Cette recherche doctorale a pour objectif de préciser le rôle du sexe et des stéréotypes de genre dans les dimensions attitudinales et relationnelles en jeu dans l’intention de quitter un emploi traditionnellement féminin. Pour ce faire, cinq études ont été réalisées. Les quatre premières ont trait à la construction d’un outil évaluant l’identification aux stéréotypes de genre alors que la cinquième investigue le rôle de cette dernière et du sexe dans les modèles classiques du turnover.La première étude a été réalisée auprès d’un échantillon de 498 étudiants. Elle a permis de préciser les stéréotypes féminins et masculins véhiculés dans la société française. Ces derniers ont ensuite été validés dans une seconde étude, auprès d’une population générale (N = 574). L’outil ainsi constitué a été proposé dans une troisième étude (N = 542) afin d’en vérifier la validité conceptuelle. Une quatrième étude (N = 431) a mené à l’identification des attentes sociales en matière de caractéristiques genrées, à l’égard des personnes souhaitant travailler dans une profession dite féminine. Enfin, la cinquième et dernière étude (N = 204) investiguait d’une part, l’incidence du sexe et des stéréotypes de genre dans les attitudes (satisfaction et engagement organisationnel), les ressources socio-organisationnelles (LMX, TMX et SOP) et l’intention de quitter un emploi féminin. D’autre part, l’incidence du sexe dans les relations entretenues entre ces dimensions était également questionnée. Les principaux résultats mettent en évidence le caractère genré du turnover puisque les dimensions en cause dans ce dernier diffèrent selon le sexe du travailleur. Si la satisfaction et l’engagement organisationnel apparaissent essentiels pour éviter la rotation volontaire des hommes comme des femmes, les formes d’engagement apparaissent distinctes selon les stéréotypes de genre. Alors que les hommes valorisent un engagement basé sur leurs propres investissements, les femmes préfèrent un engagement centré sur les investissements qu’on leur confère. En ce sens, les pratiques de socialisation organisationnelle paraissent essentielles pour ces dernières. Ce travail souligne également les limites des approches comparatives visant à identifier les différences entre les sexes et démontre l’importance de dissocier les hommes, des femmes lorsque l’on cherche à mettre en évidence des modèles prédictifs de l’intention de quitter. / This doctoral research aims to clarify the role of sex and gender stereotypes in the attitudinal and relational dimensions involved in intend to leave a traditionally female’jobs. To do this, five studies were performed. The first four relate to the construction of a tool who evaluates the identification of gender stereotypes while the fifth investigates the role of the latter and of the sex in the classical models of turnover.The first study was carried out among a sample of 498 students. She clarified the female and male stereotypes in French society. These were then validated in a second study, from a general population (N = 574). The tool thus formed was proposed in a third study (N = 542) to verify the construct validity. A fourth study (N = 431) completed the identification of the social expectations of gendered characteristics, with respect to people wishing to work in a traditionally female's profession. Finally, the fifth and final study (N = 204) was investigating on the one hand, the impact of sex and gender stereotypes in attitudes (satisfaction and organizational commitment), socio-organizational resources (LMX, TMX and SOP) and intend to leave a female employment. On the second hand, the impact of gender in the relationships between these dimensions was also questioned. The main results demonstrate the gendered nature of the turnover since the dimensions involved in the latter differ by gender of the worker. If satisfaction and organizational commitment appear essential to prevent voluntary turnover of both men and women, forms of engagement appear different, depending on gender stereotypes. While men value a commitment based on their own investments, women prefer a commitment focused on investments which are confered to them. In this sense, the organizational socialization practices seem essential for women.This work also highlights the limits of comparative approaches to identify gender differences and demonstrates the importance of separating men and women when seeking to bring out predictive models of turnover intention.

Detta examensarbete behandlar ämnet genus med fokus på en grupp femåriga barns tankar om leksaker och kön. Syftet utgörs av att undersöka om en grupp pojkar och flickor vid femårsålder tänker könsstereotypt om leksaker. Samt om dessa eventuella könsstereotypa tankar kan kopplas till föräldrarnas utbildningsnivå. För att söka svar på detta genomfördes en bildundersökning med 11 barn på en centralt belägen förskola i en medelstor svensk stad, de medverkande barnens föräldrar besvarade en enkät rörande barnens bakgrund så som syskon, leksaker och kamrater. Resultatet visade att yttre påverkan i form av föräldrars utbildningsnivå tycks ha ingen eller liten betydelse för barnens könsstereotypa tankar. Resultatet visade istället att faktorer så som eventuella syskon, syskonens ålder och kön samt föräldrarnas medvetna genustänk gentemot sina barn, var av stor vikt gällande barnens uppfattning om vilka leksaker som är kopplade till vilket kön. / The aim of this study is to show whether boys and girls at the age of five have gender stereotyped views about toys or not, and if their views can possibly be linked to the parents educational level. In order to answer this question we carried out a picture based study amongst 11 children in a preschool located in a town in Sweden. The parents also answered a survey with questions regarding their background such as siblings, toys, friends, educational level and work. The results showed that the parents’ educational level has little or no impact on the children’s answers in the study. Sibling or lack of siblings seems to be of bigger significance. But also if the parents have gender in mind when buying toys and clothes to their child. These two factors seem to be the most significant ones in relation to how the children associate different toys with gender and toys in our study.

Title from PDF of title page. / Document formatted into pages; contains 184 pages. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of South Florida, 2003. / Includes bibliographical references. / Text (Electronic thesis) in PDF format. / ABSTRACT: This experimental study used eight written vignettes to analyze the effects of professor gender, professor leadership style (democratic/autocratic), and type of situation (task/personal) and participant gender on evaluations of professors&softsign; competence, likeability and masculinity characteristics. Undergraduates from the College of Arts and Science (N=932; Males=464, Females=467), and the College of Education (N=722; Males=140, Females=582) were used. Results indicated that research participants rated democratic professors significantly more competent, likeable, and more feminine than autocratic professors. / ABSTRACT: Contrary to expectations derived from gender spill-over and gender congruency theories, male participants did not rate female professors more negatively than their male counterparts when they acted autocratically in a personal situation (i.e., gender incongruent manner.) Exploratory results revealed trends that are discussed along with theoretical and practical implications. / System requirements: World Wide Web browser and PDF reader. / Mode of access: World Wide Web.

Magistro darbe analizuojamas vaikų, turinčių specialiųjų ugdymosi poreikių, lyčių vaidmenų šeimoje suvokimas. Suformuluota hipotezė, jog šeimos perteikia savo vaikams stereotipinius požiūrius į lyčių vaidmenis šeimoje. Tyrime dalyvavo riboto ir nežymiai sutrikusio intelekto mokiniai, kurių amžius 12 – 17 metų. Iš viso apklausti 194 moksleiviai (89 mergaitės, 105 – berniukai). Anketinės apklausos metodu tirta, kaip mokiniai suvokia lyčių vaidmenis šeimoje. Analizuojant tyrimo duomenis, buvo lyginami mergaičių ir berniukų atsakymai. Atlikta statistinė (deskriptyvinė statistika – procentinių dažnių, alfa faktorinė) duomenų analizė. Empirinėje dalyje nagrinėjama mokinių nuomonė apie vyrų ir moterų vaidmenis šeimoje, bruožus, svarbius moteriai, vyrui; vaikų pareigos šeimoje, berniukų ir mergaičių auklėjimo ypatumai (skirtumus, panašumus). Svarbiausios empirinio tyrimo išvados: 1. Nustatyta, kad tyrime dalyvavę mokiniai auga šeimose, kurioms būdingas stereotipinis požiūris į lyčių vaidmenis šeimoje: tiek tėvų, tiek vaikų pareigos diferencijuojamos pagal lytį; merginos orientuojamos į šeimą, vaikų auginimą ir namų ruošą, vaikinai – į fizinį darbą. 2. Tėvai skatina elgesį, atitinkantį vaiko lytį: merginas skatina ir giria už elgesį, savybes, darbus, kurie tradiciškai priskiriami moterims, vaikinus – už savybes ir poelgius, kurie priskiriami vyrams. 3. Tiek merginos, tiek vaikinai tipiškai moteriškoms savybėms priskiria jausmingumą, švelnumą, drovumą, kuklumą, grožį... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The perception of gender roles in the family of children with special needs is analyzed in the Master thesis. The hypothesis that families pass their stereotype attitudes towards the gender roles in the family is formed. Pupils with limited or mildly mental disabilities participated in the research the age of which is 12-17 years. In total 194 pupils were surveyed (89 girls and 105 boys). The questionnaire survey method analyzed how pupils perceive the gender roles in the family. While analyzing the data of the research the answers of boys and girls were compared. The statistical (descriptive statistics - percentage, t-Test, alpha factor) data analysis was performed. The empirical part deals with the students’ opinion on the roles of women and men in the family, features important for the woman and man; children’s duties in the family, peculiarities of girls and boys’ nurture (similarities and differences). The most important conclusions of the empirical research: 1. It was determined that the students who participated in the research are brought in the families which have a characteristic stereotype attitude towards the gender roles in the family: both the duties of parents and children are differentiated according to their gender; the girls are oriented towards the family, children upbringing and household and the boys are oriented to the physical work. 2. Parents encourage the behavior relevant to the gender of the child: they encourage and compliment girls for... [to full text]

I min kvalitativa studie har jag genom textanalyser, intervjuer och receptionsanalys undersökt hur kvinnor och män framställs i reklam. Genom att göra denna triangulering har jag kunnat belysa forskningsfrågorna från olika håll och därför fått en tydligare helhetsbild. Syftet med uppsatsen är att öka förståelsen för om och hur, kvinnor och män könsstereotypiseras i reklam, samt hur de resonerar kring detta. Jag har även i uppsatsen undersökt om det går att urskilja mönster eller teman i hur kvinnor och män resonerar om den som könsstereotypiserats är av motsatt kön. För att undersöka forskningsfrågorna tar uppsatsen avstamp i, anmälda reklamers bedömningar som gjorts av näringslivets självreglering gällande reklam och marknadskommunikation, Reklamombudsmannen och Reklamombudsmannens opinionsnämnd. Undersökningen visar att såväl kvinnor som män, är bra på att uppfatta könsstereotypisering och görandet av kön i reklam. En av de i uppsatsen utvalda reklamerna blev inte fälld av Reklamombudsmannens opinionsnämnd, men både jag och informanter kunde identifiera könsstereotyper och könsmarkörer i den. Samtliga informanter uttryckte sig uppfatta könsstereotyper gällande både kvinnor och män, i de för uppsatsen utvalda reklamerna. Analysen visar också att individen i sig, verkar ha större betydelse för hur och om informanterna resonerar kring könsstereotypisering, än deras fysiska kön. / In my qualitative study, I examined textual analyses, interviews and reception analysis of how women and men are portrayed in advertising. By doing this triangulation, I have been able to highlight the research questions from different angles and therefore gotten a clearer general picture. The purpose of the essay is to increase understanding of whether and how, women and men are gender stereotyped in advertising and how they reason about this. I have also examined whether it is possible to distinguish patterns or themes, in how women and men reason if the gender-stereotyped is of the opposite sex. In order to analyse the research questions, the essay takes off in the assessments of notified advertisings made by industry's self-regulation regarding advertising and marketing communications, Reklamombudsmannen and Reklamombudsmannens opinionsnämnd. The survey shows that both women and men are good at perceiving gender stereotyping and the making of gender, in advertising. One of the selected advertisements was not convicted by Reklamombudsmannens opinionsnämnd, but both me and informants could identify gender stereotypes and gender markers in it. All informants expressed themselves to perceive gender stereotypes regarding both women and men, in the, for the essay chosen, advertisements. The analysis also shows that the individual itself, seems to be more important for how and if the informants reason about gender stereotyping, than their sex.

[pt] Estereótipos são generalizações sobre atributos, características e comportamentos possuídos por um grupo. Embora se possa reconhecer a sua utilidade na praticidade da vida social, eles podem gerar distorções da realidade e consequentemente ocasionar prejuízos, quando, ao não considerar as especificidades de determinadas pessoas ou grupos, age para lhes negar direitos. Em uma sociedade patriarcal em que as imagens de mulher foram construídas de forma relacional ao homem, os estereótipos de gênero contribuem para a criação e para o reforço de hierarquias de gênero que operam em detrimento das mulheres. No caso das mulheres encarceradas brasileiras, é possível enxergar a forma como os estereótipos agem para criminalizá-las duplamente observando as condições de encarceramento a que estão submetidas. A realidade das presidiárias demonstra que o estereótipo da mulher como frágil e passiva, quando rompido, gera uma reprovação social maior, de modo que sua criminalidade parece ser mais grave que a do homem. Há dois aspectos que devem necessariamente ser levados em consideração no estudo do encarceramento feminino: a custódia da mulher anterior ao sistema penal, materializada por uma política de controle informal posta em prática pela família; e a interseção entre os múltiplos focos de discriminação que sofre a mulher presa. Se o direito é certamente uma instituição através da qual os estereótipos de gênero são reproduzidos, este trabalho pretende questionar em que medida ele pode também ser um instrumento de luta por igualdade, reconhecendo a urgência na construção e valorização de criminologias feministas aptas a transformar as práticas de gênero que vem impedindo a mulher presa de receber tratamento adequado. / [en] Stereotypes are generalizations about attributes, traits and behaviors which belong to a group. Although it is accepted their usefulness in practical social life, they can create distortions and consequently lead to damage when, on failing to consider the specificities of certain persons or groups, support the denial of their rights. In a patriarchal society where woman was constructed in relation to men, gender stereotypes contribute to create and reinforce gender hierarchies that operate against women. In the case of Brazilian women prisoners, we can see how stereotypes act to criminalize them twice by observing the prisons conditions to which they are subjected. The reality of prisoners shows that the stereotype of women as weak and passive when broken generates greater social disapproval, so their criminality seems to be more severe than that of men. There are two aspects that must necessarily be regarded in the study of women s imprisonment: women s custody prior to the penal system, embodied by a policy of informal control implemented by the family, and the intersection between the multiple focuses of discrimination that women in prison suffer. Being Law an institution where gender stereotypes are reproduced, this work aims at questioning to what extent it can be an instrument of struggle for equality, recognizing the urgency in building and enhancing some feminist criminology that can transform the practices of gender that have prevented incarcerated woman to receive adequate treatment.

In recent years, sexting has become common part of online communication. This thesis aspires to analyse this media phenomen and sexting behavior among online users. One of the aim of the thesis is to find out if gender differences among online sexual communication occur. For purpose of this thesis, I used quantitative method of research and analysed data extracted from the questionnare distributed among internet users with use of statistics. Research did not prove gender difference in frequency of sexting, however men were more open to sexting outside of stable relationship. Although research did not confirm presumption suggesting that women deal with greater negative impact of sexting, women displayed higher concerns about risk and stigma related to online sexual communication. These concerns could be effected by gender stereotypes in sexual behavior sustained by society.

This paper track about past and present status of woman in society and politics. We can read about history fight for women's rights in Czech and worldwide scale. After apprize of the history, we take a look at perception of gender and feminism. Then we will focus on main part of this thesis - representation of women in politics. We will do research how are woman represented at all levels of politics and do analyze of election to house of parliament in 2010. This include comparisons women at candidates to women elected into the political party. There were related campaign of political party ?Public Affairs? and we will try to figure out, if this campaing do not encourage traditional stereotypes how to perceive women in society. There were used inerview with woman contributors of this political campaing to obtain this information. There is very clear conclusion that politicians (Mgr. Karolína Peak, ThDr. Kateřina Klasnová, Ing. Lenka Andrýsová) do not see this billboard and calendar campaign as wrong move and all agree, that for unknown small politics party it was good opportunity how to make it visible.

Cette thèse vise à mieux comprendre les choix des femmes et des hommes dans le domaine professionnel, pour mieux comprendre et dépasser la pérennisation des inégalités professionnelles entre les sexes, en particulier dans la Fonction Publique Territoriale, système organisationnel qui se veut neutre et égalitaire par définition. Une série de travaux réalisés dans le cadre d'une CIFRE visent la mise en place d'un dispositif interne de promotion de l'égalité professionnelle entre les femmes et les hommes sous forme de projet transversal.Sur le plan théorique, nous avons articulé la théorie de la catégorisation sociale et celle des représentations sociales (Moscovici, 1961). Nous observons les effets des variables de sexe, de genre – e.g. l'identification aux stéréotypes de genre (Bem, 1974) -, de statut hiérarchique et de filière d'emploi sur les représentations sociales de l'égalité hommes-femmes, de la réussite professionnelle et de la compétence. Nous utilisons l'analyse catégorielle et prototypique (Vergès, 1992) et l'analyse discriminante intergroupes (Doise et al., 1992). De plus, nous analysons l'effet du genre en interaction avec le sexe notamment sur la conciliation entre vie professionnelle et vie privée. Nos résultats révèlent la nécessité de prendre en compte certains facteurs culturels tels que les stéréotypes de genre et les représentations sociales pour expliquer les différences sexuées dans le domaine professionnel. Enfin, nous discutons nos résultats pour les inscrire dans une dimension sociétale et idéologique dont certains éléments peuvent servir d'espace de négociation des valeurs du féminin et du masculin dans la division sexuelle du travail. / This thesis aims to better understand men and women's choices in the workplace, to better understand and overcome the perpetuation of professional gender inequalities in the public sector, as this organizational system is supposed to be neutral and equal by definition. This work, composed of a series of studies, was carried out under a convention to establish an internal device for promoting equality between men and women as a cross-cutting project.On the theoretical aspect, social categorization theory and social representation theory (Moscovici, 1961) are articulated. We analyze the effects of sex, gender – e.g. gendered stereotypes identification (Bem, 1974) - hierarchical status and job sector on social representations of gender equality, professional success and competence. We use categorical and prototypical analyses (Vergès, 1992) and discriminant analysis (Doise et al., 1992). In addition, we analyse the effect of gender in interaction with sex on work and private life balance. Our results reveal the need to take into account cultural factors, such as gender stereotypes and social representations, in order to explain the gender gap in the professional field. Finally, we discuss our results at a societal and ideological level which contain elements that can be used to negotiate feminine and masculine values in the sexual division of labor.

Tidigare forskning visar att kvinnor i mansdominerade branscher upplever ett antal utmaningar i formav långa arbetsdagar, manlig jargong och sexism. Stor del av den tidigare forskningen jag har tagit delav fokuserar på manligt och kvinnligt ur ett perspektiv där kvinnors utvecklings- och karriärmöjligheterär i fokus. Syftet med denna studie är istället att skapa fördjupad förståelse av kvinnor med finansiellayrkens upplevelser och erfarenheter av att arbeta i en mansdominerad bransch. Detta gjordes genom attstudera hur kvinnorna uppfattar sig själva i relation till sin yrkesroll samt hur de beskriver och förhållersig till den arbetsplatskontext de arbetar i. Studien utgår från en socialkonstruktionistisk ontologi med ett strukturalistiskt ochsocialkonstruktionistisk perspektiv på kön i organisationer. Det empiriska materialet utgörs av tiosemistrukturerade intervjuer med kvinnor som arbetar med finansiella yrken i ett antal olikaorganisationer inom finansbranschen. Materialet har analyserats utifrån det teoretiska ramverketbestående av Kanters strukturella teori, ett ”doing gender”-perspektiv samt begreppet könsstereotyper.Resultatet visar hur kvinnorna är delaktiga i processen av skapandet av kön genom att de upprätthålleroch anpassar sig efter den manliga normen. När kvinnor och mäns stereotypiska egenskaper ställs motvarandra, framträder mannens egenskaper som mest eftersträvansvärda. Kvinnorna beskriver själva attde främst upplevt fördelar av att arbeta i en mansdominerad bransch där synligheten hjälpt dem på vägenframåt i karriären. Analysen visar däremot att deras upplevelser även kantas av en ständig anpassningtill den manliga normen samt en verklighet där de stundtals blir ifrågasatta och förminskade.