Cryphonectria parasitica is the causal agent of chestnut blight, which devastated the American Chestnut tree population in the early 20th century. The discovery of hypoviruses that reduce the severity of the chestnut blight infection offers the potential for biological control. However, the spread of the hypoviruses is hampered by a diverse genetically controlled nonself-recognition system, vegetative incompatibility (vic). CPVIB-1 was identified as a transcription regulator playing an important role in the programmed cell death response to this stimulus. In this study, we have found that CPVIB-1 is ubiquitin-decorated which might lead to its degradation in the proteasome pathway. RNA-Seq and ChIP-Seq were used to further explore the downstream targets of CPVIB-1 that mediate the various metabolic changes that lead to the altered phenotype of the Δcpvib-1 mutant. Due to inaccuracies in the prior annotation, we performed a genome re-annotation to improve the accuracy using a MAKER2-two-pass pipeline. To validate the improvement a second pipeline, PEPA, was developed to compare quality metrics between the old and new annotations. Approximately 1/3 of the original annotations from 2009 were found to be inaccurate. Experimental confirmation by testing 27 predicted genes using a diagnostic PCR protocol to differentiate between prior and new transcript structures showed that over 80 % of tested genome locations supported for the new annotation. Using rapamycin treatment to mimic stimulation of the vic response and applying the RNA-seq and ChIP-seq data to this new information, we found that CPVIB-1 is related to TOR signaling pathways, promoting autophagy and the proteasome pathway, but repressing carbon metabolism, protein and lipid biosynthesis. In depth analysis of CPVIB-1-bound DNA targets showed that this protein is a member of the GAGA regulator family, a group of multifaceted transcription factors with diverse roles in gene activation and repression, maintenance of mitosis, and cell development. Following treatment with rapamycin the recognition sequence bound by CPBVIB-1 was altered leading to the regulation of different suite of genes with diverse metabolic functions. Ultimately, we have developed a revised model of TOR signaling pathway where TORC1 and TORC2 signaling pathways are connected by the action of CPVIB1.

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Throughout her career, the artist and singer Lady Gaga has portrayed a great number of personas in her performances. This thesis uses Gaga’s performances of ”Paparazzi”, ”The Edge of Glory”, and ”Million Reasons” to evaluate how her musical personas have been expressed between 2009 and 2018. Philip Auslander’s theories on musical personas are applied as a tool to examine and analyze Lady Gaga’s use of personas in nine performances. The results of the analysis suggest that, in addition to genre conventions, performance contexts also impacted the adaptations of Gaga’s musical personas. Furthermore, Gaga’s Born This Way Ball tour showcased how a musician can adopt a temporary character tailored for a specific tour plot, suggesting the idea of a “tour persona” as a distinct entity separate from musical personas and song characters. The conclusion drawn from the case study suggests that the term ”persona adjustment” may be more suitable than ”persona development” or ”evolvement” when analyzing changes in musical personas over time. Finally, Gaga's changing personas in this case study challenge Auslander's idea that a performer's persona development relies on longevity and audience negotiation, as Gaga's artistic image is sustained through unpredictable fashion choices and diverse mannerisms.

[pt] O presente trabalho tem como objetivo estudar a cultura de fãs no Rio de Janeiro, suas formas de comunicação e de interação com a cidade. Este estudo também se concentra em entender de que maneira os fãs percebem seus ídolos, uma vez que estes se apresentam perante a sociedade e a mídia, muitas vezes, como seres superiores e/ou indefectíveis. O ato de ser fã é um fenômeno já bastante investigado por alguns teóricos e, por outro lado, carrega significados, por vezes, pejorativos, quando tratado pelo senso comum e por alguns contextos midiáticos. Utilizando a abordagem dos estudos subculturais em uma etnografia foi possível constatar que o impacto das divas do pop estudadas, Lady Gaga e Beyoncé, em suas respectivas fandoms, Little Monsters e Beyhive, dá-se em âmbitos não só de entretenimento, mas, acima de tudo, subjetivos. A cultura de fãs atua como criadora de grupos sociais altamente organizados no mundo digital e no mundo real, capazes de promoverem bem-estar e debates políticos e ideológicos de forma a estimular a reflexão sobre as minorias às quais pertencem e a luta contra os mais diversos tipos de discriminação sofridos pelos participantes das fandoms. / [en] This work aims to study the culture of fans in Rio de Janeiro, its forms of communication and interaction with the city. This study also focuses on understanding how fans perceive their idols, once they present themselves to society and the media, often as superior or indefectible beings. The act of being a fan is already investigated by researchers and on the other hand carries some meanings that sometimes are pejoratives while handled by the common sense and also by some mediatic contexts. By using the subculture studies approach in an etnography it was possible to verify that the impact of the studied pop divas, Lady Gaga and Beyoncé, on their respective fandoms, Little Monsters and Beyhive, takes place not only in the entertainment area, but also in a very subjective way. The fan cultures acts as the creator of highly organized social groups both in the digital and in the real world, promoting not only their well-being, but also political and ideological debates, in order to stimulate reflection on the minorities to which they belong to, and the fight against the most diverse types of discrimination suffered by participants of the fandoms.

長久以來，我們的研究文獻忽視了原住民社會的失序問題：如酗酒、雛妓、少年逃學及兇殺等。本研究企業以問卷調查法和田野訪問觀察，對原住民社會之一－烏來泰雅族之少年偏差犯罪行為之盛行率、類型及因素，進行資料之收集整理分類。 這是Hirschi社會鍵理論（Social Control Theory）首次在本土少數民族社會之部分驗證研究，除了利用該理模式為分析架構，以問卷調查方式對烏來鄉福山、烏來與忠治三個村落少年兒童犯罪與偏差行為成因進行橫面的統計分析考驗外，並以田野訪談方式，藉助附著理論、互惠觀點與人類基本需求觀點，從社會文化歷史變遷脈絡與個案進行縱面與深度的分析探討烏來泰雅社會文化轉化的特質。 量的研究結果發現：（一）烏來泰雅少年偏行百分比雖然男性都比女性高；但與大社會相較，性別比率接近顯得很突出，介於1.2與2.7之間；女性少年吸香煙盛行率高達34.%。（二）個人重要屬性如年齡、父母社經地位與所屬村落均需透過社控機構而影響少年偏行為。家庭成員：和雙親、單親或其他家人同住少年的偏差行為平均數值差異不大，只有再生家庭的平均數值較高。（三）對社控機構認同父母與附著學校對偏行產生直接影響。偏行與父母監督及社區附著的相關性很低，與社會鍵理論的假設較為不同。（四）偏行與社會控制機構之關係不受族群認同影響，但偏行與偏行友伴高度相關。父母認同、父母監督、附著學校及附著社區等社控變項與族群認同及附著偏差同輩團體等中介變項之間未達到顯著相關。 質的研究結果發現：（一）歷史社會變遷過程：日據時代與光復後外來政治干預，部落被迫遷徏，人口流動大，族群趨向異質化，鬆動社控力量，家庭社經地位日趨低落，福山部落物質生活普遍為匱乏狀態，兒童少年為幫忙家計打工賺錢或滿足生理需求，而影響在逃學與偷竊等與生計相關之偏行發展。（二）家庭變異與社化方式變遷因素，促使親屬關係發生變質，影響孩子偏行發展。（三）變遷後的部落組織變遷鮮能提供滿足成員基本需求的互惠功能，凝聚力薄弱，社控鍊條鬆弛，並且反應在孩子偏差行為的類型的與頻率上。（四）在文化脈絡下個案之探討，發現兒童“逃家”所反應的意義有：控制自我、化解身心挫折與壓力的機制，返回自己所認同的家的一種手段，以及反應社會支持網絡薄弱。 根據上述研究結果提出建議如下：（一）政府在改革硏制少數民族社會之學校教育與社會教育時，能突破教育行政體系的封閉性，活用教育與其他社會資源，並兼顧原住民社會的普同性與差異性，從聚部落之社會控制力量出發，以部落來重建部落與成員的互惠機制。（二）後續研究可繼續實施本土之誇文化研究，建構出質量兼具的研究模式，俾使地區少年偏差行為之調查研究成為分析社區文化的工具之一，並藉以找出重建該社區社會控制力量的機制，以達到理論與實踐兼善目的。

本研究的目的有四項：瞭解宜蘭縣原住民校長推展泰雅民族教育的經營理念;探討推展泰雅民族教育的現況;分析推展泰雅民族教育的困境;根據研究結論提供 具體可行之意見供相關單位參考。期望宜蘭縣原住民校長，依循泰雅族Gaga，建構泰雅民族教育經營模式與體制，以促使原住民族教育自治。 本論文採教育民族誌的方法：包括文獻研究、參與觀察、深度訪談法及焦點團體訪談，進行宜蘭縣泰雅民族教育理論架構與實證資料的田野調查與蒐集。全文除前言和結論外，共有4章，約23萬字。 根據研究結果分析與討論，歸納研究發現，分述如後： 一、《原住民族教育法》通過後，宜蘭縣是對原住民校長遴選是最友善的一個縣 市，自2005年辦理校長遴選，落實執行《原住民族教育法》之規定，目前 縣內原住民1所高中、1所國中、11所國小校長皆由原住民擔任。 二、從民族教育的角度，全盤體檢後發現，即使有全國最高比例的國中小原住民 校長，宜蘭縣泰雅民族教育的現況是殘缺不全的，無法看出一個完整民族教 育的圖像。 三、宜蘭縣原住民校長進一步反思與學習，對自己的族群有高度的認同感，重視 傳統文化的保存與學習，堅持學校或部落必須要推動民族教育。各個都屬於 轉化型的知識份子，《原住民族教育法》賦予泰雅族校長進行民族教育的改 造工程的權利，但是在維繫民族傳統以及現代化教育的連結與接軌的文化復 興教育改造培力過程仍待努力。 四、宜蘭縣在原住民師資面方面：從1946年9月起至2008年止，公費培育國小 師資共145人。而後產生斷層，並至少已有21個流浪老師存在。國幼班師 資中連一位泰雅族籍之教師都沒有。宜蘭縣11所原住民重點國民小學學校 教師平均畢業年齡比一般畢業生多出12.45歲，顯示出原住民新進教師幾乎 沒有進場的機會，這是一個很嚴重與嚴肅的議題，民族師資面臨斷層。 五、在家長參與面：宜蘭縣原住民學校家長對學校推展民族教育的看法，基本上 是支持的。由於大部分的家長社經地位較低，對於參與泰雅民族教育相關活 動不太積極。而社區民間團體協助學校推展民族教育者也較少。 六、在教材研發面：課程設計建構各個學校的民族教育的中心論述，納進部落的 各項資源。原住民族語言教材，大部分採用縣版。 / There are four main purposes of this research: understand the management concept of Indigenous School Principals in Yilan pushing for Tayal cultural education; investigate current Tayal ethnic education and development situation; analyze the difficulties on Tayal ethnic educational development; and, based on the research result, provide relevant organizations and parties with valid and concrete suggestions. In the hope that Indigenous School Principals in Yilan will follow Tayal’s Gaga, construct a solid Tayal educational management system, and result in Indigenous ethnic education self-government. This research follows the methodologies in Educational Ethnography: these include research on literatures、participate in observations、in-depth and focus group interview，as well as field investigation and collection of Yilan Tayal ethnic educational structure and real-case data. Excluding introduction and conclusions, this thesis is split into four parts, with a total of approximately 230,000 words. Based on research results and analysis, the conclusions are as follows: 1. After《Aboriginal Education Act》was approved, Yilan is the most favorable County to Indegenous school principals election。Since principal election officially started in 2005, regulations of 《Aboriginal Education Act》were executed. Currently, there are 1 Senior high school, 1 Junior high school and 11 primary schools in which positions of school principals are taken by Indigenous people. 2. From the angle of ethnic education, looking at the holistic picture, even though Yilan has the highest ratio of indigenous school principals amongst the nation, current Tayal ethnic educational development in Yilan is fragmented, it is hard to establish a complete picture of the clan’s education. 3. The indigenous school principals in Yilan further conduct self-examination and study, highly recognize their clans in which they belong to, persist in traditional cultural’s preservation and learning, insist on the necessity to push for clan’s ethnic education in school and/or tribes. Each of them is transformational intelligent, 《Aboriginal Education Act》has provided Tayal principals the power to reform clan’s education, nevertheless, there are still spaces yet to be improved in the process of cultural revolution connecting clan’s ethnic tradition and modern education. 4. From qualification perspectives: from September 1946 to 2008, there are 145 primary school teachers on government expenses. A gap was formed after this, there were at least 21 teachers been banished. None of the primary and pre-school teachers are from Tayal ethnic group. The average indigenous teachers’ graduation age of the 11 key Indigenous primary school in Yilan is 12.45 years higher than non-indigenous teachers, this indicates that new indigenous teachers hardly have the opportunity to be employed. The qualification gap of the indigenous teachers is a serious and severe issue. 5. In terms of parents’ participation: parents of the indigenous school in Yilan are supportive to the view that school should focuses on indigenous ethnic education development. However, due to the reason that most of the parents have lower social status, they are not active in participating Tayal education related activities and events. Furthermore, there are less community groups willing to assist schools in developing ethnic education. 6. From school resources point of view: Curriculum design build each school discussed national education center, incorporated into the tribe of resources. The teaching materials of Aborigines are mainly adopted the county version.

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