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A study on gender roles in mangroves management was conducted in Trieu Phuoc and Trieu Do communes of Trieu Phong district, Quang Tri province to gain a better understanding of gender roles in mangrove management. Research showed that local people are mainly dependent on fishing and aquaculture around the mangroves. Women have a good understanding about the role of mangroves and they are associated with mangroves not less than men, but so far their role has been overlooked. Mangrove management process seems to exclude women. This reduces the common management capacity of community. In addition, communities do not have a common regulation on the management and protection of mangrove forest resources and environment. A number of solutions are recommended such as strengthening the participation of civil society and women in mangrove forest management, developing a mangrove protection strategy and community-based regulations including gender. / Nghiên cứu về vai trò giới trong quản lý rừng ngập mặn (RNM) được thực hiện trên địa bàn 2 xã Triệu Phước và Triệu Độ của huyện Triệu Phong, tỉnh Quảng Trị nhằm có được sự hiểu biết hơn về vai trò giới trong quản lý RNM. Nghiên cứu đã chỉ ra rằng người dân ở đây chủ yếu sống dựa vào việc đánh bắt và nuôi trồng thủy sản tại khu vực RNM. Phụ nữ có hiểu biết khá tốt về vai trò crò RNM và họ gắn liền với RNM không kém nam giới, nhưng cho đến nay vai trò của họ gần như không được nhìn nhận. Công tác quản lý RNM còn hạn chế nữ giới tham gia. Điều này làm giảm năng lực quản lý chung của cộng đồng. Ngoài ra các cộng đồng vẫn chưa có quy ước chung về quản lý, bảo vệ tài nguyên và môi trường RNM. Từ đó nghiên cứu đề xuất một số giải pháp như tăng cường sự tham gia của các tổ chức dân sự và phụ nữ trong quản lý RNM, xây dựng chiến lược bảo tổn RNM và các quy ước quản lý RNM dựa vào cộng đồng bao gồm giới.

Recent conceptualizations of psychopathy are moving toward more inclusive, purely trait-based models. However, researchers continue to heavily rely on assessments of psychopathy that include categorical behavioral elements. The newly developed Comprehensive Assessment of Psychopathic Personality – Institutional Rating Scale appears to be a promising interview-based measure of psychopathy, but research on its reliability and validity is in its infancy. As a second issue, the vast majority of research on psychopathy, particularly in offender populations, is conducted with male participants. Nonetheless, the growing body of literature involving incarcerated females suggests gender differences in the prevalence and manifestation of psychopathic traits. Reasons for these differences are unclear, but some have proposed socialized gender roles as a contributing factor. With a sample of 52 female 49 male offenders recruited from a large, metropolitan jail, this dissertation evaluated the construct validity of the CAPP-IRS and examined the effect of gender role conformity on the manifestation of psychopathic traits. Results indicated that a three-factor model of psychopathy represented by antagonistic interpersonal relations, restricted emotions, and disinhibited behavior best fit the data. Findings further suggested convergent and discriminant validity for the CAPP-IRS. Additionally, masculine and feminine gender role conformity differentially related to psychopathy, but generally accounted for a small proportion of the variance in psychopathic traits. Recommendations for future research on the CAPP model and its assessment as well as implications for the clinical assessment of psychopathy in women are discussed.

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Doctor of Philosophy / Department of Special Education, Counseling and Student Affairs / Linda P. Thurston / This qualitative case study with multiple participants explored how the perception of campus climate and gender role expectations contributes to Latinas’ persistence at a two-year Hispanic Serving Institution (HSI) in the Midwest. Guided by the work of Hurtado and Carter (1997) and social support theory (Sarason & Sarason, 1985), various aspects of the college experience both inside and outside the classroom were examined. In-depth interviews were conducted in order to gain insight into those viewpoints that influenced the desire to enroll and persist in college and how these perspectives shaped commitment and sense of belonging to the institution. Prominent themes that emerged were: the significance of family support and the need to stay close, the impact of student identity and the importance of positive faculty-student interaction. The results indicated that immigration status, the desire to make family proud, and support from family and instructors that offered words of encouragement served to motivate students to persist and graduate. Additional prominent findings revealed that the perception regarding academic environment including the need for positive academic advising experiences, involvement in organizational memberships, particularly with the Hispanic American Leadership Organization (HALO) and activities that embrace the diverse student population and incorporate varying perspectives affect perceptions of campus climate and commitment to the institution. Participants identified those programs and services on campus that best serve the needs of Latinas and have the most impact on a positive college experience. The results contribute to the research addressing campus climate and sense of belonging for Latino/a students overall, and offers unique insights from the perspective of Latinas attending a two-year HSI that is lacking in the body of literature. Implications for practice and future research are identified.

護理人員是國內外諸多研究關注的對象，而針對護理人員工作環境的相關研究，著重的重點通常聚焦在仍有極大改進空間的勞動條件，然而護理人員在工作上，除了提供專業且安全的醫療照護之外，同時也在進行著情緒勞動，不僅是量化研究，質化研究也相當值得重視，然而相較於國外，國內針對護理人員情緒勞動的研究，大部分為文獻研究與量化研究，質化研究則較少見。 因此本研究藉由訪談的方式，探討護理人員的情緒勞動，本研究發現：一、護理人員的情緒勞動的形塑受到學校教育、組織的情緒規範、與病患的實際互動狀況等諸多因素影響；二、護理人員對本身工作的認同與大眾的刻板印象之間的落差，以及惡劣的勞動條件則是造成情緒負荷的最大原因；三、情緒勞動帶來的負荷超載時，對於護理人員自身、醫療品質、醫院經營皆有負面影響。 最後本研究對於改善護理人員的情緒勞動處境提出幾點建議：（一）從學校教育開始正視情緒勞動（二）改變社會大眾對護理人員的刻板印象，包括從性別角度著手以及強化護理人員的專業形象（三）從護理人員的情緒勞動中得到諸多利益的院方，應負起相對的責任，包括改善情緒勞動的管理方式、持續改善勞動環境以及提供符合需求的實質支援。若能改善護理人員的護理勞動處境，對於護理人員、醫療品質及醫療院所的經營，都將有所助益。 / There has been much research about nursing, but most studies are focus on the nurses’ working conditions. However, in addition to providing professional and safe medical care, emotional labour is also a indispensable part of nursing, but compared with quantitative research，the qualitative research of the emotional labour of nursing in Taiwan are still relatively rare. The aim of this thesis is to investigate the emotional of nursing by interview. The conclusion in this study included three parts: 1. The formation process of the emotional labour of nursing is affected by the nursing education in school, the emotion regulations in organization, and the interaction with patients. 2. The gap between nurses’ job identification and common nursing stereotypes, and the poor working conditions are main causes of the emotional burden of nurses. 3.The work overload on emotional labour has negative impact on nurses themselves, medical quality, and hospital management. To improve the situation of emotional labour of nursing, the recommendations of this study are 1. In the nursing education, teach nursing students to take the emotional labour of seriously. 2. Transform the common stereotypes of nursing by reducing the gender images and strengthening the professional image of nursing. 3. Hospitals should take the relative responsibility when they take the profit. The possible solutions include changing the management of emotional labour, improving the working conditions continuously, and providing appropriate and effective support. The improvement of the situation of emotional labour of nursing will bring advantages to nurses, medical quality and hospital management.

The aim of the thesis is to understand why European countries show a very different picture of female employment (in their fertile ages) which is not the case for men of the same age. We shed light on the various positions of countries in this framework of earner-carer models, in analysing policy designs, policy outcomes and policy determinants. That is, respectively, family policy indicators, employment of mothers and childless women, gender role attitudes and their interacting effect with policies and employment outcomes. We have used a wide range of primary or secondary quantitative and qualitative data to carry out our comparative analysis, mixing approaches, techniques and methods, from micro-econometric models to macro-level harmonised indicators, supplemented with a case study. The dissertation is divided in three parts, each focusing on one question: (i) Are there complementarities or distinctions between types of family policies across Europe, as regards gender equality and dual-earner friendliness, and how can we compare different policy settings as they are found to be very heterogeneous? (ii) To what extent can institutional settings explain cross-country differences in female employment outcomes, and especially those of mothers, in a context of decreasing fertility? (iii) Do individual preferences counteract (or reinforce) the policy impact on employment in connexion with the prevalence of traditional gender role attitudes? Results show that the institutional variation across countries explains a great deal of differences in female employment, especially for mothers. If policies are not supportive of the dual-earner model, even those women who have a stronger preference for labour market attachment face obstacles that reduce their employment opportunities in the presence of young children. However, even in countries where a somewhat dual-earner friendly model is favoured, our detailed analysis of policy instruments reveals that gender equality is still far from being achieved.

本研究旨在了解男性公務人員申請育嬰留職停薪之歷程，及復職或離職後的感受，並對公務人員育嬰留職停薪政策所產生的政策問題意涵加以分析討論。為有效達成上述目的，本研究採取深度訪談法，訪談10名男性公務人員申請育嬰留職停薪者, 並將所得結果詮釋及賦與意義，歸納研究發現如下： 1.男性公務人員在潛意識裡仍有性別分工之意識，然而他們也逐漸體認到性別主流化所倡導的觀念，且願意參與家務，因此性別分工論仍然存在，但似乎有鬆動的跡象。 2.男性會申請育嬰留職停薪去從事其他事務（如進修）者，多數在其原有職務上都產生疏離的現象。另外，其申請過程的順利與否，端視任職機關在機關首長的帶領下，形成的組織文化如何運作。 3.男性公務人員雖會以申請育嬰留職停薪方式從事其他活動，但應可以鼓勵代替防弊，漸進地誘導男性參與家庭來改善，並應建全托育制度，及規劃育嬰留職停薪的相關配套措施。 / This study explores the track of male public servants who took parental leaves and attempts to understand their feelings when they returned to work or resigned. Based on such understanding, the study further analyzes the problems behind parental leave policy. The author conducted in-depth interviews on ten male public servants who took parental leaves and the results of the interviews were interpreted and assigned meanings. The findings are as follows： 1.The male public servants had consciousness of division of labor by gender. However, they were aware of the concept of gender mainstreaming gradually, and were willing to participate in housekeeping. Therefore, the gender division of labor still exists, but it seems to be oscillated. 2.When the male public servants took parental leaves but did other affairs（like studies）, most of them had the sense of alienation from their jobs. Besides, whether their applications for parental leaves went smooth or not depended on the culture of the organization. 3.When dealing with the problem that some male public servants take advantage of parental leaves for other purposes, instead of averting their cheating, we should encourage them to participate in family duties. Thus we can improve the situation gradually. Finally, we should amend the childcare policy and formulate supporting measures for the current parental leave policy.