<p><em>Syftet </em>med föreliggande studie var att ge en djupare förståelse för några unga kvinnors syn på könsroller och könsskillnader i relation till sin egen självbild, i dagens samhälle. De <em>frågeställningar</em> studien baserats på var: Hur uppfattade de unga kvinnorna könsskillnader och könsroller i samhället? På vilket sätt har de tagit till sig dessa i sin egen könsroll? Hur såg kvinnorna på sina framtida möjligheter som ung kvinna idag? Teoretiskt utgick studien främst från ett socialpsykologiskt perspektiv och forskning om utveckling av självbilden, men även utvecklingspsykologisk och kognitiv forskning till viss del. Det metodologiska angreppssätt som användes var en semistrukturerad intervjumetod. Intervjuernas längd varierade mellan</p><p>25 – 45 minuter och urvalet bestod av fyra kvinnliga studenter. Resultatet visade att intervjupersonerna upplevde att det fanns könsroller och könsskillnader i dagens samhälle, att detta påverkade relationerna till andra människor och att kraven på den unga kvinnan var stora. Resultatet visade även att det egna valet, att göra det man själv vill, var viktigt för intervjupersonerna. Diskussionen berörde det egna valet, utveckling av en självbild, den kvinnliga könsrollen och samhällets krav på den unga kvinnan.</p> / <p><em>The purpose </em>of this study was to get a deeper understanding of some young women’s visions of gender roles and gender differences in relation to their own self image, in today’s society. The <em>questions </em>that the study was based on were: How did the young women apprehend gender differences and gender roles in the society? In which ways had they put these in their own gender role? How did the women look at their future possibilities as a young woman today? Theoretically the study mainly assumed from a social psychologically point of view and research about the development of the self image, but also assumed from research in developmental psychology and cognitive psychology at some points. The methodologically approach used, was a semi structured interview method. The length of the interviews differed between 25 - 45 minutes and the selection consisted of four female students. The results of the study revealed that the informants experienced that there were gender roles and gender differences in today’s society, which effects the relations to other people and that the demands put on the young female gender were considered large. The results also revealed that one’s own choice, to do what you wish, was important to the informants. The discussion touched one’s own choice, development of a self image, the female gender role and the demands of the society put on young women.</p>

This thesis consists of four constituent studies exploring several common themes: female participation in employment, normative assumptions regarding the proper roles of males and females, and social change. The underlying focus is gendered division of work, which is explored through the concept of family models. These models are conceptualized with reference to the interrelationships between female employment, availability of care services outside the family, and sharing of care work within the family. The empirical analysis is mostly based on the Baltic countries, but also includes Germany, Sweden, and Russia. By examining the variation between the countries, the research aims to highlight some common issues regarding the gendered division of work, issues that bridge the East/West divide. The data come from three sources: 1) available national descriptive statistics, 2) surveys, namely, the International Social Survey Programme (ISSP) ‘Family and Changing Gender Roles’ modules and the European Values Survey (EVS), and 3) nineteen problem-centred interviews with women who experienced hardships in the Lithuanian labour market. The analyzed time period starts with the collapse of socialism. The studies call into question the assumption that strong support for the traditional ‘male breadwinner/female carer’ family model in post-socialist societies contributed to the exclusion of women from the labour market. Comparing male and female employment indicators revealed no general pattern of female exclusion from the labour market. Moreover, gender-role attitudes are neither uniform nor traditional in the studied societies. The most valid generalization would be that there is a trend towards less traditional attitudes over time, more precisely, towards greater acceptance of women’s working roles. Summarizing the current situation regarding the gendered division of work, with reference to policies, practices, and attitudes, reveals the presence of ‘adult worker’ family models in Eastern Europe.

The way towards an equal society, where both women and men has the same possibilities both private and in professional life, has been a long and still ongoing process. During my practical studies to become a recreation instructor I have noticed a difference between the children I have met in my workplace. What I saw was that girls and boys had a different approach towards their future, plus that the pedagogues at the school had different roles depending if they were men or women. In this study I have investigated which dreams and visions a group of after-school children has, plus how these distinguish between the genders. I have through group interviews, first three boys and then three girls, investigated how children look at their future focusing on career, spare time and familysituation. The questions have also focused on how children look at the schools pedagogues with gender as a premiss. My result shows that the children's vision on their future tends to look different between the genders. The boy’s focus more on a career in either rescue work or on a career were an academic education is required, with an active life on the side. Where the girls focus on working either as a model or a make-up artist, and building a family on the side. The children's answers also show that they see a difference between the female and male pedagogues, where the men are more playful and fun, whilst the women are more helpful and experienced in craftsmanship and likewise. This means that the female and male pedagogues at the school assume different roles that in the long run probably affect the children and their views on feminine and masculine. The study´s result also grounds in different theories about gender plus earlier research in the subject.

A corpus of terms for human beings collected from 18th century novels is studied from a broad sociolinguistic perspective. A summary of recent linguistic theories and a survey of 18th century culture and society are provided as background. The basic assumption is that the meaning of words is dependent on human beings and their society and that shifts in meaning are linked to changes in attitudes, culture and social structure. Terms used for men and women therefore mirror the concepts of 'male' and 'female' in a society. Gender differences found in various semantic fields are presented and discussed. Prototypes for certain terms are suggested by means of frame analysis. Sense developments are traced and related to societal changes. Differences in male and female usage are discussed. The findings are analyzed in terms of the following contrasts within the concepts of 'male' and 'female': spirit/matter; power/dependency; active/passive; varied/limited. / digitalisering@umu

Det finns inte mycket forskning kring hur genus förmedlas genom barnprogram. De få studiersom finns visar på att manliga karaktärer oftare förekommer än kvinnliga, och att de manligakaraktärerna oftast har större och viktigare roller. Syftet med studien är att undersöka hur kvinnliga karaktärer framställs i barnprogrammen från deolika tidsperioderna. Analysen ska utreda på vilket sätt de kvinnliga karaktärerna framställs och omdet har förändrats över tid. Analysen ska även påvisa om karaktärerna kan benämnas somstereotypa eller inte samt om de följer de traditionella könsrollerna. Uppsatsen bygger på en semiotisk innehållsanalys med både denotativ och konnotativ ansats.Semiotiken är både insamlings- och analysmetod. Genom urvalsmetoden som delvis varslumpmässig bestämdes vilka sex barnprogram från tre olika årtionden som skulle utgöra detempiriska materialet. Vår analys vittnar om att det finns både likheter och skillnader mellan kvinnliga karaktärer frånolika barnprogram och årtionden. Det finns däremot inget direkt mönster för dessa likheter ochskillnader. Vår analys visar också att de kvinnliga karaktärerna inte är särskilt stereotypa i sittuppträdande. Det går inte att se någon generell förändring över tid vad gäller karaktärernasbeteende, analysen visar inte att de gått från att bete sig på ett vis till ett annat. / There is little research on how gender is mediated through children’s programs. The few studies that exist indicate the male characters more often appears than female, and the male characters usually have larger and more important roles. The purpose of this study is to examine how female characters are portrayed in the children’s programs from the different time periods. The analysis will show how the female characters are portrayed and if it has changed over time. The analysis will also show whether the characters can be referred to as stereotypical or not, and if they follow the typical gender roles. The essay is based on a semiotic content analysis with both denotative and connotative approach. Semiotics is both collection and analysis method. Through the sampling method which was partially random, the six children’s programs from three different decades were established to constitute the empirical material. Our analysis shows that there are both similarities and differences between the female characters from carious children’s programs and decades. However, there is no direct pattern for these similarities and differences. Our analysis also shows that the female characters’ appearance is not very stereotypical. It is not possible to see any overall change over time in terms of the characters’ behavior; the analysis does not demonstrate that they have gone from behaving in one manner to another.

本研究以廣告策略、廣告訴求、廣告型式與內容、廣告性別角色呈現及廣告文化價值呈現為變項，探討電信業電視廣告內容與社會變遷的關係。採內容分析法，研究對象為中華電信廣告，取樣期間為1998至2014年（2G商用至4G推出），樣本數為120則。 研究結果發現： 一、廣告策略與訴求：從功能宣告到情境塑造。 產品導入期適合使用宣告型策略讓消費者熟悉產品，並降低衍生產品被接受門檻，當產品發展成熟時，則適合採情境塑造策略向消費者訴說生活理念。 二、廣告型式與內容：由無聲到有聲；從自我到群眾。 隨著高速網路興起加強商業歌曲傳播速度及範圍，廣告由無背景音樂向歌曲發展；廣告重心由早期描述產品讓個人在特定領域更卓越，移轉到多人運用通訊產品相互溝通傳達情感。 三、廣告性別呈現：從男性到兩性；由男性領導女性。 隨著女性意識掘起，廣告由男性移轉到兩性同時擔任主角，但整體而言，男性仍被賦予領導他人的責任，女性則較無發揮所長的機會。 四、廣告文化價值呈現：不喜好風險；訴求柔性作風與群體意識。 經濟不穩定讓人們依賴風險趨避資訊說服他們購買產品；廣告中大量使用柔性與群體訴求符合台灣人民生活的態度與習性。 / This study uses advertising strategy, advertising appeal, advertising form and content, gender role and cultural value as variables, to discuss the relationship between TV commercials content and social changes. In this paper, content analysis is used to study on the commercial ads of Chunghwa Telecom from 1998 to 2014 (2G to 4G period) with samples of 120. The result shows: 1.Advertising strategy and appeal: from functional declaration to situational shaping. 2.Advertising form and content: from silent to sound; from individual to groups. 3.Gender role: from man to both man and woman; man leads woman. 4.Cultural value: risk aversion; show femininity and collectivism.

Women comprise over 57% of all U.S. mortuary school students, yet less than 20% of all funeral directors employed in this country are women. As such, women are underrepresented as funeral directors in the funeral industry. Research to date has not established clear differences between perceived gender roles and occupations in the funeral service industry. The research questions examined the perceived differences of gender role characteristics of masculine, feminine, and androgyny between the occupations of funeral service providers and nursing. Bem's gender role theory was the theoretical framework of this study. The research compared the mean scores of male and female funeral service professionals and nursing professionals as measured by the validated Bem Sex Role Inventory (BSRI). A sample consisted of 214 randomly selected male (n = 88) and female (n = 25) funeral service professionals and male (n = 37) and female (n = 64) nurse professionals. Data scores were analyzed using the factorial multivariate analysis of variance method. Results indicated nonsignificant gender role differences between male and female funeral directors. Funeral directors appear more androgynous compared to nurses. The present study contributed to the development of this important and neglected area of research by quantitatively examining the gender role perceptions of men and women in the funeral service industry for the first time. This study results highlighted the complexity in self-perceived gender role characteristics as measured by BSRI. When the funeral profession begins to dispel gender stereotypes and discrimination issues, positive social change can occur.

Syftet med föreliggande studie var att ge en djupare förståelse för några unga kvinnors syn på könsroller och könsskillnader i relation till sin egen självbild, i dagens samhälle. De frågeställningar studien baserats på var: Hur uppfattade de unga kvinnorna könsskillnader och könsroller i samhället? På vilket sätt har de tagit till sig dessa i sin egen könsroll? Hur såg kvinnorna på sina framtida möjligheter som ung kvinna idag? Teoretiskt utgick studien främst från ett socialpsykologiskt perspektiv och forskning om utveckling av självbilden, men även utvecklingspsykologisk och kognitiv forskning till viss del. Det metodologiska angreppssätt som användes var en semistrukturerad intervjumetod. Intervjuernas längd varierade mellan 25 – 45 minuter och urvalet bestod av fyra kvinnliga studenter. Resultatet visade att intervjupersonerna upplevde att det fanns könsroller och könsskillnader i dagens samhälle, att detta påverkade relationerna till andra människor och att kraven på den unga kvinnan var stora. Resultatet visade även att det egna valet, att göra det man själv vill, var viktigt för intervjupersonerna. Diskussionen berörde det egna valet, utveckling av en självbild, den kvinnliga könsrollen och samhällets krav på den unga kvinnan. / The purpose of this study was to get a deeper understanding of some young women’s visions of gender roles and gender differences in relation to their own self image, in today’s society. The questions that the study was based on were: How did the young women apprehend gender differences and gender roles in the society? In which ways had they put these in their own gender role? How did the women look at their future possibilities as a young woman today? Theoretically the study mainly assumed from a social psychologically point of view and research about the development of the self image, but also assumed from research in developmental psychology and cognitive psychology at some points. The methodologically approach used, was a semi structured interview method. The length of the interviews differed between 25 - 45 minutes and the selection consisted of four female students. The results of the study revealed that the informants experienced that there were gender roles and gender differences in today’s society, which effects the relations to other people and that the demands put on the young female gender were considered large. The results also revealed that one’s own choice, to do what you wish, was important to the informants. The discussion touched one’s own choice, development of a self image, the female gender role and the demands of the society put on young women.

xv, 103 p. : ill. A print copy of this thesis is available through the UO Libraries. Search the library catalog for the location and call number. / The purpose of the current study was to examine the role of sociocultural factors in posttraumatic stress. The two major aims were to add to current knowledge about why women report higher rates of posttraumatic stress than men and to explore the role of ethnicity in response to trauma. Using an online survey with a college sample (n = 1041) and a community sample (n = 199), the findings confirmed prior research that traumas high in betrayal (e.g., abuse by a close other) are more strongly associated with symptoms of posttraumatic stress than traumas lower in betrayal (e.g., natural disaster or abuse by someone not close to the victim). Women also reported higher rates of depression, anxiety, and reexperiencing symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) but not avoidance and hyperarousal symptoms. The hypothesis that betrayal trauma would mediate the association between gender and PTSD reexperiencing symptoms was statistically significant although the effect was not substantial. Gender role socialization may also moderate the relationship between gender and PTSD reexperiencing, whereby men with more egalitarian beliefs had lower scores than men with more conservative beliefs. This study also investigated the rates of traumatic events among Asian and Pacific Islander (API) populations, and cultural correlates of posttraumatic stress. It included one of the few non-clinical samples of API adults from the community in the U.S. as well as a cohort of API students. Notable differences between the younger and older API participants were found in the reporting of various traumatic events. In particular, young API men reported adult sexual assault with surprising frequency at nearly 20% for both close and not close perpetrators which is several times more than the older API men. The influence of participants' concern with loss of face (LOF) on PTSD symptoms was also examined. The prediction that concern with LOF would moderate the effect of traumatic experiences on posttraumatic stress for APIs was not supported although LOF was directly associated with PTSD symptoms. These results add to the growing body of evidence that interpersonal violence and posttraumatic stress are issues that require attention among API populations. / Committee in charge: Jennifer Freyd, Co-Chairperson, Psychology; Sanjay Srivastava, Co-Chairperson, Psychology; Jeffrey Measelle, Member, Psychology; Jocelyn Hollander, Outside Member, Sociology

Sexual satisfaction is a major component of human behavior. Individuals in relationships have specific demands for sexual satisfaction. Relationships and societal trends may impact the standards for sexual performance. The effects of performance can result in negative transitions in relationships. Therefore, Individuals may also consider outside variables in addition to relationship status, length of relationships, sexual orientation, gender-role, and religiousness. This poster presentation will be based on a literature review. The review reveals positive effects of religiousness on sexual satisfaction for those married more than ten years. In comparison with social behaviors, gender-roles are not influenced by traditional or non-traditional beliefs. When social norms and sexual orientation are paired in correlation with satisfaction in relationships, gay men and lesbians rate higher than heterosexuals in the area of sexual satisfaction. When long-term and short-term relationships are measured based on sexual satisfaction, results indicate long-term relationships are successful due to active communication and no sexual dysfunctions.