Está dissertação apresenta uma análise de uma coleção de líticos lascados recuperados no ano de 1999 pelo Laboratório de Estudos e Pesquisas Arqueológicas, na região Oeste do Rio Grande do Sul, Quaraí. O estudo deu ênfase para a perspectiva tecnológica e para o reconhecimento gestual da indústria lítica. Com isso, percebe-se a grande variabilidade que existe entre os plano-convexos e todas as suas estratégias de reciclagem. Também identificamos os sistemas de debitage e os métodos de lascamento dos núcleos. Para os instrumentos, criamos a hipótese de seus funcionamentos, suas preensões e suas ações transformativas a fim de entender este esquema dentro de um contexto regional e assim questionar as indústrias Uruguaias Catalanense e Quaraiense. Da mesma forma, testamos o modelo locacional criado por Milder (2000) (UNDR) dentro da área por nós estabelecida, como Rincão do Inferno e, assim, usamos as prerrogativas do fator geo como referência fundamental e indispensável para a pesquisa arqueológica. / This dissertation presents an analysis of chipped lithic that were recovered in 1999 by the laboratory of Archeological Researches and Studies, in the West Region of Rio Grande do Sul State, Quaraí. The study aimed mainly at the technological perspective and at the gestural recognition of lithic industry. Considering it, there is a great variability that can be perceived in relation to the plano-convex and all their recycling strategies. Debitage systems and nucleus chipper methods were identified. To the instruments, it was created a hypothesis to their working systems, their prehensions and their transformative actions in order to understand their methods inside a regional context and, then, question Catalense Uruguayan and Quaraiense industries. In the same way, it was tested the locating models created by Milder (UNDR) inside the area established for the study, as Rincão do Inferno and, then, it was used the geo factor prerogatives as a ultimate and indispensable factor to the archeological researches.

Por volta de 1900 BP houve uma brusca mudança na composição das camadas do sambaqui Jabuticabeira II. As camadas até então compostas por uma predominância de conchas passam a apresentar uma ausência quase total de material conchífero, tornando-se mais terroso e muito escuro (Terra Preta). O objetivo deste trabalho é fornecer dados para a compreensão deste processo de formação da Terra Preta no sítio Jabuticabeira II e investigar os motivos de tais mudanças. A nossa análise será realizada a partir do ponto de vista zooarqueológico, tentando observar, em detalhes, os componentes faunísticos das camadas. / These research has as objetive the comprehension of the changes in the formation process of a shellmound Jabuticabeira II, Santa Catarina South-coast Brazil. The layers built with shells start to change, in 1900 BP, and the constrution becomes composed by black earth. Our aim is provide datas to understand this process by zooarchaeological point of view.

Le Gravettien est une grande tradition culturelle du début du Paléolithique supérieur présente à travers toute l’Europe à partir de 33 000 cal BP. Sa durée et sa vaste répartition géographique en font une entité complexe à définir tant du point de vue de sa culture matérielle que des dynamiques socio-culturelles ayant contribué à son maintien sur près de 10 000 ans. Cette période de temps a vu se succéder plusieurs grands changements climatiques dont les impacts sur les communautés animales et humaines restent difficiles à appréhender. Malgré la présence de traits unifiants (pointes à dos rectilignes, statuettes féminines), une forte régionalisation du Gravettien est perceptible. En France, l’étude des industries lithiques et osseuses se renouvelle, ouvrant de nouvelles pistes de recherches. Les données concernant l’exploitation des ressources cynégétiques, pourtant centrales dans l’économie des chasseurs-cueilleurs, restaient quant à elle encore parcellaires et peu souvent intégrées dans les discussions. Dans ce travail, l’étude archéozoologique de quatre gisements clés du Gravettien français a été entreprise (les Bossats, Le Flageolet, La grotte du Renne et Roc de Combe). Les résultats ont été confrontés à l’ensemble des données sur la faune disponibles en France pour cette période. La confrontation des spectres de faunes avec les autres données paléo-environnementales a permis de mieux évaluer l’impact d’événements climatiques importants et leur succession. Des stratégies de chasse variées, aux dépens d’une diversité de taxons (renne, cheval, bison) et anticipant les déplacements saisonniers des herbivores, ont été mises en évidence tout au long du Gravettien. Le traitement des carcasses, observable à partir du matériel osseux, atteste d’une exploitation intensive. L’ensemble de ces données, mises en perspective avec leurs contextes archéologiques respectifs (industrie, habitat) nous permet de discuter de la fonction des sites et de la mobilité humaine lors de cette période. / The Gravettian is a great cultural tradition of the Early Upper Palaeolithic, present throughout Europe starting from 33 000 cal BP. Its duration and its vast geographic distribution make it a complex entity to define, both in terms of the material culture and the dynamics that contributed to its preservation for almost 10 000 years. During this period, several successive climatic changes had an impact on the human and animal communities which are still difficult to apprehend. Despite unifying features (Gravette points, feminine statuettes), a strong regionalization is perceptible. In France, the renewal of studies on lithic and bone industries opens new perspectives of research. However, data on the archeozoological records are still fragmented and are seldom integrated into discussions. In this work, the archaeozoological study of four Gravettian sites was undertaken (les Bossats, Le Flageolet, La grotte du Renne and Roc de Combe). The results were compared with the existing data on Gravettian fauna coming from French deposits. The comparison of the faunal spectrum with other paleo-environemental data allows providing with a better assessment of the impact of some important climatic events, as well as their succession. Hunting strategies used for several taxa (reindeer, horse, bison) are diversified and take into account the seasonal movements of the preys. Carcasses treatment shows an intense exploitation of the animal resources. Together, this data gives perspective to their associated archaeological contexts (industry, habitat structure) and allows us to discuss the functions of the sites and the human mobility during this period.

Over the past five decades, archaeologists have proposed a wide range of methods for the study of spatial organization within hunter-gatherer sites. Many of these methods sought to identify the spatial location of activities based on patterns of behavior observed in ethnographic contexts. While this resulted in productive observations at certain sites, many of these methods were tailored to specific situations and thus could not be applied to a wide range of sites. For example, open-air sites rarely contain preserved bone or features, such as hearths, which were central components to identifying characteristics of site structure. In addition, many of these methods often did not take into consideration the temporal dynamics of the occupation, i.e., that many sites were formed through subsequent occupations of differing duration. This paper proposes the use of two related methods that assume many assemblages are the result of more than one occupation. The methods target the distribution of lithic artifacts, the most ubiquitously preserved of archaeological materials, and accounts for the potential that the final resting place of artifacts was the result of both intentional and unintentional movement by humans and a host of biological and geological processes. The main goal of this paper is to use an understanding of how these processes influenced the formation of site structure to estimate the relative number and duration of occupations for each site in the sample. These new methods will be presented and explained through the study of seven open-air Middle Paleolithic sites in France but are applicable to a wide range of hunter-gatherer sites.

A utilização dos produtos provenientes de elasmobrânquios é demonstrada desde os primeiros grupos que habitaram o nosso litoral. Pode-se afirmar estas relações com o estudo dos sítios arqueológicos denominados sambaquis, que foram utilizados pelos grupos de pescadores-coletores do litoral. Analisamos sete sambaquis localizados no litoral do Estado de São Paulo: sambaqui Maratuá, sambaqui do Mar Casado, sambaqui do Buracão, sambaquis Cosipa e sambaqui Piaçaguera (Baixada Santista), sítio Tenório e sítio do Mar Virado (Litoral Norte). Foram analisados 15.447 elementos faunísticos de elasmobrânquios, onde se identificou 16 espécies: tubarão-mangona - Carcharias taurus, tubarão-raposa - Alopias vulpinus, tubarão-branco - Carcharodon carcharias, anequim - Isurus oxyrinchus, Carcharhinus sp., tubarão-cabeça-chata - C. leucas, tubarão-fidalgo - C. obscurus, cação-baleeiro - C. plumbeus, tubarão-tigre - Galeocerdo cuvier, tubarão-azul - Prionace glauca, cação-frango - Rhizoprionodon sp., tubarão-martelo - Sphyrna tiburo, raia-serra - Pristis sp., raia-morcego - Aetobatus narinari, raia-sapo - Myliobatis goodei e raia-ticonha - Rhinoptera bonasus. Os grupos de pescadores-coletores utilizam os dentes, vértebras e ferrões dos tubarões e raias principalmente como instrumentos e adornos. A identificação de espécies de elasmobrânquios em sambaquis demonstra a relação e utilização destes pelo homem, conseqüentemente apresentando grande significância para vários grupos costeiros não só de nossa costa como em todas as regiões do mundo / The use of the originating products of elasmobranchs is demonstrated by them from the first groups that lived in our coast. It is possible to affirm these relations with the study of the archaeological so-called shell mounds, which were used by the groups of fishing-gatherers of the coast. We analyse seven shell mounds located in the coast of the State of São Paulo: sambaqui Maratuá, sambaqui do Mar Casado, sambaqui do Buracão, sambaquis Cosipa, sambaqui Piaçaguera, sítio Tenório e sítio do Mar Virado. 15.447 elements elasmobranchs faunal remains were analysed, where one identified 16 species: sandtiger shark - Carcharias taurus, thresher shark - Alopias vulpinus, white shark - Carcharodon carcharias, shortfin mako - Isurus oxyrinchus, Carcharhinus sp., bull shark - C. leucas, dusky shark - C. obscurus, sandbar shark - C. plumbeus, tiger shark - Galeocerdo cuvier, blue shark - Prionace glauca, sharpnose shark - Rhizoprionodon sp., bonnethead shark - Sphyrna tiburo, sawfish - Pristis sp., bat ray - Aetobatus narinari, eagle ray - Myliobatis goodei e cownose ray - Rhinoptera bonasus. The groups of fishig-gatherers use the teeth, vertebrae and spines of the sharks and you shine principally like instruments and adornments. The identification of species of elasmobranchs in shell mounds, it demonstrates the relation and use of this for the human being, consequently presenting great signification for several coastal groups not only of our coast I eat in all the regions of the world

The purpose of this thesis is to examine whether fishing in southern Scandinavia may have created conditions for a sedentary lifestyle. This would contradict the current image of the Early mesolithic as dependent on hunting subsistence. The image of Early mesolithic as dependent on hunting subsistence is in a dichotomous relationship in contrast to Late mesolithic fishing subsistence, which leads to fishing amongst Early mesolithic cultures being overlooked. A dichotomous relationship has also appeared between the mesolithic and neolithic way of life, where the mesolithic attributes as nomadic hunter-gatherers are in contrast to sedentary neolithic farmers. Underwater archaeology has not until recently focused on Early mesolithic settlement. Recent discoveries in the south-eastern Sweden can indicate that fishing would have been a more central part of the Early Mesolithic society than previously assumed.

This study is a collections-based project that employs approximately 1,300 projectile points to investigate behavioral response to the Younger Dryas in north Alabama (12,900 to 11,700 BP). I apply a version of the marginal value theorem to determine how changing resource structures caused changes in projectile point technology. I argue that changes in technology during the Younger Dryas were not conditioned by access or availability of lithic raw material. Instead, variation in technology is likely a response to changes in return rates from hunting and foraging. Further, the changes in hunting return rates correlate with changes in north Alabama forest structure, which were conditioned by the Younger Dryas. To this end, I argue that the sustained impact of the Younger Dryas, and subsequent Holocene warming, had an effect on the subsistence economies of hunter-gatherers living in northern Alabama during this time, which is exhibited by changes in projectile point technology.

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No description available.

Yes / Microwear analysis is applied to reconstruct the function and social organisation at the Late Glacial site of Trollesgave, Denmark. As with Bromme Culture sites in general, the lithic assemblage consists of primarily three types of tools. There is a strong association between these types and their use: end scrapers for dry hide scraping; burins for working hard material, primarily bone; and tanged points primarily for projectile tips. Nearly all divergence from this pattern can be referred to as the activities of children, the products and workshops of which have previously been identified. Based on the combined information from microwear analysis, flint knapping and spatial distribution of artefacts, the assemblage is inferred as the traces of a single family hunting (and fishing) occupation. / Danish Council for Independent Research (FKK ref. no. 273-08-0424)