本研究嘗試就資本利得是否為經濟學上的所得、是否為稅法上的課稅所得及世界各國稅制上對資本利得之對待等三方面加以剖析與說明。 首先，經濟學上國民所得之概念，產出當等於所得，此為供給面與需求面恆等式。因此在證券市場買賣證券，只是屬於所有權的移轉而已，對產出沒有影響，意味著所得沒有增加，故資本利得非為經濟學上所稱之所得。 其次，在文獻回顧上，提供英國、德國及美國學者在時間沙河過程中，探求應納稅所得額概念之思想形成的脈絡足跡，且歸納「泉源週期說」、「勞務流通說」及「淨資產增加說」三種稅法上的所得定義主流學說。資本利得不具規則性及重發性而排除於「泉源週期說」課稅所得中；非消費能力的表現亦不為「勞務流通說」所接受不將其視為所得；唯獨「淨資產增加說」的所得概念包括了已實現及未實現的所得額總和。 第三，本文研究世界各國對資本利得之租稅處理，包括英國、美國、新加坡、香港及澳大利亞等五個國家。香港及新加坡基於特殊目的，給予具有鼓勵性質之免稅措施。英國採分類所得稅制單獨課徵，而美國及澳大利亞則併入個人綜合所得稅中徵收。各國對資本利得不僅只就已實現之利得課徵，而且大多採取輕稅簡政的措施。

Les principales contributions de cette thèse concernent le développement de méthodes pour la synthèse de contrôleurs et pour l'analyse de la stabilité des systèmes linéaires, soit variant ou invariant dans le temps. Concernant les systèmes invariant dans le temps, le but est la synthèse de contrôleurs robustes d'ordre réduit pour les systèmes en temps continu qui présentent des paramètres incertains. La méthode présentée pour la synthèse est basée sur une technique en deux étapes, o'u un gain de retour d'état est construit dans la première étape, et appliqué à la deuxième, fournissant le contrôleur robuste souhaité. Chaque étape consiste à la résolution de conditions sous la forme d'inégalités matricielles linéaires. Dans le cas des systèmes variant dans le temps, en général, en fonction des informations disponibles, deux modèles mathématiques peuvent être utilisés. D'un côté, pour des systèmes dont les éléments variant dans le temps sont bornés mais pas complètement connus, on peut utiliser des modèles dépendant de paramètres variants, ce qui donne une représentation polytopique. Dans ce cas là, la technique de stabilisation proposée est basée sur la méthode en deux étapes, pour générer des contrôleurs dépendants des paramètres. On suppose que les paramètres sont mesurables en ligne, et les contrôleurs sont synthétisés pour qu'ils soient robustes à des bruits de mesures. De l'autre côté, si les dynamiques variantes dans le temps sont connues, on peut traiter directement le système sans utiliser aucune paramétrisation. Deux techniques de synthèse sont proposées pour ce cas : la construction des gains stabilisants en utilisant directement la matrice de transition d'état, et une technique de synthèse conçue à partir d'un nouveau critère de vérification de la stabilité du système. La validité des méthodes proposées est illustrée par plusieurs exemples numériques, qui montrent la qualité des résultats qui peuvent être obtenus.

Dans ce travail, nous avons développé une approche systématique traitant un problème particulier dans le domaine de la commande non linéaire. Il concerne le fait d'assurer une transition stable entre deux points opérationnels d'un système non linéaire. Cette approche emploie la stratégie de séquencement de gain et la notion d'incertitude bornée en norme pour approximer un système non linéaire à travers une famille de systèmes linéaires incertains à incertitude bornée en norme. Autour d'un ensemble de points d'équilibre, des lois de commande locale sont déterminées en garantissant quelques spécifications de performances locales. Le séquencement est déterminé de sorte que la stabilité est garantie. Par interpolation polynômiale continue, une loi de commande continue est établie à partir des points d'équilibre trouvés hors ligne et des correcteurs associés. Une stratégie de commande séquencée par retour d'état ainsi qu'une stratégie par retour de sortie dynamique ont été envisagées. Dans le premier cas, la commutation est faite lorsque l'état se trouve dans le bassin d'attraction du point d'équilibre ultérieur visé. Dans le deuxième, nous avons déterminé une loi de commande par retour de sortie dynamique o'u la politique de commutation est basée sur les états éstimés. Quelques exemples ont été donnés pour montrer l'efficacité de la méthode proposée.

The tax world as we knew it was turned upside down on 13 September 2007 when the Supreme Court of Appeal (“SCA”) announced its decision to deem the right to use an interest-free loan as an amount that accrued to the taxpayers in the case Commissioner for South African Revenue Service v Brummeria Renaissance (Pty) Ltd and others 69 SATC 205. The findings of SCA brought about a “great deal of consternation in the business world” (Loubser, 2007:20). Due to the controversy as a result of this case, SARS drafted an Interpretation Note that illustrates the reasoning and tax treatment of an interest-free loan. On 30 June 2010, Interpretation Note No 58 was finally issued by SARS, providing guidance with regard to “an amount” that “accrues” to a taxpayer for the purposes of the gross income definition. This Interpretation Note will have a significant impact on a number of taxpayers. The purpose of this study is to understand the nature of an interest-free loan and identify its tax implications. The methodology followed in this study will be that of qualitative research. This will be conducted through analyzing the nature of a loan, specifically an interest-free loan, the gross income definition, including the value and timing of such amount, and whether a deduction may be claimed in respect of an interest-free loan. Notwithstanding the above, the study also includes an investigation of other taxes inter alia capital gains tax, donations tax, value-added tax, secondary tax on companies and newly proposed dividends tax. / Thesis (M.Com. (Tax))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2011.

The tax world as we knew it was turned upside down on 13 September 2007 when the Supreme Court of Appeal (“SCA”) announced its decision to deem the right to use an interest-free loan as an amount that accrued to the taxpayers in the case Commissioner for South African Revenue Service v Brummeria Renaissance (Pty) Ltd and others 69 SATC 205. The findings of SCA brought about a “great deal of consternation in the business world” (Loubser, 2007:20). Due to the controversy as a result of this case, SARS drafted an Interpretation Note that illustrates the reasoning and tax treatment of an interest-free loan. On 30 June 2010, Interpretation Note No 58 was finally issued by SARS, providing guidance with regard to “an amount” that “accrues” to a taxpayer for the purposes of the gross income definition. This Interpretation Note will have a significant impact on a number of taxpayers. The purpose of this study is to understand the nature of an interest-free loan and identify its tax implications. The methodology followed in this study will be that of qualitative research. This will be conducted through analyzing the nature of a loan, specifically an interest-free loan, the gross income definition, including the value and timing of such amount, and whether a deduction may be claimed in respect of an interest-free loan. Notwithstanding the above, the study also includes an investigation of other taxes inter alia capital gains tax, donations tax, value-added tax, secondary tax on companies and newly proposed dividends tax. / Thesis (M.Com. (Tax))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2011.

資本適足率（capital adequacy ratio，即實業界所稱之BIS比率）為金融界評估商銀風險之重要指標，在反映資本結構以至於倒閉風險的意義上，相較於財務分析常用的權益值對總資產比率，BIS比率應是一個更精確的指標。本研究先藉資本市場銀行股長天期窗口超額報酬率反映投資人所要求報酬中之風險貼水，探討投資人是否可以引用資本適足率衡量國內商銀的倒閉風險與流動性風險。此外，本研究亦針對壞帳費用與票券買賣損益兩項富裁量空間之科目，分析國內商業銀行策略性操縱帳面盈餘與資本問題。最後，就現行我國資本適足率規定之缺失，作進一步之檢討，並檢測調整部份風險性資產之風險權數後，對資本適足率解釋投資人所要求必要報酬間關係之影響。 實證結果發現，不論是商銀呈報金融主管機關之資本適足率，或是就銀行所發布資料，儘可能比照公訂資本適足率核算辦法所自行設算、不含資產負債表外風險性資產所計算之比值，甚至自行設算、僅考慮自有資本中之第一類資本（Tier 1 Capital）估算值，均與商銀股市超額報酬有顯著之負血關係，顯示資本適足率對投資人而言，屬攸關資訊，能幫助評估銀行倒閉風險，進而決定其所要求之必要報酬率。又國內商銀中，民營銀行股超額報酬對資本適足率之迴歸係數，較公營銀行更具負向關係，而民國八十一年後新成立之銀行對資本適足率之迴歸係數，亦較八十一年前成立之舊銀行更具負向關係，而景氣較蕭條時，資本適足率與報酬間之關係並未較繁榮期敏感。 在盈餘與資本調控部份，或因使用不同調控工具之成本差異，致使商業銀行在帳面資本不足時，傾向于增加提列壞帳費用；另一方面，銀行似乎為了損益平穩化之目的，而以多實現或少實現票券買賣損益作為調控當期盈餘之工具，此兩項潛在之盈餘調控工具，彼此間有著相互替代代，惟因實現票券買賣損益之成本因時而異，國內商業銀行引用此兩項工具相互替補的程度實隨資本市場榮枯而改變。在估算國內商銀壞帳費用不可裁量部份時，本研究發現以上期壞帳、本期逾催收款、應收匯兌承兌款及無擔保放款餘額估計壞帳，比過動國外文獻所採變數組更恰當。 / This thesis empirically examines the explanatory power of capital adequacy ratio (BIS ratio) to Taiwan's commercial bank long-windowed returns minus risk-free rates (hereafter excess return), investigating whether the ratio serves to measure the level of risk of these banks equity securities. Findings indicate the followings: (1) ceteris paribus, long-windowed bank returns negatively correlate with each and every measure of BIS ratio in this study. These results are consistent with the notion that capital adequacy ratio conveys relevant information regarding the bank shareholders risk; (2) required rate of security returns appears to be more (less) sensitive to the BIS ratio for banks founded after (prior to) 1992 and for non-state-owned (state-owned) commercial banks; (3) there is not corroborative evidence that macro-economic variables have incremental explanatory power to the regression coefficient for the BIS ratio. Further, by identifying and examining the potential discretionary components of Taiwan's commercial bank loan loss provisions (LLPs) and securities gains and losses (RSGs), this study aims at exploring these banks' accruals management practices. Robust against various sensitivity tests, empirical findings support the notion that commercial banks strategically increase their LLPs to avoid unfavorable capital adequacy ratios. On the other hand, this study finds these banks smooth reported earnings via RSGs. Moreover, our evidence is consistent with the hypothesis that LLPs and RSGs serve as substitutes for each other in commercial bank accruals management. However, the extent these banks exercise discretion via either measure varies with domestic capital market performance. For tests in this study, the specification of simultaneous equations outperforms the competing ordinary least square regression models. This study also provides an innovative design for estimating bank loan loss provisions. As compared with competing designs, our model, which relates commercial bank LLPs to non-performing assets, unsecured loans, accrued acceptances and prior-period loan loss provisions, produce a more efficient predictor for Taiwan's commercial bank LLPs.

Vacuum glazing is a vital development in the move to more energy efficient buildings. In vacuum glazing, an evacuated cavity supresses gaseous conduction and convection to provide high thermal resistance. A high vacuum pressure (less than 0.1 Pa) is required and must be maintained by a hermetic seal around the periphery, currently formed with either indium (i.e. low temperature sealing method) or solder glass (i.e. high temperature sealing method). This thesis reports the results of an experimental and theoretical investigation into the development of new low temperature (less than 200°C) and novel high temperature (up to 450°C) glass edge seals. A new low temperature composite edge seal was developed in which double and triple vacuum glazings each of dimensions 300x300mm were fabricated with measured vacuum pressures of 4.6x10-2Pa and 4.8x10-2Pa achieved respectively. A three dimensional finite element model of the fabricated design of composite edge sealed triple vacuum glazing was developed.

The present paper is a thorough study on the recent developments of excise tax in Peru. It begins by showing the most recent regulatory treatment on this tax, then focusing on the current system of it, analyzing the most relevant aspects of the excise tax, aiming to be a contribution to the future improvement of this tax. / El presente artículo es un estudio minucioso de la evolución reciente del Impuesto de Alcabala en Perú. Parte de presentar los más recientes tratamientos normativos de dicho impuesto, para luego centrarse en el actual régimen del mismo, analizando los aspectos más relevantes del Impuesto de Alcabala, procurando servir de aporte para la futura mejora de este tributo.

The article deals with the taxation of capital gains in cross-border situations, according to the relevant provision in the different Model Conventions (OECD, UN, and US). Following an introduction to the topic, the article analyzes the concept of capital gains, as well as the allocation rules applicable to gains derived from the alienation of different type of assets, including specific anti-abuse provisions and a final reference to the exit taxes. / El artículo trata de la tributación de las ganancias de capital en situaciones transfronterizas, de acuerdo con las disposiciones previstas en los distintos Modelos de Convenio (OCDE, ONU y EEUU). Tras una introducción al tema, el artículo analiza el concepto de ganancias de capital, así como las reglas de atribución aplicables a las ganancias obtenidas en la transmisión de distintos tipos de bienes, incluyendo cláusulas anti-abuso específicas y una referencia final a los impuestos de salida.

Submitted by paulo junior (paulo.jr@fgv.br) on 2010-03-09T22:56:39Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Vitor Hugo.pdf: 469363 bytes, checksum: c7c6c127a84ffb6332c1c5d77fa44c33 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by paulo junior(paulo.jr@fgv.br) on 2010-03-09T22:56:57Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Vitor Hugo.pdf: 469363 bytes, checksum: c7c6c127a84ffb6332c1c5d77fa44c33 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2010-03-10T19:08:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Vitor Hugo.pdf: 469363 bytes, checksum: c7c6c127a84ffb6332c1c5d77fa44c33 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-01-30 / Negotiation is the most efficient tool to achieve something you want, it occurs when there are conflicts and alternatives to be selected that can involve the whole company. The various alternatives have common and conflicting interests, expressing the complexity of relationships. With the increasing demand for agility in responding to the new profiles to search, organizations need to be more versatile in the process and faster to react to market changes, and the Negotiation of Mutual Gains (NMG) are a current driving value-creation. This dissertation aims to propose the use of tools of the theory of the NMG for the managers as a tool supporter of public purchases purchasers of products and services at IT to achieve the expected results. For this, we performed a search of a descriptive and exploratory using qualitative approach. To achieve this objective, theoretical studies were made of themes: Organizational Flexibility, Management of Public Procurement, Information Systems, Strategic Alignment and theory of negotiation in order to get a better understanding of the research. It was not drawn up a structured questionnaire, the research instrument used in this study. Applied the questionnaire directly to participants, it was obtained a participation of 10 respondents, all of participating in public bidding processes Delta. Once performed the data collection, the responses were analyzed using a form of the technique of content analysis, called pattern-matching in order to compare the results with the theoretical framework used in the study. As a result of the study, it was identified using the distributive approach in bidding processes. / A negociação é a ferramenta mais eficiente de conseguir algo que se deseja, ela ocorre quando existem conflitos e alternativas a serem selecionadas que podem envolver toda a empresa. As diversas alternativas apresentam interesses comuns e conflitantes, expressando a complexidade das relações. Com a crescente demanda por agilidade na resposta aos novos perfis de procura, as organizações precisam ser mais versáteis nos processos e mais rápidas para reagir às mudanças do mercado, e as Negociações de Ganhos Mútuos (NGM) são uma forma atual de condução de criação de valor. Esta dissertação tem como objetivo propor a utilização das ferramentas da teoria de NGM como instrumento apoiador aos gestores de compras públicas adquirentes de produtos e serviços de TI a atingir os resultados esperados. Para isso, foi realizada uma pesquisa de natureza descritiva-exploratória por meio de abordagem qualitativa. Para atingir este objetivo, foram feitos estudos teóricos das temáticas: Flexibilidade Organizacional, Gestão de Compras Públicas, Sistemas de Informação, Alinhamento Estratégico e Teoria da Negociação, de forma a se obter um melhor entendimento da pesquisa. Foi elaborado um questionário não estruturado, sendo este o instrumento de pesquisa que foi utilizado neste estudo. Aplicado o questionário diretamente aos participantes, obteve-se uma participação de 10 respondentes, sendo todos participantes dos processos licitatórios na empresa pública Delta. Uma vez efetuada a coleta de dados, foram analisadas as respostas utilizando uma modalidade da técnica de análise de conteúdo, chamada pattern-matching, com o propósito de comparar os resultados com o referencial teórico utilizado no estudo. Como resultado do estudo, identificou-se a utilização da abordagem distributiva nos processos licitatórios.