O presente trabalho aborda uma região bem delimitada, circunscrita aos afloramentos calcários do alto curso do rio São Francisco no estado de Minas Gerais (1500km²). Depois de um período inicial exploratório com levantamentos de superfície intensivos, resultando na descoberta de 120 sítios, duas cavernas, a Loca do Suim e a Gruta do Marinheiro, foram escolhidas para receberem escavações. O objetivo foi comprovar a existência de uma ocupação caçadora-coletora arcaica na região estudada, utilizando como principal elemento descritivo a indústria lítica produzida por esses grupos, envolvendo aspectos como tipologia, tecnologia e cronologia do material. Buscou-se assim colocar em evidência algumas particularidades da região estudada, assim como apontar para eventuais semelhanças com as grandes tradições arqueológicas do período arcaico conhecidas no centro e sul do Brasil. / This project is located in the carstic region (1500km²) of the upper São Francisco river valley, in the southeastern portion of the Brazilian highlands, 250km to the southwest of the well known Lagoa Santa region, State of Minas Gerais. After a period (5 years) of intensive search for sites, discovering more than 120 of them, two caves (Loca do Suim and Gruta do Marinheiro) where excavated. The objective was to prove the existence, also in this area, of archaeological material related to arcaic hunter-gatherers. For being abundant, the lithic industry produced by these pre-historic groups was chosen as main descriptive element. The analysis, based on typological, technological and chronological characteristics of the sample, points out the similarities and differences that exist between this industry and the main lithic archaeological traditions of central and southern Brazil during the arcaic period.

Pesquisas recentes apontam para o fenômeno construtivo de sambaquis fluviais na região do médio Vale do Ribeira de Iguape, São Paulo, mais precisamente em três regiões, Itaoca, bacia do rio Jacupiranguinha e bacia do Juquiá, durante, pelo menos, o período de 9000 anos. O presente trabalho tem por objetivo definir o perfil de um sambaqui fluvial, sítio Moraes (6000-4000 anos a.P.), no município de Miracatu, SP, com a finalidade de criar a compreensão intra-sítio dos processos formativos envolvidos para a elevação desta estrutura monticular, através de diferentes abordagens: distribuição espacial intra-sítio, tecnologia, subsistência, isótopos estáveis, estudo sedimentológico e análise de proporção componencial volumétrico. Os resultados destas análises associados aos dados advindos de outras pesquisas nos permitiram ampliar a discussão sobre o processo formativo do sítio Moraes e abordar a questão sobre as relações genética e cultural entre sambaquieiros fluviais e os demais grupos vizinhos. / Previous research at the Ribeira de Iguape valley, at the southern part of the State of São Paulo, Brasil, has revealed a long cultural sequence (ca. 11 to 1,2 kyBP) characterized by small shellmound sites generally designated as riverine, or fluvial, sambaquis. Besides the conspicuous presence of a terrestrial gastropod (Megalobulimus sp.) shells, these little mounds also share relevant amounts of human burials and similar technological patterns as regards lithic and bone industries, among other compositional elements. The principal aim of this thesis is to describe one of these mounds, Moraes, investigating the cultural and post-depositional formation processes implied on the long duration (6 to 4 kyBP) construction phase of such mound structure and after its abandonment, by means of zooarchaeological, technological, geochemical and isotopic analysis of its various deposits and cultural components therein, as well as their spatial distribution and articulation. This thesis also discusses the cultural and historical relationships of this fluvial shellmound culture with other cultural patterns and populations found at the same and nearby areas.

abstract: For most of human history hunting has been the primary economic activity of men. Hunted animals are valued for their food energy and nutrients, however, hunting is associated with a high risk of failure. Additionally, large animals cannot be consumed entirely by the nuclear family, so much of the harvest may be shared to others. This has led some researchers to ask why men hunt large and difficult game. The “costly signaling” and “show-off” hypotheses propose that large prey are hunted because the difficulty of finding and killing them is a reliable costly signal of the phenotypic quality of the hunter. These hypotheses were tested using original interview data from Aché (hunter gatherer; n=52, age range 50-76, 46% female) and Tsimané (horticulturalist; n=40, age range 15-77, 45% female) informants. Ranking tasks and paired comparison tasks were used to determine the association between the costs of killing an animal and its value as a signal of hunter phenotypic quality for attracting mates and allies. Additional tasks compared individual large animals to groups of smaller animals to determine whether assessments of hunters’ phenotypes and preferred status were more impacted by the signal value of the species or by the weight and number of animals killed. Aché informants perceived hunters who killed larger or harder to kill animals as having greater provisioning ability, strength, fighting ability, and disease susceptibility, and preferred them as mates and allies. Tsimané informants held a similar preference for hunters who killed large game, but not for hunters targeting hard to kill species. When total biomass harvested was controlled, both populations considered harvesting more animals in a given time period to be a better signal of preferred phenotypes than killing a single large and impressive species. Male and female informants both preferred hunters who consistently brought back small game over hunters who sometimes killed large animals and sometimes killed nothing. No evidence was found that hunters should forgo overall food return rates in order to signal phenotypic qualities by specializing on large game. Nutrient provisioning rather than costly phenotypic signaling was the strategy preferred by potential mates and allies. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Anthropology 2019

La recherche développée dans le cadre de cette thèse se centre sur l’analyse de l’évolution et du changement en technologie lithique dans les sociétés de chasseurs-cueilleurs dans la Puna argentine à partir des sites de la localité de Susques, province de Jujuy. La Puna est un désert d’altitude (au-dessus des 3.000 masl). La période chasseur-cueilleur dans la Puna est comprise entre 11.000 et 3.500 ans AP. Ceci implique une séquence chronologique qui s’étend depuis le premier peuplement jusqu’à la domestication des camélidés. Dans un tel contexte, l’évolution des systèmes techniques a alors pu être dynamique durant cette période. L’analyse de 1’évolution technique se base ici sur l’étude des chaines opératoires et des systèmes techniques.Nous nous baserons donc sur une approche technologique, et donc sur la reconstitution des chaînes opératoires lithiques permet de resituer chaque objet dans son contexte technique et offre un cadre méthodologique pour l’interprétation à plusieurs niveaux d’analyse. En étudiant l’évolution des techniques selon deux voies - l’une lente liée au développement continu et intrinsèque des techniques, l’autre rapide, liée à des changements abrupts et externes - nous pouvons mettre en évidence des changements rapides et le rôle des sociétés et de leur environnement au sein de cette évolution. Nous observons un certain nombre d’innovations se produire au long de la séquence, dont la nature est différente; certaines étant liées aux premiers degrés des faits, et d’autres aux derniers degrés. Nous concluons qu’un tel développement a pu se produire grâce au développement de sociétés stables. / The research developed in this work focuses on the analysis of the evolution and change in lithic technology in the societies of hunter-gatherers in the Argentine Puna from the sites of the Susques locality, Jujuy. The Puna is an altitude desert (above 3000 masl). The hunter-gatherer period in Puna is between 11,000 and 3,500 years BP. This implies a chronological sequence that extends from the first settlement to the domestication of camelids. ln this context, the evolution of technical systems could then be dynamic during this period. The analysis of technical change is based here on the study of operative chains and technical systems. So we will use a technological approach, and thus the recovery of lithic reduction sequences can situate each object in his technical context and provides a methodological framework for interpretation at several levels of analysis. By studying the evolution of technology in two ways - one slow due to the continuous development and intrinsic techniques, other fast, due to abrupt changes and external contingencies - , we can highlight fast changes and the role of societies and their environment in this evolution. We see a number of innovations occurring throughout the sequence, whose nature is different, some are related to the first degree of the facts, and other are linked to the last degrees. We conclude that such development could occur through the development of stable societies.

O estilo tecnológico é resultado de escolhas culturalmente determinadas, que se refletem na seleção das matérias primas, nas técnicas e seqüências de produção e nos resultados materiais destas escolhas. A comparação entre estilos tecnológicos de distintas indústrias líticas de uma mesma região permite, portanto, antever a possibilidade de distinção entre identidades sociais ou culturais no registro arqueológico. Buscando testar a validade desta premissa teórica para o estudo da variabilidade artefatual das indústrias líticas do sul do Brasil, analisamos de forma comparativa os conjuntos líticos da região do Alto rio dos Sinos, Rio Grande do Sul, relacionados a grupos de caçadores coletores, associados à Tradição Umbu, e a dois distintos grupos de horticultores, das Tradições Guarani e Taquara. / Technological style can be defined as the result of cultural choices reflected in different strategies of raw materials selections and debidage techniques related to the production of lithic artifacts. Therefore, it can be used to identify cultural or social identity in the archaeological record through the analysis of lithic assemblages. This concept was used to interpret the artefactual variability of lithic assemblages related to three different prehistoric settlement systems that occupied the Sinos River Valley (Rio Grande do Sul State, southern Brazil), between 8.800 and 440 BP: the hunter-gatherers of Umbu Tradition and the horticulturalists of Taquara and Guarani Traditions.

Esta dissertação apresenta o resultado de um levantamento de sítios líticos caçadores-coletores no alto rio das Almas nos contrafortes ocidentais da Serra de Paranapiacaba. Dados sobre as indústrias líticas relacionadas são fornecidos sucintamente e comparadas às pesquisas desenvolvidas no Médio Ribeira por De Blasis (1988). Em acréscimo, esta Dissertação trata de estabelecer parâmetros para a compreensão da formação de sítios arqueológicos detectados em profundidade em porções de alta vertente, datados do Holoceno Médio. A continuidade de grupos caçadores-coletores na área de pesquisa é delimitada entre 5920 e 1000 anos AP e, em face a este período, tratamos de reconstruir os cenários sob transformação ambiental regional em a que estiveram submetidos esses grupos humanos e seus assentamentos. Nossa contribuição é desvincular os estudos sobre grupos caçadores-coletores do cunho hiper-determinista da tecno-tipologia lítica para uma discussão mais ampla que dialogue de forma transdisciplinar com a geomorfologia, a palinologia e a espeleologia. / This thesis provides the results of an archaeological survey focused in hunter-gatherer settlements from Upper Almas valley, on the western side of Paranapiacaba Mountains. Dates from lithics analysis associated to these sites are compared with results from Middle Ribeira valley, developed by De Blasis (1988). In addition, this Thesis treats to establish frames of reference to understand the formation processes of archaeological sites settled during the Middle Holocene in high depth on high portions of the mountains. The hunter-gatherer continuity between 5920 and 1000 yr BP in the studied area is approached by a paleoambiental treatment: our additional goal is to reconstruct the scenarios of environmental transformations in which these human groups developed their History. Furthermore, this thesis provides an instance to reduce the technological approach over these groups, opening an ecosystem approach which includes dates from palinology, geomorphology and espeleology.

A presente dissertação expõe os resultados provenientes da pesquisa desenvolvida junto ao Projeto Arqueológico Quebra Anzol - MG, a qual versa sobre o estudo das cadeias operatórias e sistema tecnológico relacionado às indústrias líticas provenientes dos sítios ATM-691, localizado no Município de Tupaciguara - MG, Novo 1, Novo 2, Canindé e Buraco Seco, localizados no Município de Monte Alegre de Minas - MG, além de uma correlação junto aos dados que dizem respeito às ocupações mais recuadas do sítio Rezende, este localizado no município de Centralina - MG, em todos os casos caracterizados como sítios a céu aberto tocantes a contextos de ocupações de populações com economia extrativista de provisão relacionada às atividades de caça, coleta e pesca e que tem como único remanescente sua cultura material lítica. Pelo viés da tecnológica lítica, tivemos como principal objetivo analisar as dinâmicas socioculturais em sua compreensão intrassítio, de modo realizar um estudo pormenorizado dos sítios arqueológicos numa perspectiva da análise da cadeia operatória e sistema tecnológico dos vestígios líticos, bem como a análise inter-sítio, que visa à correlação dos dados obtidos no estudo dos cinco sítios propostos junto aos dados de outro sítio já estudado na região, de modo que foi possível verificar possíveis permanências e mudanças culturais manifestadas por meio da tecnologia presente nos conjuntos artefatuais oriundos das dinâmicas de populações caçadoras-coletoras, o que nos permitiu conceber um modelo empírico regional de ocupação baseado na caracterização da paisagem, economia de aprovisionamento, organização social e tipificação da tecnologia lítica para o médio vale do Paranaíba. / The Archaeological Project Quebra Anzol - MG, which deals with the study of the operative chains and technological system related to the lithic industries from the ATM- 691 sites, located in the municipality of Tupaciguara - MG, Novo 1, Novo 2, Canindé and Buraco Seco, located in the municipality of Monte Alegre de Minas - MG, in addition to a correlation with the data referring to the most backward occupations of the Rezende site, located in the Municipality of Centralina - MG, in all cases characterized as open - air sites touching contexts of occupations of populations with extractive economy of provision related to the activities of hunting, gathering and fishing and that has as its only remaining material lytic culture. The main objective of this study was to analyze the sociocultural dynamics in its intra-site understanding, so as to carry out a detailed study of the archaeological sites from the perspective of the analysis of the operative chain and the technological system of the lithic vestiges, as well as the inter-site analysis, which aims to correlate the data obtained in the study of the five sites proposed together with the data of another site already studied in the region, so that it was possible to verify possible permanences and cultural changes manifested through the technology present in the artifactual ensembles derived from the dynamics of hunting populations which allowed us to conceive a regional empirical model of occupation based on the characterization of the landscape, economy of supply, social organization and typification of lithic technology for the middle valley of Paranaíba

À la fin du VIe millénaire av. J.-C. le Néolithique s’est propagé en Europe centre-occidentale par l’intermédiaire des courants danubien et méridionaux. Pourtant les premières traces connues d’occupation néolithique au sein du Plateau suisse n’apparaissent que près d’un millénaire plus tard. Cette thèse a pour objectif d’étudier la faune issue des niveaux supérieurs de l’abri sous roche de la Souche (Arconciel, Canton de Fribourg, Suisse). Le nombre de restes de faune inégalé pour le Second Mésolithique régional, l’exceptionnelle stratigraphie de ce gisement et la datation des ensembles étudiés à la fin du Second Mésolithique en font un site idéal pour appréhender de nombreux aspects du mode de vie des derniers chasseurs-cueilleurs d’Europe centrale. Les résultats de cette étude montrent une évolution dans le temps des activités liées à la chasse qui ont pris place au sein de l’abri. En replaçant les résultats de cette analyse archéozoologique au sein d’un corpus plus vaste, ce travail aborde également les facteurs qui peuvent influer sur la composition des spectres de chasse et le rôle qu’ils ont pu jouer à la fin du Mésolithique. / At the end of the VIth millennium BC, the Neolithic propagated in central and western Europe through danubian and meridional streams. However, the first known traces of Neolithic occupation on the Swiss Plateau date from a thousand years later only. This PhD work focuses on the study of the fauna remains from the upper levels of the La Souche rock shelter (Arconciel, Canton of Fribourg, Switzerland). The site is characterized by unusually abundant fauna remains for the regional Second Mesolithic, an exceptionally extensive stratigraphy and the dating of the studied assemblages to the end of the Second Mesolithic. It therefore constitutes an ideal tool to investigate the various aspects of the last hunter-gatherers way of life in central Europe. The results of the study point to an evolution over time of the activities linked to hunting in this shelter. By integrating the results of this archeozoological analysis in a more general context, we can further address the factors that can affect the composition of the hunted faunal spectra, and the part they played at the end of the Second Mesolithic.

Ce travail correspond à une étude technique et fonctionnelle de l’équipement lithique taillé des chasseurs cueilleurs maritimes de la région de Magellan entre 6.000-3500 et 3000 BP. Cette période se caractérise par plusieurs changements, notamment dans les industries lithiques, qui ont mené à la définition de deux unités chrono-culturelles : La «Culture d’Englefield», à la période ancienne, caractérisée par une exploitation intensive de l’obsidienne verte ; et la «Tradition culturelle Ponsonby» à la période moyenne, caractérisée par son absence et l’apparition de grandes pointes lancéolées. L’analyse technique et fonctionnelle de l’équipement lithique de trois gisements, l’un appartenant à la période ancienne, et deux à la période moyenne, a permis d’évaluer ces discontinuités techniques et de les traduire en termes de comportements humains. L’analyse fonctionnelle a nécessité d’abord l’élaboration d’un cadre analytique pour l’application de la tracéologie au contexte d’étude, car les groupes canoeros (en canot) de la région ont exploité différents types de roche: obsidiennes, rhyolites, cinérites et RGFO métamorphiques. Ces matières premières réagissent de façon différente à l’utilisation, et leur analyse pose des problèmes méthodologiques différenciés et offre des possibilités interprétatives particulières. Ceci est illustré aussi bien lors de la description des traces d’utilisation expérimentales, que de l’analyse du corpus archéologique. En particulier, l’analyse des trois gisements a donné des résultats de qualité différente et les données concernant ceux de la période moyenne sont moins éloquentes que celles du site de la période ancienne. Ceci reflète des biais dus au type de roches utilisées pour la fabrication de l’équipement et ne répondent pas nécessairement à des comportements préhistoriques. Malgré ces biais, les résultats de l’analyse fonctionnelle ont servi d’abord à mieux comprendre les activités réalisées dans chaque site (boucherie, travail de la peau, des matières végétales, osseuses et minérales…). Dans un deuxième temps, ils ont permis de contribuer à la définition de l’équipement lithique de chaque période, de discuter certains choix techniques de fabrication et des comportements de gestion de l’outillage. Finalement, une comparaison diachronique est tentée, en discutant les changements et continuités dans la composition et gestion de l’équipement lithique taillé, en rapport avec les chaines techniques de fabrication et d’utilisation. / This work corresponds to a technological and functional study of the knapped lithic tool kit of the maritime hunter gatherers from Magallanes region between 6,000-3,500/3,000 BP. This period is characterised by several discontinuities, particularly in the lithic technology, that have led to the definition of two chrono-cultural unites. First, the so called “Englefield Culture” in the old period, characterised by an intensive exploitation of green obsidian. Then, the “Ponsonby Tradition”, in the middle period, which is defined by the absence of obsidian and the onset of big lanceolate bifacial points. The technological and functional analyses of the lithic tool kit of three archaeological sites, one associated to the old period and the other two related to the middle period, contributed to the evaluation of these technical discontinuities, which were seen in terms of human behaviour. The functional analysis required, in first place, of an analytic frame for applying the Traceology to the study context. This is because the canoeist groups exploited different lithic raw materials: obsidian, rhyolites, cinerites and metamorphic FGDR (Fine grain dark rocks). These raw materials respond in a different way to the use, therefore, their analysis implies methodological requirements and special interpretative possibilities. These particularities are evidenced in the description of the experimental use wear as well as in the results of the archaeological material analysis. In relation with the last ones, the analysis of the three sites yielded different results, and the data available for the contexts of the old period is more eloquent than the data of the middle period. This difference reveals a probable bias linked to the types of rocks used for the tool kit manufacture, and does not express necessarily human behaviour. Even though the bias presented above, the results of the functional analysis helped, in first place, to achieve a better understanding of the activities developed in each site (butchering, processing of skin, vegetable, bone and mineral materials). In second place, the data improved the definition of the lithic tool kit for every period, and allowed the discussion of some technical decisions in the manufacture chaine operatoires as well as the management behaviours of the tool kit. Finally, it was attempted to develop a diachronic comparison, discussing the changes and continuities in the composition and management of the lithic tool kit and stablishing the relationships with the manufacture and use chaine operatoires. / Este trabajo corresponde a un estudio tecnológico y funcional del equipamiento lítico tallado de los cazadores recolectores marítimos de la región de Magallanes entre los 6.000-3500/3000 AP. Este periodo se caracteriza por varias discontinuidades, particularmente en la tecnología lítica, que han conducido a la definición de dos unidades crono-culturales. Primero, la llamada “Cultura Englefield” en el periodo antiguo, caracterizada por una explotación intensiva de la obsidiana verde. Luego, la “Tradición Ponsonby”, en el periodo medio, caracterizada por la ausencia de obsidiana y la aparición de grandes puntas bifaciales lanceoladas. El análisis tecnológico y funcional del equipamiento lítico de tres sitios arqueológicos, uno asociado al periodo antiguo y dos al periodo medio, permitió realizar aportes a la evaluación de estas discontinuidades técnicas, vistas en términos de comportamientos humanos. El análisis funcional requirió, en primer lugar, de un marco analítico para aplicar la traceología al contexto de estudio, ya que los grupos canoeros explotaron diferentes materias primas líticas: obsidianas, riolitas, cineritas y RGFO (Rocas de Grano Fino Oscuras) metamórficas. Estas materias primas reaccionan de forma diferente al uso, y su análisis implica requerimientos metodológicos y posibilidades interpretativas particulares. Esto se evidencia tanto en la descripción de huellas de uso experimentales como en los resultados del análisis del material arqueológico. Con respecto a estos últimos, el análisis de los tres sitios arrojó resultados de calidad diferente, y los datos disponibles para el sitio del periodo antiguo son más elocuentes que los de los sitios del periodo medio. Esto refleja probables sesgos asociados a los tipos de roca utilizados para la fabricación del equipamiento, y no necesariamente comportamientos humanos. A pesar de estos sesgos, los resultados del análisis funcional sirvieron en primer lugar para lograr una mejor comprensión de las actividades realizadas en cada sitio (carnicería, trabajo de piel, de materias vegetales, óseas y minerales…). En segundo lugar, los datos permitieron realizar una mejor definición del equipamiento lítico para cada periodo, así como discutir algunas elecciones técnicas en las cadenas operativas de fabricación y los comportamientos de gestión del instrumental lítico. Finalmente, se intentó realizar una comparación diacrónica, discutiendo los cambios y continuidades en la composición y gestión del equipamiento lítico y estableciendo relaciones con las cadenas operativas de fabricación y uso.

A presente dissertação expõe os resultados provenientes da pesquisa desenvolvida junto ao Projeto Arqueológico Quebra Anzol - MG, a qual versa sobre o estudo das cadeias operatórias e sistema tecnológico relacionado às indústrias líticas provenientes dos sítios ATM-691, localizado no Município de Tupaciguara - MG, Novo 1, Novo 2, Canindé e Buraco Seco, localizados no Município de Monte Alegre de Minas - MG, além de uma correlação junto aos dados que dizem respeito às ocupações mais recuadas do sítio Rezende, este localizado no município de Centralina - MG, em todos os casos caracterizados como sítios a céu aberto tocantes a contextos de ocupações de populações com economia extrativista de provisão relacionada às atividades de caça, coleta e pesca e que tem como único remanescente sua cultura material lítica. Pelo viés da tecnológica lítica, tivemos como principal objetivo analisar as dinâmicas socioculturais em sua compreensão intrassítio, de modo realizar um estudo pormenorizado dos sítios arqueológicos numa perspectiva da análise da cadeia operatória e sistema tecnológico dos vestígios líticos, bem como a análise inter-sítio, que visa à correlação dos dados obtidos no estudo dos cinco sítios propostos junto aos dados de outro sítio já estudado na região, de modo que foi possível verificar possíveis permanências e mudanças culturais manifestadas por meio da tecnologia presente nos conjuntos artefatuais oriundos das dinâmicas de populações caçadoras-coletoras, o que nos permitiu conceber um modelo empírico regional de ocupação baseado na caracterização da paisagem, economia de aprovisionamento, organização social e tipificação da tecnologia lítica para o médio vale do Paranaíba. / The Archaeological Project Quebra Anzol - MG, which deals with the study of the operative chains and technological system related to the lithic industries from the ATM- 691 sites, located in the municipality of Tupaciguara - MG, Novo 1, Novo 2, Canindé and Buraco Seco, located in the municipality of Monte Alegre de Minas - MG, in addition to a correlation with the data referring to the most backward occupations of the Rezende site, located in the Municipality of Centralina - MG, in all cases characterized as open - air sites touching contexts of occupations of populations with extractive economy of provision related to the activities of hunting, gathering and fishing and that has as its only remaining material lytic culture. The main objective of this study was to analyze the sociocultural dynamics in its intra-site understanding, so as to carry out a detailed study of the archaeological sites from the perspective of the analysis of the operative chain and the technological system of the lithic vestiges, as well as the inter-site analysis, which aims to correlate the data obtained in the study of the five sites proposed together with the data of another site already studied in the region, so that it was possible to verify possible permanences and cultural changes manifested through the technology present in the artifactual ensembles derived from the dynamics of hunting populations which allowed us to conceive a regional empirical model of occupation based on the characterization of the landscape, economy of supply, social organization and typification of lithic technology for the middle valley of Paranaíba