase of the consolidation of memory through several modulatory paths, the effect of which is incorporated within the rest of the content of each memory. In the case of particularly intense stress, there is tendency for the evocation of the traumatic memory to be reiterated, causing persistent avoidance of any stimulus associated with it. TOP is an efficacious medicine in the treatment of epilepsy, which has among its side effects, which are concentration dependent, a reduction in working memory and verbal fluency, leading to confusion and numbness. Materials, methods and assessed hypotheses: The action of TOP (10mg/kg) in the consolidation and extinction of long-term memory was assessed in 84 Wistar rats divided into 6 experimental groups and one control group. The action of TOP on consolidation was assessed by administering it immediately following, or three hours after the training. In order to assess extinction, TOP was administered for 14 days before, or 5 days during the extinction. In all the experiments, the animals initiated tests 15 days after the training. The training consisted of measuring the latency time taken to descend from the platform, in an inhibitory avoidance paradigm, when they received a 1 mA shock for 2 seconds. The action of TOP in consolidation and extinction was assessed in repeated tests, without shock, in which the latency of the descent from the platform was measured at the times T1 to T5 and in the final test T6, 48 hours after. A counter-test was also carried out in order to assess whether there was a direct effect of TOP in the loss of memory when administered for 5 days without there occurring an extinction procedure. Results: When administered post-training, TOP interfered with the consolidation of memory. The result was more efficient when it was administered 3 h after training. TOP failed to induce memory extinction when administered when administered for 14 days prior to extinction, though it facilitated extinction when administered for 5 days during extinction. When TOP was administered for a week and there was no extinction procedure, it did not provoke memory loss. Suggestion: TOP may be of use in the treatment of patients with post-traumatic stress, as well as those considered borderline that exhibit self-destructive behavior related to childhood trauma. / Introdução: A memória é aquisição, consolidação e evocação de informações. Envolve sempre um componente emocional, que se acrescenta às informações de índole cognitiva. Quando a memória é conseqüência de uma situação estressante e traumática, envolve emoções dessa índole e se estabelece através da amídala e do hipocampo, sendo mais resistentes à extinção e ao esquecimento. A ansiedade e o estresse influenciam a fase inicial da consolidação da memória, através de várias vias modulatórias, cujo efeito se incorpora ao restante do conteúdo de cada memória. No caso de estresse particularmente intenso, há tendência à evocação reiterada da memória traumática, provocando uma esquiva persistente a qualquer estímulo que seja associado à mesma. O TOP é um medicamento eficaz na epilepsia, que tem entre seus efeitos colaterais, que são concentração dependente, a diminuição da memória de trabalho e da fluência verbal, provocando confusão e torpor. Materiais, métodos e hipóteses avaliadas: Foi avaliada a ação do TOP (10mg/kg) na consolidação e extinção da memória de longa duração em 84 ratos Wistar, divididos em 6 grupos caso e um grupo controle. A ação do TOP sobre a consolidação foi avaliada por sua administração imediatamente após, ou 3 horas após o treino. Na avaliação da extinção, o TOP foi administrado por 14 dias antes, ou 5 dias durante a extinção. Em todos os experimentos os animais iniciaram os testes 15 dias após o treino. O treino consistiu em medir o tempo de latência para descer da plataforma no paradigma de esquiva inibitória, momento em que receberam um choque de 1 mA por 2 segundos. A ação do TOP sobre a consolidação e extinção foi avaliada em testes repetidos, sem o choque, em que se mediu a latência de descida da plataforma nos tempos T1 a T5 e no teste final T6, 48 horas após. Foi realizada também uma contra prova para avaliar se havia ação direta do TOP na perda da memória quando administrado por 5 dias sem passar pelo procedimento de extinção. Resultados: O TOP administrado pós-treino interferiu com a consolidação da memória. O resultado foi mais eficaz quando administrado 3 h após o treino. O TOP não induziu a extinção da memória quando administrado antes da extinção por 14 dias, porém a facilitou quando administrado por 5 dias durante a mesma. O TOP administrado por uma semana, sem passar pelo procedimento de extinção, não provocou a perda da memória. Sugestão: O TOP talvez possa ser um medicamento que auxilie pacientes com estresse pós-traumático, assim como aqueles considerados “borderline”, que apresentam um comportamento autodestrutivo relacionado a traumas na infância.
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Estudo transversal relacionado ao uso de benzodiazepinicos no Centro de Atenção Psicossocial (CAPS) do município de Campo Bom - RSMarques, Fabricio Correia January 2015 (has links)
Introdução: Os Benzodiazepínicos estão entre as drogas mais prescritas no mundo. Possuem características ansiolíticas, hipnóticas, miorelaxantes e anticonvulsivantes. Estudos prévios evidenciam inadequações nas prescrições de benzodiazepínicos, como uso equivocado para quadros inespecíficos, tratamento prolongado e abuso por idosos. Benzodiazepínicos podem trazer sérios efeitos adversos, sobretudo em idosos, como sonolência diurna, deterioro da memória e funções cognitivas, desequilíbrio e quedas. Objetivos: Analisar a prevalência do uso de benzodiazepínicos nos pacientes do Centro de Atenção Psicossocial (CAPS) de Campo Bom-RS em um período de 24 meses (Junho de 2013 a Maio de 2015), faixa etária, frequência de dispensações, dosagens, CIDs e especialidades dos médicos prescritores; bem como possíveis relações com a função cognitiva, afetiva, e quedas em idosos. Métodos: Estudo transversal, com informações coletadas e tabuladas a partir dos prontuários e prescrições médicas do CAPS Campo Bom, bem como do seu sistema informatizado de gerenciamento (Software Multi 24 Horas). Foram obtidos dados como idade, gênero, identificação dos CIDs; bem como informações sobre prescrições de Benzodiazepínicos, como frequência, quantidade, tipo de medicamento, posologia, profissional prescritor e demais medicamentos utilizados. Critério de inclusão: utilização de qualquer benzodiazepínico disponível na rede SUS: Clonazepam 0,5mg, Clonazepam 2,5 mg/ml, Clonazepam 2mg e Diazepam 5mg. Foram aplicados os testes MEEM e GDS nos pacientes idosos, em entrevistas individuais, nas quais também se avaliou a escolaridade, ocorrência e frequência de quedas, além das comorbidades auto relatadas. Para construção do banco de dados foi utilizado o Software Microsoft® Office Excel® 2007, e para análise estatística o Software PASW V18 (SPSS®). Resultados: O número total de pacientes ativos identificados no CAPS foi de 855 indivíduos, sendo 543 (63,5%) mulheres e 84 idosos (9,8%). A prevalência de utilização de BZD nesta população representou 47,2% (n=404 indivíduos). Foram identificadas 12.680 prescrições médicas dispensadas e, deste total, a prevalência de prescrições de benzodiazepínicos foi de 21,7% (n=2.748). Dentre os pacientes que receberam BZD, 297 (73,5%) eram mulheres e 59 idosos (14,6%), dos quais 56 foram entrevistados. Dentre os idosos entrevistados, 42 (75,0%) possuíram significativa sintomatologia depressiva (GDS≥5) e 32 (57,1%) apresentaram duas ou mais quedas no período de 1 ano. Dezoito pacientes idosos demonstraram fazer uso de dois ou mais BZDs. Houve correlação linear negativa entre os escores do MEEM e do GDS (r = - ,416; p=,002). Houve também uma correlação linear negativa entre o escore do MEEM e número de quedas em idosos (r = -,327 p=,016). Conclusões: Os benzodiazepínicos corresponderam a 21,7 % do total de prescrições do CAPS e do total dos indivíduos 47,2% receberam benzodiazepínicos. Proporcionalmente aos homens, as mulheres tenderam a receber mais prescrições de benzodiazepínicos (p<.001). A prevalência de significativa sintomatologia depressiva nos idosos usuários do CAPS foi alta (75,0%), assim como a incidência de quedas, sendo que mais da metade dos idosos caiu 2 ou mais vezes no período. Identificou-se uma correlação linear negativa entre a função cognitiva como avaliada pelo MEEM e a sintomatologia depressiva avaliada pelo GDS; bem como houve uma correlação linear negativa entre o MEEM e o número de quedas em idosos. / Introduction: Benzodiazepines are among the most prescribed drugs in the world, they have characteristics such as anxiolytic, hypnotic, muscle relaxants and anticonvulsants. Studies have pointed out distortions in benzodiazepines’ prescriptions, such as misuse for unspecific cases, prolonged treatment and use by elderly. Such medications may cause serious damage, particularly in the elderly, and its continued use causes side effects such as daytime somnolence, imbalance, memory and cognitive function loss, increased incidence of falls. Objectives: To assess the prevalence of benzodiazepine use among patients of the Center for Psychosocial Care in Campo Bom-RS within the period of June 2013 to May 2015. The variables analyzed were: age, frequency of dispensations, dosages, ICDs and specialties of prescribing doctors; as well as possible correlations between cognitive function, emotional function and falls in the elderly. Methods: Cross-sectional study, with data collected and tabulated from medical records and prescriptions, as well as from the management system from CAPS (Software Multi 24 hours). Data obtained was age, gender, ICDs identification; as well as frequency of prescriptions, quantity and type of medication, dosage, prescribing professional, others used drugs. Inclusion criteria: Use of any benzodiazepine available in the Health Unic System: Clonazepam 0,5 mg, Clonazepam 2,5 mg/ml, Clonazepam 2 mg and Diazepam 5mg. MMSE and GDS tests have been applied in the elderly, through individual interviews, in which we found about educational level, occurrence and frequency of falls and other self-reported comorbidities. The software Microsoft® Excel® 2007 was used to build database, and for statistical analysis the software PASW V18 (SPSS) was used. Results: The total number of active patients identified at CAPS was 855 individuals, of these 543 were women (63.5%) and 84 elderly (9.8%). The prevalence of benzodiazepines’ use in this population was 47.2 % (n = 404). We have found 12.680 prescriptions dispensed and the prevalence of benzodiazepines’ prescriptions was 21.7 % (n = 2.748). Among patients who received benzodiazepines, 297 (73.5%) were women and 59 elderly (14.6%), of these 56 were interviewed. From the interviewed patients, 42 (75.0%) had significant depressive symptomatology (GDS≥5) and 32 (57.1%) have suffered two or more falls. Eighteen elderly patients demonstrated to use two or more benzodiazepines. There was a negative linear correlation between MMSE and GDS scores (r = -.416, p =.002). There was also a negative linear correlation between MMSE scores and number of falls in elderly (r = -.327 p =. 016). Conclusions: Benzodiazepines accounted for 21.7% of the total CAPS’ prescriptions, and 47.2% individuals treated at CAPS received benzodiazepines. Women tended to receive more prescriptions of benzodiazepines (p <.001) than men. The prevalence of significant depressive symptomatology in the elderly was very high (75.0%). As well as the incidence of falls, since more than half of the elderly patients presented two or more falls in the period. We identified a negative linear correlation between cognitive function as assessed by MMSE and depressive symptoms assessed by the GDS; and there was a negative linear correlation between MMSE and the number of falls in the elderly.
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Avaliação da neuroinflamação e da atividade astrocitária em modelo de epilepsia por Li-pilocarpina: S100B possível marcador e alvo farmacológicoVizuete, Adriana Fernanda Kuckartz January 2017 (has links)
A epilepsia do lobo temporal (ELT) é a um dos casos mais frequente epilepsia em humanos e de maior refratariedade nos pacientes. A maioria dos fármacos antiepilépticos são moduladores da atividade neuronal e atuam sobre canais iônicos do receptor GABAA. Estudos vêm demonstrando o papel das células gliais e da neuroinflamação na epileptogênese e a modulação desta resposta pode ser um alvo potencial para drogas adjuvantes aos fármacos anti-epilépticos. Astrócitos são células gliais participantes da sinapse tripartite, moduladores da atividade neuronal. Os astrócitos são capazes de promover a homeostase de íons e de neurotransmissores, são responsáveis pelo metabolismo energético e da produção de fatores neurotróficos, glutationa, glutamina, S100B e citocinas. Neste trabalho, induzimos status epilepticus (SE) em ratos jovens (PN28) através do modelo lítio-pilocarpina que mimetiza alterações neuronais, bioquímicas e morfológicas similares à ELT em humanos. Os animais foram divididos nos tempos 1, 14 e 56 dias após a indução de status epilepticus (SE). Estes períodos são caracterizados respectivamente como a fase aguda, latente e crônica da epilepsia. Inicialmente, analisamos as mudanças neuroquímicas e astrocitárias ao longo do tempo. Foi observada neuroinflamação inicial e transitória que promove morte neuronal e mudanças ao longo do tempo de astrogliose e disfunção astrocitária. Também foi observado que a proteína S100B, proteína ligante de cálcio, predominantemente astrocitária, pode ser considerado um marcador da disfunção neuronal e astrocitária promovida neste modelo de epilepsia. Em seguida, demonstramos que a modulação da secreção de S100B pelo anti-inflamatório dexametasona um dia após indução de SE reverte a neuroinflamação, astrogliose e disfunção astrocitária à curto e à longo prazo. Por conseguinte, observamos que a modulação do receptor GABAA através de agonistas e antagonistas GABAérgicos altera a secreção de S100B em fatias hipocampais agudas e em cultura de astrócitos. Portanto, pode-se sugerir que as alterações astrogliais e a neuroinflamação dependentes do tempo podem estar ligadas à excitabilidade neuronal e/ou à morte neuronal em ratos jovens em modelo de epilepsia; que a proteína S100B pode ser considerada um marcador deste modelo de epilepsia e que a modulação da sua secreção pode ser um possível alvo farmacológico no tratamento da epilepsia. / Temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) is the most frequent type of epilepsy in humans and is more associated to refractory to anti-epileptic drugs (AED) in patients. The most AEDs are modulators of neuronal activity and act on ion channels, such as GABAA receptor. Studies have been demonstrating the role of glial cells and neuroinflammation in epileptogenesis. The modulation of this response may be a potential target for adjunctive drugs to anti-epileptic drugs. Astrocytes are glial cells that participated in the tripartite synapse and modulated neuronal activity. Astrocytes are able to promote homeostasis of ions and neurotransmitters, are responsible for energy metabolism and the production of neurotrophic factors, glutathione, glutamine, S100B and cytokines. In this work, we induced status epilepticus (SE) in young rats (PN28) through the lithiumpilocarpine model that mimics neuronal, biochemical and morphological alterations similar to ELT in humans. The animals were divided at times 1, 14 and 56 days after the induction of SE. These periods are characterized respectively as the acute, latent and chronic phase of epilepsy. Initially, we analyzed neurochemical and astrocytic changes over time. Initial and transient neuroinflammation was observed and promoted over time neuronal death, astrogliosis and astrocytic dysfunction. It has also been observed that the protein S100B, a calcium-binding protein, predominantly astrocytic, can be considered a marker of neuronal and astrocytic dysfunction promoted by this model of epilepsy. Next, we demonstrate that the modulation of S100B secretion by the antiinflammatory dexamethasone one day after SE induction reverses neuroinflammation, astrogliosis and astrocytic dysfunction in the acute and chronic time. Therefore, we analyzed that modulation of the GABAA receptor through GABAergics agonists and antagonists alters the secretion of S100B in acute hippocampal slices and in astrocyte culture. Therefore, it may be suggested that astroglial changes and time dependent neuroinflammation may be related to neuronal excitability and/or neuronal death in young rats in this epilepsy model; that S100B protein can be considered a marker of this epilepsy model and that the modulation of its secretion may be a possible pharmacological target in the treatment of epilepsy.
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Ultrastructural Characterization of The Output of VIP Expressing Interneurons in Mouse Barrel CortexZhou, Xiaojuan 15 May 2017 (has links)
No description available.
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Mechanisms of Recovery from Chronic StressJanuary 2018 (has links)
abstract: Chronic stress results in functional and structural changes to the hippocampus. Decades of research has led to insights into the mechanisms underlying the chronic stress-induced deficits in hippocampal-mediated cognition and reduction of dendritic complexity of hippocampal neurons. Recently, a considerable focus of chronic stress research has investigated the mechanisms behind the improvements in hippocampal mediated cognition when chronic stress ends and a post-stress rest period is given. Consequently, the goal of this dissertation is to uncover the mechanisms that allow for spatial ability to improve in the aftermath of chronic stress. In chapter 2, the protein brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) was investigated as a mechanism that allows for spatial ability to show improvements following the end of chronic stress. It was found that decreasing the expression of BDNF in the hippocampus prevented spatial memory improvements following a post-stress rest period. Chapter 3 was performed to determine whether hippocampal CA3 apical dendritic complexity requires BDNF to show improvements following a post-stress rest period, and whether a receptor for BDNF, TrkB, mediates the improvements of spatial ability and dendritic complexity in a temporal manner, i.e. during the rest period only. These experiments showed that decreased hippocampal BDNF expression prevented improvements in dendritic complexity, and administration of a TrkB antagonist during the rest period also prevented the improvements in spatial ability and dendritic complexity. In chapter 4, the role of the GABAergic system on spatial ability following chronic stress and a post-stress rest period was investigated. Following chronic stress, it was found that male rats showed impairments on the acquisition phase of the RAWM and this correlated with limbic glutamic acid decarboxylase, a marker for GABA. In chapter 5, a transgenic mouse that expresses a permanent marker on all GABAergic interneurons was used to assess the effects of chronic stress and a post-stress rest period on hippocampal GABAergic neurons. While no changes were found on the total number of GABAergic interneurons, specific subtypes of GABAergic interneurons were affected by stressor manipulations. Collectively, these studies reveal some mechanisms behind the plasticity seen in the hippocampus in response to a post-stress rest period. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Psychology 2018
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