The thesis examines the issue of gender in textbooks. The aim of the thesis is to analyse three sets of Czech language secondary school textbooks and ascertain, whether these textbooks contribute to the propagation of gender stereotypes in the society or whether they do not. The thesis is divided into a theoretical section and an empirical section. The theoretical section firstly explicates the fundamental concepts of gender, secondly focuses on the discrimination of women via language and on other topics from the field of gender linguistics. The last chapter of the theoretical section focuses on how gender stereotypes influence schooling. The empirical section encompasses the aforementioned analysis of the selected Czech language textbook sets. The analysis further investigates the manner in which men and women are represented in the curriculum, how men and women are portrayed in the illustrations, if the linguistic means are gender-balanced, and also whether the textbooks include any gender linguistics topics. The results of the analysis show that in all textbook sets, men are the dominant gender in illustrations, as well as among significant figures and authors of literary excerpts. In terms of roles, employment and character traits that are attached to individual characters, the sets of...

[pt] O presente trabalho aborda o tema da imagem masculina, sob o aspecto da comunicação interpessoal, em duas obras de auto-ajuda para casais: Por que os homens fazem sexo e as mulheres fazem amor? Uma visão científica (e bemhumorada) de nossas diferenças, de Pease & Pease, e Homens são de marte, mulheres são de vênus: um guia prático para melhorar a comunicação e conseguir o que você quer nos seus relacionamentos, de Gray. A pesquisa busca analisar de que forma o homem está retratado, na relação homem-mulher, nos livros mais vendidos no Rio de Janeiro no período compreendido entre 2001 e 2005. Partindo dos pressupostos da psicologia social - e de contribuições teóricas de ciências afins -, são contempladas questões referentes à comunicação humana como interação social, a comunicação de massa e o livro de auto-ajuda, aos papéis masculinos antigos e contemporâneos, entre outras. Utiliza-se como instrumento metodológico a Análise de Discurso, baseando-se principalmente no MEDS - Método de Explicitação do Discurso Subjacente. Observa-se, através dos estudos considerados, que nos discursos dos livros de auto-ajuda o representante do sexo masculino apresenta-se com características comportamentais tanto associadas a épocas antigas quanto a condutas marcadamente contemporâneas - panorama que reflete o contexto do intitulado novo homem. Os dois livros de auto-ajuda reverberam uma imagem masculina já encontrada na sociedade, disponibilizando para o homem um leque de condutas que, provavelmente, o levará aos mesmos conflitos já vivenciados por ele, o que já é corroborado por estudos acadêmicos atuais. Os resultados desta pesquisa, assim, trazem alguns subsídios que visam possibilitar um melhor entendimento sobre a condição sociocultural do representante masculino na atualidade; e também, elementos para a compreensão da relação homem-mulher por parte de profissionais do campo da psicoterapia e de estudos psicossociais voltados a relacionamentos. / [en] Self-help books have become a persistent part and important role in our current socialization. This dissertation proposes a investigation about the thematic of masculine image, under the focus of interpersonal communication, on couples self-help books. The purpose of this study is to identify and analyze in which way the man is being designed, into the man-woman relation, on the best-selling selfhelp books, at Rio de Janeiro, between 2001 and 2005. The data sources are the books that address attracting a partner or maintaining a romantic relationship: Why men don`t listen and women can`t read maps: how we`re different and what to do about it by Allan Pease and Barbara Pease, and Men are from Mars, Women are from Venus: a practical guide for improving communication and getting what you want in your relationships by John Gray. Supported by the key principles of social psychology - and of correlated sciences -, are contemplated themes concerning human communication as social interaction, mass communication and self-help book, old and new fashion masculine social roles, et al. The discourses analysis - by a qualitative research method: (UDUM) Underlying Discourse Unveiling Method -, reveal that the masculine image appears with old and new features in the behavior. In simple terms, repeat the new man image of our current society. The two self-help books endorse the masculine image yet existing, disposing various behaviors for man that, maybe, will take him to the sames conflicts - related to how to be a man nowadays -, already experienced by him; which is in agreement with contemporary academic research findings.

Selected South African high school students’ perceptions of stereotypes in William Faulkner’s “A Rose for Emily” are the center of attention in an attempt to establish or refute the existence of a uniform interpretation in the interpretive community. The textual reader responses were collected by using a questionnaire. The results show that the respondents use stereotypes to understand encounters with literary texts and as tools to connect the content of the text with their own experiences. The stereotypes also provide a framework for the readers to position themselves with or against the text and the depicted characters. Consequently, the female respondents are more inclined to distance themselves from sexist values than the male readers. Next to all the readers condemn racist values and racist language detectable in the text. Overall, the readers distance themselves from negative values and identify themselves with positive values. The results show that readers use a variety of stereotypes as aids to interpret the characters, events, values and structure of society in “A Rose for Emily”.

Syfte – Syftet med studien var att studera skillnader i marknadsföring av hudvårdsprodukter riktat till kvinnor respektive män på Instagram. Genom att titta på helhetskonceptet av företagens instagramkonton utreds vilka könsstereotyper som används för att inspirera kvinnor och män till att följa dem på Instagram. Metod – För att uppfylla syftet har sex olika instagramkonton inom hudvård riktade till kvinnor respektive män studerats. Först gjordes en små-N-studie i form av en semiotisk bildanalys. Genom att studera denotation och konnotation av bilderna genomfördes en analys där vi även använde teorier från Teoretisk Bakgrund. Därefter genomfördes gruppintervjuer för att stärka konnotationen med hjälp av andra personers erfarenheter och åsikter. För att ge struktur åt analysen och se till att liknande delar av kontona granskades delades kontona upp i kategorierna Översikt, produktbilder, inspirations-/livsstilsbilder och citat i både den egna analysen och gruppintervjun. Resultat – Resultatet av gruppintervjuerna var att många grupper nämnde gemensamma beskrivningar och känslor av de olika kontona. Deras uppfattningar gick generellt i linje med vad vi kommit fram till i den egna denotationen och konnotationen, även om den var mer utförlig. Utifrån insamlade teorier och insamlad empiri från semiotisk bildanalys och gruppintervjuer identifierades könsstereotyper på de olika instagramkontona, vilket syntes genom färgval, uttryck av livsstil, fritidsintressen och rekvisita i produktbilder. Detta visade tydligt på kvarlevandet av gamla könsstereotyper om vad det innebär att vara man och kvinna. Implikationer – Implikationen för studien, alltså vad undersökningen pekar mot och verkar leda till, att könsstereotyper fortsätter att finnas och frodas, även på New Media. Detta leder till fler könsroller, fler begränsningar för kvinnor och män och fortsatt ojämställdhet. Att fenomenet även finns på New Media innebär att könsstereotyperna har större påverkan på människor, och att de också når ut till ännu fler människor. Begränsningar – Det som påverkar arbetets omfång och resultat är bland annat den begränsade tiden på vilken studien genomfördes, vilket begränsade antalet deltagande vid gruppintervjun, antal metoder och även djupet i den teoretiska bakgrunden. Hade studien utförts vid en längre tidsperiod hade studien kunnat vara mer omfattande vilket skulle ha stärkt studiens resultat. / Purpose – The purpose of this study is to examine the differences in marketing of skincare products on Instagram against a female or male target audience. By studying the companies concepts on Instagram we examine which gender stereotypes is being used to inspire women and men. Method – To fulfill the purpose, the authors have studied six different Instagram accounts within skincare marketed against women and men. A small-N-studie was done through a semiotic picture analysis. By studying the denotation and connotation of the pictures we did an analysis where we used theories from the Theoretical Background. Thenceforth we did group interviews to strengthen our connotations with the support from other peoples opinions with different experiences and backgrounds. To regulate the analysis we used headlines as overview, product-pictures, inspiration/lifestyle pictures and quotes both in the own analysis and in the group interview. Findings – The result of the group interviews was that many of the groups mentioned common descriptions and associations to the pictures on the Instagram accounts. Their perceptions was generally in the line of what we discovered through our own denotations and connotations even though ours was more detailed. From the theories and the discovered findings from the semiotic picture analysis and the group interviews we could identify gender stereotypes in the different Instagram accounts. This was shown through the colour-palettes, the life style that was promoted, the hobbies and the props in the product pictures. These findings clearly showed the signs of old gender stereotypes regarding what it means to be a man or a woman. Implications – The implications of the study is that the gender stereotypes will continue to exist and develop even on New Media. This leads to more limitations for women and men and continued inequality. The fact that this phenomenon is also on New Media means that the gender stereotypes has an even bigger impact on people, as it reaches to a larger group of people. Limitations – What influenced the size of the study was, among other things, the time limitations of the study. This limited the amount of participants in the group interview, the number of methods and even the extent of the theoretical background. If the study had been done during a longer period of time the study could have been more extensive which would have strengthened the findings of the study.

Thesis called "Women in Sports Media: Gender, Professional Identity, Power" is a qualitative analysis of self-perception by women journalists in sports media. Using semi- structured interviews with women journalists working in sports newsrooms, the self-perception picture was created through personal experience. The goal was to uncover the way women sport journalists talk about their profession. This thesis attempts to identify presence of gender aspects, that can have an influence over women journalists through their personal experience. Analysis also focuses on the degree of (un)satisfaction in professional life and tries to identify reasons, that cause the (un)satisfaction. Interest is also put on individual wishes and dreams in profession and questions about the future of sports journalism and women in sports journalism.

Rape is a serious highly prevalent crime committed every day around the world, and affects both men and women. Rape victims must report the incidence to the police, and often the police they report to are male law enforcement officers. Yet many people in South Africa, including male law enforcement officers, do not fully accept that males can be and are victims of rape. So far there has been significantly little research into the reporting of male rape. Thus a qualitative research study on the attitudes of male law enforcement officers towards male rape victims was conducted. Social constructionism was taken as a theoretical starting point to the formal literature. The formal literature itself deals with male rape, how it is perceived, understood and misunderstood by society at large and specifically, by male law enforcement officers. The myths and truths, as well as stigmas associated with male rape are also explored. The impact of gender issues such as gender identity, gender roles and gender stereotypes are explored in-depth as they contribute to attitudes held by male law enforcement officers. Six male law enforcement officers from a Johannesburg police station participated in this study. Every one of them had had a certain amount of experience in the SAPS dealing with rape and rape victims. The researcher identified themes dealing with male rape victims from the literature, and interviewed the participants according to these themes using a semi-structured and structured format. The interviews were coded and analysed in a manner that allowed the themes, which were informed by the literature, to surface from the interview data itself. This is consistent with the qualitative tradition of psychological research. It was found that, male law enforcement officers’ attitudes towards male rape victims influence the way they think about and perceive these victims. It is very likely that this influence has a negative impact on the psychological well being of the male rape victim. It was also found that many male rape victims do not report their victimisation to the police as they fear they will not be taken seriously, they will be laughed at or even ridiculed. The law enforcement officers confirm that the stigma and shame of male rape victims compound their experience, making it traumatic and nearly impossible for them to process. The researcher believes that a change in these attitudes can lead to a change in the way male rape victims are perceived and treated by law enforcement officers, as well as by society as a whole. Further study into the role of cultural beliefs concerning masculinity and gender roles in the South African context can contribute to a better understanding of the phenomenon of male rape, and can be integrated into the current intervention models used to treat these victims. / Dissertation (MA (Clinical Psychology))--University of Pretoria, 2008. / Psychology / unrestricted

Hlavním cílém této diplomové práce bylo analyzovat současnou situaci žen ve vyšším managementu ve vybraných společnostech s hlavním zaměřením na Českou republiku. Dále prozkoumat baríery, kterým ženy čelí pří jejich cestě na manažerské pozice a poskytnout doporučení budoucím manažerkám. Tato práce se skládá ze dvou částí a to části teoretické a praktické. V první části jsou analyzovány teoretické pojmy spojené s termínem gender, současná situace žen v managementu a ženský styl vedení. Praktická část diplomové práce je rozdělěna na dvě další části. V první části jsou provedeny rozhovory s ženami z vyššího managementu, které pocházejí z různých společností. V druhé části je tato problematika analyzována z pohledu odborníku ze společnosti Hays Česká republika.

This thesis is concerned with the men and their identity in modern society. Introductory chapter is dealing with issue of male identity, its evolution from childhood, and finding the heart of today's crisis, as many call it. Further it makes us acquainted with the areas of family, employment and society, and with the roles and status of male sex there. The main aim of the thesis is to present a picture of a man in various spheres of life and his male identity. I was interested how men themselves cope with new roles and demands that society and women poses on them. The part of thesis is empirical research that occupies with the attitudes of men and women to their traditional family and working roles that are influenced by persisting gender stereotypes.

The aim with this study is to analyse stereotypical behaviour and attributes of characters in three fictional books. A question following the analysis is how this fictional literature can be used in education to create understanding of gender, gender categorization and stereotypical features of boys and girls. The three books I have chosen to analyse are Rekryten written by Robert Muchamore, Habib – meningen med livet written by Douglas Foley and Bröder emellan written by Tomas Dömstedt. The three books will be analysed separately and is based on the method critic discourse analysis where focus will be mainly on the protagonists of the books. My analysis of the three books indicates that all of them include gender stereotypes and typical gender behaviour. Reading these books without the opportunity to reflect on and discuss these types of questions, could probably contribute to and maintain gender stereotypes, typical gender behaviour and attributes, masculinities and femininity. The protagonists that this analysis focuses on are however, compared to other characters and discourses in the books, able to prevent traditional gender patterns. To analyse characters in books gives us a picture of our society´s social system and how we can contribute to a positive change and necessary improvements through conversations and discussions about these discourses. / Syftet med mitt examensarbete är att analysera vilka stereotypa drag av beteenden och egenskaper hos karaktärer som kan urskiljas i tre skönlitterära verk. En följdfråga är sedan, utifrån litteraturanalysen, hur skönlitteraturen kan användas i undervisningen för att skapa förståelse för genus, könskategorisering och stereotypa drag hos flickor och pojkar. De tre böckerna, Rekryten av Robert Muchamore, Habib – meningen med livet av Douglas Foley samt Bröder emellan av Tomas Dömstedt kommer att analyseras separat och grundar sig i metoden kritisk diskursanalys där fokus främst kommer att ligga på protagonisterna i böckerna. Min analys av de tre böckerna tyder på att alla innehåller stereotypa drag, och som vid läsning enbart för nöjets skull, utan vidare reflektion, troligtvis kan bidra till att könsstereotypa beteenden, egenskaper, maskuliniteter och feminiteter upprätthålls. Protagonisterna visar dock varierande egenskaper och beteenden som motverkar traditionella könsmönster. Att analysera karaktärer i böckerna ger oss en bild av hur samhällets sociala system kan se ut, och hur vi kan bidra till en positiv förbättring om vi tar oss tid att samtala om och diskutera dessa diskurser.

The thesis analyses the situation of women in management and their lower participation in leading positions. Theoretical part contains fundamental resources and explains the main concept of this issue, e.g. gender, gender roles or discrimination of women in the labour market. Practical part contains analysis of position of women in the labour market, differences between men and women in leadership and research dedicated to this problematics. The cope part of the thesis has been formed based on the research results, which have been obtained from respondents via interviews. Surveyed experiences and opinions of the female managers are included to underline the problematics. Important part of the study is also related to further difficulties during the work proces as well as work-life balance in detail.. The main goal of the thesis is to confirm or to negate the stated hypothesis, answer particular questions and come to a conclusion on how the private sector as well as loacal government could positively affect this issue.