A lo largo de las últimas décadas se ha escrito mucho acerca de los estilos de liderazgo que tienen tanto hombres como mujeres y el cómo estos van adquiriendo distintos matices con el pasar de los años y las nuevas generaciones. En este documento se realizará una breve descripción de los conceptos relacionados a los roles de género y liderazgo, así como los estereotipos vinculados a ellos. Además se abordará acerca de la brecha de género que se presenta en el liderazgo organizacional y las iniciativas o medidas que se están adoptando en los últimos años para contrarrestar aquellas desigualdades. Asimismo, en el presente trabajo se conocerán de manera sintetizada las posiciones que sostienen que el estilo de liderazgo está influenciado por el género, como aquellas que afirman que son variables independientes. No hay acuerdo respecto a que exista un estilo definido de liderazgo según el género de procedencia. Incluso, de acuerdo a investigaciones de los últimos años ha surgido una manera de liderar que adopta rasgos estereotipados de ambos géneros: el liderazgo andrógino. Sin embargo, la influencia del género en el estilo de liderazgo podría estar dada por los estereotipos de género, que aún persisten, los cuales regularían la conducta y el estilo de gestión de los líderes. / Over the last few decades much has been written about the leadership styles of both men and women and how they acquire different nuances over the years and with the passing of new generations. This document will briefly describe the concepts related to gender and leadership roles, as well as the stereotypes associated with them. It will also address the gender gap in organizational leadership and the initiatives or measures that have been taken in recent years to counter those inequalities. Likewise, in this paper we will synthesize the positions that maintain that leadership style is influenced by gender, as well as those that affirm that they are independent variables. There is no agreement that there is a defined style of leadership according to the gender of origin. In fact, according to research in recent years, a way of leading has emerged that adopts stereotypical features of both genders: androgynous leadership. However, the influence of gender on leadership style could be given by gender stereotypes, which still persist, which would regulate the behaviour and management style of leaders. / Trabajo de Suficiencia Profesional

5 Abstract This diploma thesis focuses on the structure of relationships and the influence of power in the documentary image of the total institution of female prisons. The total institution is, seen from the outside, an impenetrable institution. This fact enables us to analyse the structure of relationships and the influence of power more easily than in an open surroundings. The environment of female prisons is also defined from the point of view of gender - gender socialises us, we constantly refer to gender, gender is an organising principle. The aim of this diploma thesis is to find the answer where to gender projects itself in the environment of ostensibly no-gender determination. The research of the thesis defines the study of a docusoap, broadcasted at Nova TV in 2015. The study also contains an analysis of an interview with the producer of the show. Based on this analysis I come to the conclusion that within the documentary image of female prisons it is visible that the prison keeps the stereotyped image of a "real" woman and the whole prison is run according to this model. This means that gender stereotypes mirror mainly in everyday functions of the prison. The next reflection of gender stereotypes is evident in the relationships between the inmates themselves and further differentiation between...

This thesis focuses on the area of prenatal preparation for men, who are seen as secondary in the area of parenthood. In spite of the still prevailing traditional gender division of roles in Czech family there are alternative forms, which give a chance not only for men, but also for women to choose between private and public sphere. For the purpose of this thesis a qualitative research of prenatal courses for heterosexual couples has been realized with the goal to understand and give a description of construction of fatherhood. The research focuses on the way of reproduction and discruption of gender stereotypes in connection with parenthood, especially fatherhood, and how men experience their new parental role - how they harmonize traditional and contemporary demands. Even though active fatherhood can not be considered as a prototype of western fatherhood, it is important to make it visible and speak about it, because the equal in the family is the first step for the equal status and opportunities for women and men in the public sphere.

The principal objective of my thesis was to find out what changes in sexual harassment of university students have occurred since 2008/2009 when the research project Sexual harassment at university: occurrence and perception was carried out. In the theoretical part I describe the term sexual harassment, specifics of the university environment and at the end of the theoretical part I show negative effects of sexual harassment and outline possible ways how to prevent it. In the methodological part I describe the research itself. I interviewed a total of 946 students using a questionnaire survey to find out what forms of sexual harassment students most often face, whether women perceive annoying behaviour more critically than men and whether they have more experience with it and also how students define sexual harassment. The analysis of the results showed that there were no major changes in the total share of students who experienced the sexual harassment by their teachers compared to the previous research. At the same time, some types of harassing behaviour have become more frequent (e.g. abusive behaviour due to being a man or a woman, ridiculing students' appearance). Keywords: sexual harassment, universities, education, gender stereotypes

This diploma thesis analyses and compares two categories of Disney fairy tale films. On one side we have the animated films from the 20th century, on the other side their modern live action remakes. This thesis focuses on the portrayal of gender and social interactions, and examines whether there has been any change in these aspects from a feminist perspective. Fairy tales play a significant role in gender socialization of children and are a reflection of the contemporary societal ideals of femininity and masculinity. The theoretical part of the thesis introduces the concept of gender and how it is learned, how feminism views gender and society, and the development of the feminist movement. It explores fairy tales, their role as socialization agents and the theory of feminist critique of fairy tales. It also focuses on film adaptations of fairy tales and more specifically on Disney studio and the criticism of it. The examined films were subjected to analysis based on the method of grounded theory. During the research a significant advancement was discovered in the portrayal of female and male heroes, romantic love, patriarchal society in fairy tale worlds and in the representation of race and sexual minorities.

Women around the world face various kinds of discrimination, which vary from country to country and from culture to culture. Socio-economic crises and global emergencies can accentuate such gender inequalities being particularly detrimental to women. During Covid-19 pandemic women have experienced significant hardships, disproportionately affecting 740 million women worldwide (Rivera, Hsu, Esbry & Dugarova, 2020). According to the United Nations, “across the globe, women earn less, save less, hold less secure jobs, are more likely to be employed in the informal sector. They have less access to social protection and are the majority of single-parent households. Their capacity to absorb economic shocks is, therefore, less than that of men.” Furthermore, the unfair treatment of women is also reinforced by derogatory female stereotypes spread around the media, making it extremely difficult for women to rebound after a crisis (Milford, 2020).  In the case of Greece, the pandemic aggravated the economic inequalities faced by women, which could be traced only after one meticulously delves into some formal documents and statistics provided by Greek open data or governmental institutions. Furthermore, the Greek mass media continue to maintain a stiff discriminative stance against women, feeding the Greek mindset with gender stereotypes affecting negatively the way females are evolving within the society, and in particular as entrepreneurs or employees. The outburst of the Covid-19 pandemic added to this, as the immediate reflexes of the Greek power and authority agents was to ‘protect‘ the existing dominant system with all its weaknesses and distortions that it may bear. Under this notion, Greek mass media, did not project the real repercussions of the pandemic, but it kept projecting the same distorted gender representations, as if the pandemic has had exclusively health repercussions. In fact, there is a large gap, with no clear conclusions regarding research on the impact the produced stereotypes by the Greek media have on women’s ability to contribute to any form of development. So, I aim to investigate how Greek women perceive their position and the way they are treated within the society and the working sector, and how the Greek mass media represent the female figure, especially after the pandemic outburst. I interviewed eight women and included extracted information from two magazines, two newspapers, and four television advertisements. I also used statistical data from governmental and other official sources investigating related data before and after the pandemic.  Although recent Greek official satistical data indicate that women have been more by the Covid- 19 pandemic compared to men, results have shown that not all women have experienced gender discrimination in the workplace, nor have they been exclusively socio-economically afflicted from the Covid-19 pandemic; they have been negatively affected, though, as everybody else has. Moreover, all participants recognize the extensive stereotyped representation of women on the Greek mass media, which is also evident from the provided media extracts in this study. Furthermore, Greek mothers seem to struggle to balance between family and career, as they are not on the top choices of employers, although female entrepreneurship in Greece is steadily evolving. Finally, the place of residence appears to play a role in the way women are treated, as in large cities, people are more open-minded and less stuck with the old-fashioned gender roles of the Greek culture.

This study aims to examine the representation of male and female authors and how they are described in three literature textbooks used in Swedish upper secondary school. The theoretical framework consists of gender theory with focus on the stereotyped images that have existed, and still exists, about what is characteristically masculine and feminine. The authors have been counted quantitatively and the descriptions of the authors have been analyzed qualitatively through close reading from a gender perspective. The result shows that male authors are overrepresented in all three textbooks but that female authors are overrepresented in pictures in one of the textbooks. The textbooks do not reach quantitative equality in author representation in text but do so in author representation in pictures. The result also shows that the descriptions of authors are contributing to the maintenance of a male norm and to stereotyped images of men and women. A result which is not in agreement with the Swedish curriculum values concerning equality between men and women.

Nike is a prominent company that engages in brand activism, a marketing approach wherein they brand themselves as socially progressive by adopting public stances on controversial social issues. Because Nike resides at the intersection of media and sports, both of which are institutions that gender plays an important role in, an exploration of how Nike constructs gender in its commercials may illuminate the authenticity of its brand activism and progressive politics. Through a content analysis of 131 commercials released by Nike in the past decade, I explore whether their reputation as a socially progressive company extends to genuinely diverse and inclusive portrayals of gender in their commercials, or if they instead continue to rely on gender stereotypes. My results indicate that Nike commercials continue to treat sports as a predominantly masculine realm in which male athletes compete, therefore marginalizing athletes who are female or who do not display traditional masculine qualities. I also find that the bulk of athletes portrayed by Nike are those that adhere to gender stereotypes, indicating that Nike chooses to reinforce hegemonic masculine ideals rather than being genuinely inclusive and progressive in regard to gender.

The thesis examines how the logic of misogyny and post-feminism has perpetuated the negotiations of femininity in digital environments. Employing thematic analysis, the study explores online depictions of the phenomenon Not Like the Other Girls in order to explain its relation to internalized misogyny. The data has been formed as a case study of Instagram #Notliketheothergirls and Reddit - r/notliketheothergirls. The result of the analysis unveiled the expression of traditional notions of femininity and post-feminist ideas and be found, resulting in a paradoxical idea of femininity. Moreover, the method has developed three central themes repeated within the data around the phenomenon of Not Like the Other Girls. Their significance spurs on the opposition between the patriarchal and post-feminist ideal of woman and discovers a new term - internal dichotomies. The constant comparison throughout the paper requires analysis of the role of ‘the other’. As findings claim, it is an essential part of finding one’s position and developing a sense of belonging. The overall findings conclude that internalized misogyny can be explained as the driving power of phenomena such NLOGs. However, further research should focus on the age aspect of women protagonists of internalized misogyny, engaging in the negotiations of femininity.

The diploma thesis A Gender Analysis of Reading-Books for Pupils of 1st and 2nd Years of Primary Schools focuses on the topic of gender in education. Specifically, it examines the ways in which female and male characters are represented in the texts and illustrations in textbooks and considers whether these are stereotypical views of gender and whether these are gender-sensitive views. The research consists of a quantitative content analysis of three reading-books and of qualitative interpretation of their gender correctness and sensitivity. It is set in a framework of theoretical foundations of psychology, sociology, feminist theory and gender studies. The work is based on the premise that the school as an institution plays an important role in gender socialization of children and the thesis therefore aims to find out whether and eventually how these reading- books promote gender equality. Key words: gender, gender stereotypes, gender system, socialization, school, textbooks