Gotska Sandön is the Baltic ocean’s most isolated island, located approximately 40 kilometres north from the closest civilisation. Today the island serves as a national park and a tourist attraction. The remoteness has made the island a difficult place to reach both in the past and today. Yet, excavations on the island show that human activity existed long before tourists arrived.                     The study observes Gotska Sandön through a long-term perspective by examining the osteological and archaeological findings from the island. The study is part of a larger project conducted by Uppsala university and Södertörns högskola. The purpose of the study is to examine the historic human activity on the island to determine the island’s importance for humans in the past. Therefore, this paper examines all ages where human activity can be traced, resulting in a perspective from the stone age to present-time.         Results indicate human activity through different eras where the island has worked as a hunting ground as well as a place for rituals such as funeral sites. Conclusions that can be drawn from the study is that the island has had different meanings through different times, ritual such as functional. The study finds a strong connection between human activity and seal hunting throughout the ages and indicates the impact seal hunting has had for human survival.

A utilização dos produtos provenientes de elasmobrânquios é demonstrada desde os primeiros grupos que habitaram o nosso litoral. Pode-se afirmar estas relações com o estudo dos sítios arqueológicos denominados sambaquis, que foram utilizados pelos grupos de pescadores-coletores do litoral. Analisamos sete sambaquis localizados no litoral do Estado de São Paulo: sambaqui Maratuá, sambaqui do Mar Casado, sambaqui do Buracão, sambaquis Cosipa e sambaqui Piaçaguera (Baixada Santista), sítio Tenório e sítio do Mar Virado (Litoral Norte). Foram analisados 15.447 elementos faunísticos de elasmobrânquios, onde se identificou 16 espécies: tubarão-mangona - Carcharias taurus, tubarão-raposa - Alopias vulpinus, tubarão-branco - Carcharodon carcharias, anequim - Isurus oxyrinchus, Carcharhinus sp., tubarão-cabeça-chata - C. leucas, tubarão-fidalgo - C. obscurus, cação-baleeiro - C. plumbeus, tubarão-tigre - Galeocerdo cuvier, tubarão-azul - Prionace glauca, cação-frango - Rhizoprionodon sp., tubarão-martelo - Sphyrna tiburo, raia-serra - Pristis sp., raia-morcego - Aetobatus narinari, raia-sapo - Myliobatis goodei e raia-ticonha - Rhinoptera bonasus. Os grupos de pescadores-coletores utilizam os dentes, vértebras e ferrões dos tubarões e raias principalmente como instrumentos e adornos. A identificação de espécies de elasmobrânquios em sambaquis demonstra a relação e utilização destes pelo homem, conseqüentemente apresentando grande significância para vários grupos costeiros não só de nossa costa como em todas as regiões do mundo / The use of the originating products of elasmobranchs is demonstrated by them from the first groups that lived in our coast. It is possible to affirm these relations with the study of the archaeological so-called shell mounds, which were used by the groups of fishing-gatherers of the coast. We analyse seven shell mounds located in the coast of the State of São Paulo: sambaqui Maratuá, sambaqui do Mar Casado, sambaqui do Buracão, sambaquis Cosipa, sambaqui Piaçaguera, sítio Tenório e sítio do Mar Virado. 15.447 elements elasmobranchs faunal remains were analysed, where one identified 16 species: sandtiger shark - Carcharias taurus, thresher shark - Alopias vulpinus, white shark - Carcharodon carcharias, shortfin mako - Isurus oxyrinchus, Carcharhinus sp., bull shark - C. leucas, dusky shark - C. obscurus, sandbar shark - C. plumbeus, tiger shark - Galeocerdo cuvier, blue shark - Prionace glauca, sharpnose shark - Rhizoprionodon sp., bonnethead shark - Sphyrna tiburo, sawfish - Pristis sp., bat ray - Aetobatus narinari, eagle ray - Myliobatis goodei e cownose ray - Rhinoptera bonasus. The groups of fishig-gatherers use the teeth, vertebrae and spines of the sharks and you shine principally like instruments and adornments. The identification of species of elasmobranchs in shell mounds, it demonstrates the relation and use of this for the human being, consequently presenting great signification for several coastal groups not only of our coast I eat in all the regions of the world

As pesquisas em ecologia isotópica aplicadas à arqueologia têm se desenvolvido amplamente nas últimas duas décadas em todo o mundo, porém poucos trabalhos direcionados unicamente para essa área foram produzidos no país. Este trabalho tem por objetivo gerar dados para testar dois modelos contrastantes sobre as estratégias de subsistência empregadas por sociedades pré-históricas do Brasil Central, desde o final do Período Pleistoceno (ca. 12.000 anos A.P.) até o final do Holoceno utilizando isótopos estáveis como ferramenta de análise. Para tal foram utilizadas amostras de material ósseo arqueológico humano e faunístico provenientes de duas regiões do Brasil Central: Lagoa Santa e Vale do Peruaçu, Minas Gerais. Deste material foram extraídas amostras de colágeno que foram analisadas em um espectrômetro de massa a fim de obter valores de 13C e 15N. Os resultados obtidos para as populações humanas apontam para uma dieta onívora em ambas, com uma forte tendência ao consumo de recursos vegetais em comparação com as demais espécies analisadas da cadeia trófica. Os indivíduos mais jovens de Lagoa Santa (até 5 anos de idade) apresentaram uma diferença estatística significativa nos valores de 15N quando comparados aos demais indivíduos da mesma região, demonstrando assim uma tendência na população a um prolongamento da amamentação. Foram encontradas também evidências de uma possível alteração climática no Vale do Peruaçu a partir da variação de 15N em Kerodon rupestris no decorrer do Holoceno. O sítio de Santana do Riacho, na região de Lagoa Santa apresentou prováveis indícios da presença de milho com dois indivíduos de Cavia aperea que sinalizaram uma dieta tipicamente consumidora de plantas C4 (média 13C= -12,19 e 15N= 2,63) estatisticamente distinta dos demais indivíduos da amostra, entretanto como o espaço amostral é reduzido mais analises são necessárias para confirmar essa tendência. / Research in the field of isotopic ecology applied to archaeology has been in constant development for the past two decades, however only a few studies had been made towards this area in Brazil. This study has the objective of generating data to test two contrasting models regarding the strategies of subsistence used by pre-historical societies of Central Brazil, since the end of the Pleistocene (ca. 12.000 years B.P.) and during the Holocene using stable isotopes as an analytic tool. For such, there had been used faunistic and human archaeological bone samples, from two different regions of Central Brazil: Lagoa Santa and Vale do Peruaçu, Minas Gerais state. From this material collagen samples were extracted and, afterwards, analyzed in a mass spectrometer in order to obtain the 13C and 15N values. The results obtained for both human populations indicate a typically omnivorous diet, with a strong tendency towards vegetable consumption if compared with the other animals used in the trophic web characterization. The young human individuals from Lagoa Santa (up to 5 years old) show a statistically different 15N values if compared to the rest of the human remains from the same population, showing a tendency for extensive breastfeeding age. It was also found evidence of a possible climatic change at Vale do Peruaçu around Middle Holocene demonstrated by 15N variations in Kerodon rupestris. Santana do Riacho site, in the Lagoa Santa region showed probable indications of maize presence, as two Cavia aperea samples yielded typical C4 plant consumption (average 13C= -12.19 and 15N= 2.63) also proving to be statistically different from the other individuals of the same species in the whole sample, on the other hand as the sample size is too small and more analysis are needed in order to confirm this tendency.

Orientador: Marcelo Antonio Amaro Pinheiro / Resumo: A Etnobiologia é uma disciplina que auxilia a melhor compreensão dos processos de investigação que envolvem o homem e a natureza, trazendo informações importantes ao manejo e gestão dos ecossistemas e recursos naturais. O caranguejo-uçá é um crustáceo decápodo endêmico de manguezais, intimamente associado à sua vegetação arbórea, encontrando-se distribuído por todo este ecossistema no litoral brasileiro. Desempenha importante papel nos processos ecossistêmicos, participando ativamente da bioturbação dos sedimentos, do fluxo da matéria orgânica e energia, afetando toda a cadeia trófica dos ambientes costeiros. Dessa forma, o presente estudo visa levantar informações socioeconômicas, bem como conhecimentos etnobiológicos dos catadores do caranguejo-uçá do Estuário do Rio Itanhaém (SP), relativos aos eventos biológicos (crescimento e reprodução) desta espécie, bem como do período de defeso, técnicas e localização das áreas de captura e sobre sua percepção quanto a conservação dos manguezais. Mais do que isso, tais resultados do conhecimento empírico foram confrontados aos dados científicos disponíveis na literatura carcinológica. Como hipótese inicial indicamos que os dados etnocarcinológicos do caranguejo-uçá (biologia, extração e período de defeso) fossem confirmados em mais de 70% pelos dados científicos já obtidos. Os catadores de caranguejo conhecidos, bem como outros por eles indicados (técnica snow ball) foram indagados através de um questionário quanto a ocorrência mensa... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Ethnobiology is a discipline that contributes to a better understanding of research processes that involve people and nature, bringing important information to the management of ecosystems and natural resources. The uçá-crab is a decapod crustacean endemic to mangroves, closely associated with its arboreal vegetation, found and distributed throughout this ecosystem on the Brazilian coast. This kind of crab has an important role in ecosystem processes, actively participating in bioturbation of the sediments and of the organic matter flow and energy, affecting the entire trophic chain of coastal environments. That way, the present study aims to collect socioeconomic information, as well as ethnobiological knowledge of the uçá-crab gatherers from the Itanhaém river estuary (SP), related to the biological events (growth and reproduction) of this crab species. Besides, we collected information about closed season, techniques and location of the gather areas and the perception of the crab gatherers about mangrove conservation. More than that, the results of the empirical knowledge have been compared with the scientific data available in the carcinological literature. As an initial hypothesis we indicate that the ethnocarcinological data of the uçá-crab (biology, extraction and closed season) were confirmed in more than 70% by the scientific data already obtained. The crab gatherers, as well as others indicated by them (snow ball technique), were asked monthly, for a year, by way of... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Está dissertação apresenta uma análise de uma coleção de líticos lascados recuperados no ano de 1999 pelo Laboratório de Estudos e Pesquisas Arqueológicas, na região Oeste do Rio Grande do Sul, Quaraí. O estudo deu ênfase para a perspectiva tecnológica e para o reconhecimento gestual da indústria lítica. Com isso, percebe-se a grande variabilidade que existe entre os plano-convexos e todas as suas estratégias de reciclagem. Também identificamos os sistemas de debitage e os métodos de lascamento dos núcleos. Para os instrumentos, criamos a hipótese de seus funcionamentos, suas preensões e suas ações transformativas a fim de entender este esquema dentro de um contexto regional e assim questionar as indústrias Uruguaias Catalanense e Quaraiense. Da mesma forma, testamos o modelo locacional criado por Milder (2000) (UNDR) dentro da área por nós estabelecida, como Rincão do Inferno e, assim, usamos as prerrogativas do fator geo como referência fundamental e indispensável para a pesquisa arqueológica. / This dissertation presents an analysis of chipped lithic that were recovered in 1999 by the laboratory of Archeological Researches and Studies, in the West Region of Rio Grande do Sul State, Quaraí. The study aimed mainly at the technological perspective and at the gestural recognition of lithic industry. Considering it, there is a great variability that can be perceived in relation to the plano-convex and all their recycling strategies. Debitage systems and nucleus chipper methods were identified. To the instruments, it was created a hypothesis to their working systems, their prehensions and their transformative actions in order to understand their methods inside a regional context and, then, question Catalense Uruguayan and Quaraiense industries. In the same way, it was tested the locating models created by Milder (UNDR) inside the area established for the study, as Rincão do Inferno and, then, it was used the geo factor prerogatives as a ultimate and indispensable factor to the archeological researches.

Por volta de 1900 BP houve uma brusca mudança na composição das camadas do sambaqui Jabuticabeira II. As camadas até então compostas por uma predominância de conchas passam a apresentar uma ausência quase total de material conchífero, tornando-se mais terroso e muito escuro (Terra Preta). O objetivo deste trabalho é fornecer dados para a compreensão deste processo de formação da Terra Preta no sítio Jabuticabeira II e investigar os motivos de tais mudanças. A nossa análise será realizada a partir do ponto de vista zooarqueológico, tentando observar, em detalhes, os componentes faunísticos das camadas. / These research has as objetive the comprehension of the changes in the formation process of a shellmound Jabuticabeira II, Santa Catarina South-coast Brazil. The layers built with shells start to change, in 1900 BP, and the constrution becomes composed by black earth. Our aim is provide datas to understand this process by zooarchaeological point of view.

abstract: Understanding the consequences of changes in social networks is an important an- thropological research goal. This dissertation looks at the role of data-driven social networks on infectious disease transmission and evolution. The dissertation has two projects. The first project is an examination of the effects of the superspreading phenomenon, wherein a relatively few individuals are responsible for a dispropor- tionate number of secondary cases, on the patterns of an infectious disease. The second project examines the timing of the initial introduction of tuberculosis (TB) to the human population. The results suggest that TB has a long evolutionary history with hunter-gatherers. Both of these projects demonstrate the consequences of social networks for infectious disease transmission and evolution. The introductory chapter provides a review of social network-based studies in an- thropology and epidemiology. Particular emphasis is paid to the concept and models of superspreading and why to consider it, as this is central to the discussion in chapter 2. The introductory chapter also reviews relevant epidemic mathematical modeling studies. In chapter 2, social networks are connected with superspreading events, followed by an investigation of how social networks can provide greater understanding of in- fectious disease transmission through mathematical models. Using the example of SARS, the research shows how heterogeneity in transmission rate impacts super- spreading which, in turn, can change epidemiological inference on model parameters for an epidemic. Chapter 3 uses a different mathematical model to investigate the evolution of TB in hunter-gatherers. The underlying question is the timing of the introduction of TB to the human population. Chapter 3 finds that TB’s long latent period is consistent with the evolutionary pressure which would be exerted by transmission on a hunter- igatherer social network. Evidence of a long coevolution with humans indicates an early introduction of TB to the human population. Both of the projects in this dissertation are demonstrations of the impact of var- ious characteristics and types of social networks on infectious disease transmission dynamics. The projects together force epidemiologists to think about networks and their context in nontraditional ways. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Anthropology 2019

In 1985 a settlement and subsistence model of seasonal round mobility was proposed by Statistical Research, Inc. This model proposed four travel routes used by the Late Prehistoric Serrano to access the higher elevation village site known as Rock Camp to gather acorns and pinyon nuts in the fall. This research investigates the proposed routes, as well as an additional route, for energy efficiency and archaeological evidence of use in prehistory. Data collection involved using experimental methods designed to gather controlled physiological data for evaluating the efficiency of traveling each route. Archaeological sites present on the travel routes and within the research area and were analyzed for elements indicative of prehistoric settlement characteristics. A combination of physiological evidence and archaeological evidence are the basis for determinations on which routes were most likely to have been used in prehistory. An analysis of the settlement model is also provided in order to provide future research with guidelines and context for evaluating sites within the region. Suggestions are provided for future studies to focus on chronology and expansion of the settlement model.

Scholars of the Late Pleistocene in Southern Africa have recently sought to develop models explaining long-term variation between Middle Stone Age and Late Stone Age assemblages in terms of variability between “macrolithic” vs. “microlithic” toolmaking systems associated with shifts in hunter-gatherer ecology and land use patterns. While it has often proven extremely difficult to actually test many models, recently developed methods allow us to do so in novel ways. In this dissertation, I use new archaeological data from excavations of two sites in the Namib Desert, as well as new approaches to sourcing lithic artifacts to examine the hypothesis that contrasts between terminal Pleistocene (ca. 15-20 ka BP) and early Holocene (ca. 6-12 ka BP) occupation phases at the two sites represent adaptive responses primarily driven by changes in fluvial regimes and the resource productivity of riparian corridors. Analyzing the lithic assemblage compositions and locating probable source areas for raw materials suggests that terminal Pleistocene groups likely centered land use strategies more toward upland areas east of the study sites and periodically followed broad riparian corridors into the desert itself. Early Holocene groups expanded their ranges and more intensively targeted resources on the open desert plains, dunes, and beaches of the coastal lowlands. My results suggest environmental change may be partially responsible for driving this shift, but new data and methodological tools are needed to address factors like fluctuations in regional population size that may have been driving shifts in the late Pleistocene record of this unique region of Southern Africa.

Recently documented ice patch sites in the southwest Yukon are ideal for evaluating precontact hunter-gatherer land-use patterns in the western subarctic. Located in the alpine of the mountainous regions of the boreal forest, ice patches are associated with well preserved hunting equipment, caribou (Rangifer tarandus) dung and an abundance of faunal remains dating to over 8000 years ago. However, current models are inadequate for explaining caribou hunting at ice patches as they tend to emphasize large-scale communal hunts associated with latitudinal movements of caribou. Much less is known about the alititudinal movment of caribou and the associated hunting forays to ice patches in the alpine. Based on literature from caribou biology an altitudinal hunting model is proposed. During summer months caribou are predictable in their use of ice patches for relief from insect harassment. Pollen dated from caribou dung frozen in organic layers from the Granger (JdUt-1) and Friday Creek (JcUu-1) ice patches was analysed and compared to pollen assemblages from modern caribou dung to test whether ancient caribou were using these locations during summer months. The multivariate statistical technique, Nonmetric Mutlidimensional Scaling shows that ancient pollen assemblages are unlike any modern dung. Results indicate that pollen derived from dung is complex and various temporal transformations and taphonomic factors such as: (i) the use of modern analogue samples; (ii) changes in phenology; (iii) mode of pollination and; (iv) caribou feeding strategies must be understood before making interpretations on seasonality from dung pollen. I propose that a qualitative model of seasonal pollen signatures also be used to evaluate ancient pollen spectra, especially when there is no modern analogue. Regardless of these factors, the identification of a diversity of forbs and the presence of insect-pollinated taxa such as Polemonium and Epilobium suggest that some of the dung was deposited by caribou in the summer. Ancient hunters, knowing that caribou aggregate in mixed herds on ice patches in summer months, took advantage of this behaviour. Hunting equipment found on ice patches indicates that atlatls (8360± 60 to 1250± 40 yrs BP) and bow and arrows (1300 ± 70 to 90 ± 40 yrs BP) and hunting blinds were part of the ice hunting strategy. Faunal analysis suggests caribou was the primary game animal hunted at ice patches, although sheep (Ovis dalli) may have been important at some locations. Developing an altitudinal migration model provides a fuller picture of caribou hunting at alpine locations in the southwest Yukon and assists in understanding Holocene precontact hunting and land-use patterns in the western subarctic.