The thesis The Gender Construction of the Role of Male Teachers in Kindergarten from the Perspective of Pedagogical Professionals deals with gender construction of the role of male teachers in kindergartens, from the perspective of the male teachers themselves and from the perspective of female teachers and female directors who teach with male teachers in kindergartens. For this purpose I conducted nonparticipant observation, which was complemented by semistructured interviews. The thesis consists of two parts - theoretical and empirical part. Theoretical part deals with fundamental concepts which are related to the research question and empirical part consists of methodical procedures and analysis of interviews with male teachers, female teachers and female directors as well as analysis of fieldnotes from nonparticipant observation. Key words: gender role construction, male teachers, pedagogical professionals, educators, kindergarten, early childhood education, nonparticipant observation, semistructured interviews

Die Prozesse der stetigen, interaktiven und lokalen Herstellung der Alltagswirklichkeit zu untersuchen, ist das Anliegen der Ethnomethodologie, die dem interpretativen Paradigma der Soziologie zugerechnet wird. Ihre leitende Frage lautet: Welcher Praktiken bedienen sich Gesellschaftsmitglieder, um die geordnete Struktur ihrer Alltagswelt interaktiv hervorzubringen? Geschlecht wird entsprechend als ein interaktiv hergestelltes Merkmal sozialer Ordnung begriffen.

Die begriffliche Unterscheidung von Geschlecht als einerseits biologischem Faktum (Sex) sowie anderseits als Produkt kultureller und sozialer Prozesse (Gender) geht auf Arbeiten zur Transsexualität in den sechziger Jahren zurück. Der feministische Diskurs griff die Unterscheidung auf und verstand sie in einem antibiologistischen Sinne. Die Sex-Gender-Unterscheidung impliziert jedoch auch die unhaltbare Annahme, dass es ein biologisches Substrat der Geschlechterdifferenz gäbe, welches kulturellen Unterscheidungen stets vorgängig wäre (latenter Biologismus). Wissenschaftstheoretische Arbeiten verweisen demgegenüber darauf, dass Natur stets durch die Brille der Kultur gesehen wird.

Stereotype Threat wird definiert als ein Gefühl der Bedrohung, das Personen in einer Situation erleben, in der sie befürchten, aufgrund eines negativen Stereotyps über ihre Gruppe beurteilt zu werden bzw. durch ihr Verhalten das Stereotyp unbeabsichtigterweise zu bestätigen. Der Begriff geht auf Claude M. Steele und Joshua Aronson zurück. Stereotype Threat kann als ein situatives Dilemma bezeichnet werden, das bei Mitgliedern stigmatisierter Gruppen in Testsituationen kurzfristig zu signifikanten Leistungseinbußen führen kann. Es kann auch bei anderen Wahlentscheidungen auftreten. Empirisch gesicherte Befunde für die längerfristigen Auswirkungen liegen bisher kaum vor. Auch die auslösenden Bedingungen sind nicht abschließend geklärt.

El objetivo de la investigación fue determinar las propiedades psicométricas de la Gender Role Conflict Scale (GRCS) en varones que trabajan en el sector de comunicación en Lima Metropolitana. La muestra estuvo conformada por 337 varones, cuyo rango de edad oscila entre 23 a 58 años (M =34.00, DE = 9.39). Los instrumentos aplicados fueron la GRCS y la Escala de Pensamientos Patriarcales (EPP). En la validez basada en la estructura interna se comprobó el modelo de cuatro factores relacionados, mostrando un buen ajuste (χ²/gl = 2.06, CFI = .86 y, RMSEA = .06).  En la validez basada en relaciones con otras variables, entre los factores de la GRCS se obtuvo correlaciones altas y moderadas (valores de Pearson entre .24 y .78) y con las dimensiones de la EPP arrojó correlaciones bajas y moderadas (valores de Spearman entre .10. y .39). Los resultados del análisis de confiabilidad por consistencia interna indicaron coeficientes Omega (>.70) adecuados por cada dimensión. En general, la GRS posee adecuadas propiedades psicométricas. / The objective of the research was to determine the psychometric properties of the Gender Role Conflict Scale (GRCS) in men who work in the communication sector in Metropolitan Lima. The sample was made up of 337 men, whose age range ranged from 23 to 58 years (M = 34.00, SD = 9.39). The instruments applied were the GRCS and the Scale of Patriarchal Thoughts (EPP). In the validity based on the internal structure, the four-factor model was tested, showing a good fit (χ² / gl = 2.06, CFI = .86 and, RMSEA = .06). In the validity based on relationships with other variables, between the GRCS factors it obtained high and moderate correlations (Pearson values ​​between .24 and .78) and with the dimensions of the EPP it produced low and moderate correlations (Spearman values ​​between. 10. and .39). The results of the internal consistency reliability analysis indicated by dimension an adequate Omega coefficient (> .70) in the scale and its dimensions. In general, the GRCS has adequate psychometric properties. / Tesis

In this study the purpose is to explore how female and male characters are depicted in two tv-shows named “Scenes from a marriage¨ with a qualitative content analysis as a method. These two tv-shows are made with a gap of 48 years, the first tv-show was made and televised 1973 by Ingmar Bergman and a remake of the tv-show was made and televised 2021. The three questions asked to the study was; “How are the female and male characters portrayed?”, “What are the differences or similarities between the versions in the portrayal of male and female characters?” and “What gender norms and gender roles are seen or absent in the tv series?”. The theories used in this research was gender system and gender contract from Yvonne Hirdman but also the male gaze from Laura Mulvey in order to analyze the chosen scenes. To help analyze the terms gender norms and gender roles have been used. The results shows that the portrayal of the female and male characters in the older version of  “Scenes from a marriage” from 1973 was more traditional in its depictions of gender and norm-conforming but with some social interactions that shows norm-breaking, while the portrayal of the female and male characters in the new version from 2021 was more norm-breaking when the gender roles was reversed and gender norms were not followed by the characters but with some social interactions that shows norm-conforming.

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“Can women talk about anything but men? – a comparative narrative analysis of the television series “Skilda världar” and “SKAM””   The purpose of this study is to compare how young women are portrayed in two different Scandinavian television shows. Especially which roles they are given as young women in different decades since the television shows were aired with a 19-year time difference. The first one being the Swedish “Skilda världar” and the second one is the Norwegian international internet success “SKAM”. Theories used in this study are postmodern theories and gender theories. Anja Hirdmans Tilltalande Bilder (2001) are used to explains how women are presented in the media. It follows by a subchapter on how women are portrayed in TV series and soap operas. The theories and previous research served as tools for the analysis. A narrative method has been used, with Vladimir Propps functions to make indentations. The three first episodes of each series has been analysed with 1-4 indentations. In addition to Propps functions the actant-modell of Algirdas J. Greimas has been used to explain the roles of the characters. The result of the study shows a difference between the main young female characters. Sandra, the main female character of “Skilda världar” is much more controlled by her family. She’s to a greater extent treated like an object than the female main character in “SKAM”, Eva. Eva shows more moral courage and independency. Both of the leading female roles have a dream of liberating themselves. They have various types of liberations but with similar elements. Sandra wants to free herself from the oppressing demands of her home, and find passion and love through a relationship. Eva wants to become more independent from her boyfriend and create an own social circle. Heterosexual relationships are the subconscious centre in both of their stories.

The aim of this quantitative study was to determine whether there were significant relationships between cultural factors and academic achievement of secondary school female learners in the Chimanimani district of Manicaland in Zimbabwe. According to literature, home environment variables, school environment variables and learner variables influence academic achievement of learners. The home environment includes family's expectations, the family's socio-economic status, exposure to role models and child-rearing practices. The school environment includes teacher's attitudes and the curriculum. Learner variables encompass self-concept, gender role concepts as well as the learner's attitude and aspirations. The empirical research found significant correlations between all cultural factors and academic achievement, particularly in English and at times in mathematics. These correlations were low but positive. The investigation also revealed that diverse age groups did not differ significantly in academic achievement in mathematics or in English. However, females from diverse socio-economic backgrounds differed significantly in their academic achievements. / Psychology of Education / M.Ed.(Psychology of Education)