This thesis aims at discovering how the city of Oslo can use an opportunity in rebuilding its city centre and begin to include the voices and opinions of marginalised communities that were otherwise previously ignored in planning processes. The theory and approach utilised throughout this thesis is feminist urban planning and gender mainstreaming because the two call for the equality and intersectionality so to appropriately rebuild cities with the needs of many in mind. As such, my hypotheses are that the car free centre will not improve the quality of life for marginalised user groups and the lack of gender mainstreaming policy has negatively impacted the five pilot project areas. Three methodologies have been employed: observations of the five pilot projects, interviews or questionnaires to stakeholders, and secondary analysis of literature. The results from the observations were varied, with some examples of gender mainstreaming practices implemented while others fell short and safety of users was questioned. Some practitioners had knowledge on feminist urban planning theory, whilst others had vague ideas of what it meant and how it was implementable in practice. To conclude, implementing gender mainstreaming policies would have gravely assisted the five pilot projects.

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The aim of this research project is to conduct an evaluation on the implementation of gender mainstreaming in South African government departments, with specific reference to the Department of Justice and Constitutional Development (DoJ&CD) and the Department of Foreign Affairs (DFA). The research project is based on the hypothesis that despite the existence of a National Gender Machinery, Gender Focal Points (GFPs) face numerous challenges in implementing gender mainstreaming, due to various internal and external factors. Based on the two case studies, the research project concludes that despite a strong commitment from government, GFPs still face challenges in effectively implementing gender mainstreaming. This is due to a lack of accountability, an understanding of the concept of gender mainstreaming, as well as a lack of resources. Furthermore, systemic weaknesses within the National Gender Machinery are exacerbating the challenges faced GFP

This thesis examines the potential of housing co-operatives to provide adequate housing for women, focusing on the context of Nairobi, Kenya. The limitations of the current approaches to housing provision in Kenya are discussed, along with their gendered implications. A review of the potential benefits which housing co-operatives provide for women is conducted. As part of this examination, a multi-scalar analysis of the housing co-operative sector in Kenya illuminates the role of gender mainstreaming policies and their role in addressing discrimination and inequality in the housing sector in Kenya. A case study of Rooftops Canada’s gender mainstreaming work in Kenya is used to provide examples of gender mainstreaming work being undertaken in the housing co-operative sector. This case study also provides insight into the role of international donors in gender equality work in Kenya’s housing co-operative sector.

The scholarly field of Gender and Development is riddled with diverging perceptions of the actual value and meaning of the term Gender and the development strategy of promoting gender equality – Gender Mainstreaming. Taking the social constructivist perspective of discourse analysis, this thesis explores the ways in which different problem representations of gender inequality are produced and reinforced within certain policy domains in the gender mainstreaming approach of the Rwandan government. The aim of this is to contribute to the scholarly field by exploring key areas not given a great deal of attention in previous research. Using the so-called ’WPR-method’ of policy analysis, developed by Carol Bacchi, a number of strategically selected policies representing different policy domains have been analyzed through four guiding analytical questions. Some main findings of the study indicates that while there are different specified problematizations of gender inequality in the domains, there is some overarching overlap in how the concept is understood to specifically concern women’s lack of agency, and how it is represented as a means to achieve the government’s targeted goals for socio-economic development.

The overall aim of this master’s thesis is to increase our understanding about the framing of gender in EU’s development policies. To reflect to this aim, the thesis examines how gender is framed in EU’s development cooperation with Ethiopia in the governance sector. The EU is collectively the biggest donor for international aid in the world, while claiming to be “a global front-runner” in promoting gender equality as a key political objective of its external action. However, previous research has criticized the EU’s gender policies, explaining that gender is not mainstreamed in all the policies and that gender equality is often motivated on instrumentalist arguments. The previous research is however somewhat outdated, lacking the consideration of effects of the SDG’s and the improved gender equality policies by the EU. Previous studies are furthermore mostly concerned with country comparisons and therefore selecting one field of study and one country could shed light to matters that may have been left unnoticed in previous research. Therefore, based on previous research and theories focusing on gender equality and development, WID and GAD, this study analyses how the EU is framing gender. This study is designed as an in-depth case study which uses a frame analysis and interviews as a method to study the research question. The main findings of this study are that both references to WID and GAD framing of gender are actively used in EU’s development policies. Even though these approaches are contradictory in many ways they seem to be overlapping in several cases, presenting women as a vulnerable group that needs to be empowered. Arguments for WID approach include instrumentalist arguments, women seen ass add-ons’ to the development structures, women seen as a vulnerable and homogenized group and the effects of the girl effect. Arguments supporting GAD approach include women’s rights framing, patriarchal system framing, women’s empowerment framing and the social justice framing.

Alla kommuner i Sverige måste ha en gällande översiktsplan, men hur den utformas är till stor del upp till kommunerna själva. Uppsatsen syftar att studera hur genus, jämställdhetsintegrering och intersektionalitet tar sig uttryck i landsbygdskommunerna Flens, Lessebos, Valdemarsviks och Östra Göinges översiktsplaner. Samt att undersöka hur verksamma planerare förhåller sig till begreppen. Genom innehållsanalys och diskursanalys analyseras plandokumenten och redovisas tillsammans med intervjuer som genomförts med tjänstepersoner som varit delaktiga i arbetet med samma översiktsplan. Av resultatet framgick det att social hållbarhet är en viktig del för att nå en hållbar utveckling i kommunen. Resultatet visar att det utrymme som genus och jämställdhetsintegrering ges i planen har att göra med intresse och kunskap hos planeraren att lyfta dessa frågor. Intersektionalitet är ett perspektiv som inte får något utrymme i planerna, men i framtiden kommer att behöva beaktas. / Municipalities in Sweden must have a comprehensive plan, but how these are constructed are up to themselves. The aim of this paper is to study how gender, gender mainstreaming and intersectionality is expressed in the rural municipalities comprehensive plans of Flen, Lessebo, Valdemarsvik and Östra Göinge. The aim is also to understand how professional planners relate to the concepts. The comprehensive plans were analysed with content- and discourse analysis and presented together with interviews with professional planners working in the rural municipalities.  It became clear that social sustainability is an important part of achieving sustainable development in the municipalities. The results show that the space given to gender and gender mainstreaming in the comprehensive plans has to do with the interest and knowledge of the planner to integrate these. Intersectionality is a perspective that is not given space in the plans, but will need to be considered in the future.

Thesis (M.A. (Media Studies)) -- University of Limpopo, 2020 / The 21st century has been characterised by a growth in community radio (CR) programming for development and gender awareness sensitisation campaigns. Many radio programmes and documentaries feature issues that deal with gender and diversity issues. However, most are excessively packaged with content that depicts stereotypes and lack sensitivity. This study explores how CR covers and presents gender in the production and construction of programmes and news. It also offers basic strategies on how to produce gender sensitive programming. Furthermore, the study assessed the knowledge and attitudes of CR volunteers on gender mainstreaming as a concept. A mixed methods research paradigm combining both qualitative and quantitative methods was applied in this study. The review of literature involved an extensive analysis of gender reporting in the media and CR. Data was collected using questionnaires, focus group interviews, personal interviews and archival material. A transformation model was utilised for data interpretation and analysis. Study findings show that CRs do not adequately cover gender issues, portray gender in stereotypical norms, and the majority of volunteers have a negative attitude towards gender mainstreaming. The study endorsed formal gender training and the diversification of views as a primary solution to addressing gender disparity in the media. Keywords: Gender, gender mainstreaming, Community radio, programming

A common critique from scholars towards gender mainstreaming (GM) strategy is that the integration of a gender perspective can sometimes be seen as too narrow in its outcome as secure discrimination protection. Sweden is a veteran when it comes to both GM strategy and equality. But as in many other places, discrimination based on other grounds than gender is present within Swedish society too. Hence, this thesis’s concern is to examine how the Swedish Gender Equality Authorities construct gender equality. This, with the intent to gain an understanding of what the joint assumptions of gender equality look like. The material was analysed by using the ‘What's the Problem Represented to Be’ method and to operationalize and deepen the understanding further the theoretical concept of intersectionality was applied. As expected when concerning GM strategy, the findings established that the construction is predominantly centred around women and men. Other dimensions of identity such as for example faith, socioeconomic belonging, ethnicity, skin colour often end up in the periphery of the construction. The findings also showed that the wording, articulation, exclusion and inclusion of certain groups of people, plays a vital role in how the construction can be perceived.

The aim of this following study is to clarify the differences between the swedish parties, the social democrats and the moderates strategies for how to prevent men’s violence against women at the national party level. This study is a textanalysis which aims to examine which strategies the parties think is a need for a better gender mainstreaming, the ideological perspective is taken to account when studying the parties strategies. To do the analysis, i have used the ideologies liberalism, conservatism and socialism, to study how different values are weighed against each other which is a general recommendation how something should be conducted. This can also be called a normative statement for how the parties apply ideological points of departure in their strategies. The analysis shows that the parties have differences in their proposals for action. The main difference between the parties is that the Moderates were mostly on improving the judical system, focing more in the individual, which can refer to liberalconservatism. The Social democrats had lower penalty and more measures in terms of knowledge, method development, follow up where the state had the main role. This can further refer to socialism.