The submitted diploma thesis summarizes knowledge and findings concerning the issues of gender and social inequality with a focus on leadership in organizations. The target of the thesis is to found out if there are any different characteristics in the way males and females perform in management posts. The theoretical point of view is gender theory, through which tries to determine the causes and context of the unequal status men and women in society and in educational system to the labour market where women face a number of barriers that are causing the lower representation of women in management. Within the framework of the theory of organization and management or in the context of leadership styles looks for the optimal leadership style regardless of gender. Keywords equal opportunities, gender roles, gender stereotypes, labour market, leadership, management

En kvalitativ studie som undersöker hur barn kan påverkas av upplevt våld i nära relation och hur våldets orsaker kan förstås och förebyggas. Studien är baserad på fyra intervjuer med yrkesverksamma socionomer som har erfarenhet av arbete inom våld i nära relation. Socionomerna arbetar på ett Barnahus, ett kriscentrum för män, Centrum mot våld samt en verksamhet som bland annat arbetar med familjesamtal. De teoretiska ramar som studien utgörs av är genusperspektivet samt symboliskt interaktionistiskt perspektiv. Resultatet indikerar på att konsekvenserna av våld är desamma oaktat om ett barn har bevittnat eller själv blivit utsatt för våldet. Detta främst vad gäller de psykiska konsekvenserna som vanligen förklaras i form av skuld, skam och självförakt. Konsekvenserna beroende på barnets könstillhörighet visar på olikheter, där identifikation till föräldrar och anpassning efter samhällsnormer tycks ha en inverkan på barnets utveckling till följd av våldet. Många barn har obearbetade känslor vilka presenteras som konsekvenser av våldet, men kan även förstås som orsaker till eget bruk av våld i nära relation senare i livet. För att mildra konsekvenser men också förebygga våldet och dess uppkomst behöver ett större föräldraansvar tas för att minska ett barns konsekvenser samt avlasta barnets känslor av skuld. Ytterligare behöver barn ges möjlighet att resonera kring samhällsnormer och könsspecifika förväntningar.

The purpose of this bachelor thesis Leisure-time pedagogues physical positioning on the school playground from a gender perspective is to examine the interaction between the leisure-time pedagogues and pupils during school break activities and how their physical positions on the school playground, and the pedagogues’ gender, reduces or amplifies the current gender stereotypes. Previous research has indicated that the school’s pedagogues play a significant part in the development of the pupils’ identity. Pedagogues’ approach, treatment, interaction and expectations towards pupils’, along with the school playground’s layout, are of importance. This thesis uses gender theory based upon various feminist perspectives. These present relevant concepts such as gender order, feminism, “genderfication” and gender equality. The empirical data has been collected through three observations and three computer-aided interviews. The result has proven that the gender of the pedagogue plays a certain part in the interaction with the pupils. Popular sports such as football and basketball are preferred by boys and male pedagogues while softer activities without competitive elements are preferred by girls and some boys. Our interpretation is that there is some reinforcement of stereotypical gender patterns during the school break activities. We see a correlation between how pedagogues work at our observed schools and what other researchers have presented in their studies. / Syftet med den här uppsatsen är att utforska samspelet mellan fritidshemspersonalen och eleverna under rastverksamheten, hur de placerar sig fysiskt på skolgården och om pedagogens kön kan försvaga eller förstärka könsmönster. Tidigare forskning har indikerat att skolans olika pedagoger spelar en väsentlig roll för elevernas identitetsutveckling. Pedagoger förhållningssätt, bemötande, interaktion, förväntningar på eleverna och skolgårdens utformning är centrala. Den här uppsatsen använder sig av genusteori med rötter i olika feministiska perspektiv. Dessa presenterar relevanta begrepp som könsordning, feminism, genusifiering och jämställdhet. För att samla in det empiriska materialet har vi använt observation och datorstödd intervju som metod. Materialet består av tre observationer och tre intervjuer. Resultatet visar att pedagogens kön spelar en viss roll i arbetet med eleverna. Dels är sport som fotboll och basketboll dominerat av pojkar och manliga pedagoger medan lugnare lek utan tävlingsmoment lockar fler flickor och en del pojkar. Vår tolkning är att det råder viss förstärkning av stereotypa könsmönster ute under rastverksamheten. Sett till tidigare forskning uppfattar vi en klar korrelation mellan hur pedagoger arbetar på de observerade skolorna och vad andra forskare har presenterat i sina studier.

Nos livros de L. Frank Baum cuja ação se desenvolve na Terra de Oz, as personagens femininas aparecem nas mais diversas funções, de protagonista a vilã, de fada a bruxa, de princesa a general, entre outras, sejam elas humanas, feéricas ou animais, desdobrando-se em diversos papéis e, desse modo, reproduzindo alguns estereótipos e quebrando outros. Diante desse campo fértil, o presente trabalho investiga as formas de representação do feminino empregadas na série, cuja primeira e mais conhecida obra é O Maravilhoso Mágico de Oz. Para tanto, a principal teoria a ser utilizada será a semiótica de linha francesa, com o suporte dos estudos comparatistas e dos estudos de gênero. Averiguamos se os livros da série de Oz trazem inovação na forma de representar o feminino. Como na própria introdução do primeiro livro o autor declarava escrever um conto de fadas moderno, investigou-se ainda a aparente diversidade na forma de manifestar o feminino em relação a outros contos de fada, como os de Charles Perrault e os dos irmãos Grimm. / In L. Frank Baums Oz books, a wide range of roles are performed by female figures: leading character and villain, fairy and witch, princess and general, among others, be they human, fairy or animal, thus reproducing some stereotypes while subverting others. In the face of such a profitable field of study, this dissertation researches female representation throughout the series, whose most renowned book is The Wonderful Wizard of Oz. French semiotics is the main theory underlying our study, aided by gender studies and comparative literature studies. We also sought to ascertain whether the first four books in Baums Oz series innovate in terms of female representation. As the first Oz book introduction asserted it was the authors intention to write a modern fairytale, it was also explored in which ways Oz books represent female characters differently from other fairytales, such as those by Perrault and the Grimm brothers.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T18:15:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Flavia Renata Stawski.pdf: 4088711 bytes, checksum: 272751484e38bf3ad446fe2ce4f99df3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-12-15 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / This analysis aims to investigate how the female gender is presented within the Brazilian TV journalism spectrum. The research, intends to investigate, which female representation models are presented in this type of television shows. In the last few years is noticeable the increment of the interest on the role of the women in the mainstream media - there has been a significant increase of articles in magazines and newspapers, debates on TV shows and social networks; this tendency can also be observed in academia and is almost becoming a commonplace. However, with a closer look on the matter, we can notice that in Brazil almost all of these investigations are focused on advertising, soap operas and entertainment programs; The female representation in the media is well explored, but mainly within these specific kinds of TV shows. The object of the study is the anchorwoman of the three main TV news in the Brazilian broadcast television: Renata Vasconcellos (Jornal Nacional), Rachel Sheherazade (SBT Brazil) and Paloma Tocci (Jornal da Band). Analyzing and crossing several nonverbal aspects, such as: gestural, behavioral, sound aspects and visual aspects (makeup, costumes, posture), using the semiotic theories, especially the studies on television of François Jost - this paper seeks to understand how women are presented as an information transmitter and to investigate whether this kind of exposure is able to influence and propagate in some way, the understanding of how women are been presented as a role model, both aesthetically and behaviorally. In Brazil, there are few previous studies on the subject, for that reason it was used several case studies and significant papers of other countries like USA, England and Canada - which apparently show a little more awareness of how mainstream media contribute to under-representation of women, especially in television newscast. The empirical corpus was built observing and analyzing the presenters of each the three elected TV news, through a comparison of two editions, a day when of the newscast with the official anchorman and one edition with a replacement. Finally contrasting the profiles of the respective presenters, we intend to see if there is a standardized posture gestural, behavioral, sound aspects and visual aspects between then. It was used three different sources of studies to support the investigation, Studies of media and television, Theories on gender and Semiotics (as a tool for the analysis). Using these aspects, the research proposal is to reject or confirm whether there is an explicit or veiled sexism, even in so-called serious programs , such as TV news / Essa análise tem como objetivo investigar como a figura feminina é apresentada dentro do espectro do telejornalismo brasileiro, a partir dessa pesquisa, pretende-se verificar que modos de representação do feminino são construídos nesse tipo de formato televisivo. Há alguns anos é perceptível o interesse progressivo a respeito do papel da nova mulher na mídia observa-se um aumento significativo de matérias em revistas e jornais, debates em programas de tv e nas redes sociais; observa-se essa tendência também no meio acadêmico, varias teses e analises acerca do tema, que de tão recorrente, beira a exaustão. No entanto, com um olhar mais atento à questão, nota-se que a maior parte dessas investigações, senão o total delas, têm seu foco na publicidade, nas telenovelas ou em programas de entretenimento; aborda-se o tema da representatividade feminina na mídia, mas sempre dentro desses espaços midiáticos específicos. O objeto deste estudo serão as apresentadoras dos principais telejornais noturnos da televisão aberta brasileira: Renata Vasconcellos no Jornal Nacional, Raquel Sheherazade no SBT Brasil e Paloma Tocci no Jornal da Band. Analisando e cruzando os aspectos gestuais, comportamentais, sonoros, visuais (maquiagem, figurino, postura), e apoiando-se em teorias da Semiótica, especialmente nos estudos sobre televisão de François Jost, buscaremos compreender como o gênero feminino apresenta-se no papel de transmissor da informação e investigar se essa maneira de exposição está apta a influenciar, propagar ou padronizar em algum aspecto, o entendimento do que seja um modelo do que é o feminino, tanto na estética quanto no comportamento. No Brasil, existem poucos trabalhos precedentes sobre o assunto, dessa maneira, iremos recorrer a casos de estudos e recortes significativos feitos em países como EUA, Inglaterra e Canadá que aparentemente se mostram um pouco mais conscientes da relevância do papel da mulher nas mídias, especialmente no telejornalismo. Construiremos o corpus empírico deste trabalho por meio da gravação e observação analítica das apresentadoras, através de um comparativo de 02 edições dos 03 telejornais, tendo como critério escolhido um dia em que elas apresentavam o telejornal com o companheiro de bancada oficial e um dia em que apresentaram o programa com um substituto; por fim haverá um cruzamento entre os perfis das respectivas apresentadoras, bem como uma analise comparativa indicando se há ou não, como mencionado, aspectos gestuais, comportamentais, visuais e sonoros semelhantes ou padronizados entre elas. Para embasar estas investigações tomaremos como referencial teórico três tipos de fontes distintas: estudos sobre a mídia e telejornalismo, teorias sobre gêneros e a Semiótica como ferramenta para as análises. Abordando todos estes aspectos, a proposta da pesquisa busca rechaçar ou confirmar se há um sexismo explicito ou velado, até mesmo em programas ditos sérios, como é o caso dos telejornais

The aim of the graduation thesis is to describe the stereotypical perception of men and women in today's society. The thesis links this perception to their signification, while working as reporters for private and public broadcasters. This thesis is focusing on the students of various universities and their subjective point of view when it comes to the parity of both sexes. These students were also asked to compare equality of genders in the public sphere as well as in their private lives, and to describe their attitude towards the media in general. Graduation thesis points out the existence of gender stereotypes, even in the field of news that is spread by the television. This graduation thesis consists of four main chapters. The first chapter includes basic expressions and definitions connected with the key terms gender and identity. The second chapter talks about women's identity nowadays and it's development in the past. The third chapter is comparable to the second one, since it talks about men's identity. The very last part of the thesis is strictly practical and it consists of three separate parts. The first part is the analysis of the situation in four specific televisions. The second part includes the preparation and analysis of in-depth interviews with the respondents and the third part contains a practical suggestion in the form of an annotation. This annotation can be used as a guideline for a new school subject taught at universities.

Dans le cadre de cette thèse, nous nous intéressons aux mécanismes sous-jacents à la menace du stéréotype (Steele & Aronson, 1995). Notre objectif principal est de proposer une explication à l’effet délétère de menace du stéréotype sur la performance des individus stigmatisés à travers les conséquences comportementales et cognitives des émotions émergeant dans cette situation. Nos travaux s’articulent autour de deux objectifs de recherche. En premier lieu, nous souhaitons montrer que la situation de menace du stéréotype est susceptible de déclencher aussi bien de la peur que de la colère chez les individus stigmatisés. Nous postulons que l’adhésion ou la non adhésion des individus au stéréotype dont ils sont la cible déterminerait l’émergence de peur ou de colère respectivement. En second lieu, nous examinerons les processus cognitifs et motivationnels par lesquels ces deux émotions diminuent la performance des individus stigmatisés. / In this PhD thesis, we investigate specific mechanisms underlying stereotype threat (Steele & Aronson, 1995). Our main claim is that deleterious effect of stereotype threat on the performance of stigmatized individuals can be explained by the behavioral and cognitive consequences of the emotions emerging in this situation. The aim of the research program is twofold. First, we tested the idea that stereotype threat is likely to trigger fear, but also anger, in stigmatized individuals. Specifically, we assume that the endorsement vs non- endorsement to the stereotype respectively determines the emergence of fear or anger. Second, we investigate the cognitive and motivational processes through which these two emotions lead to a decrease in the performance of stigmatized individuals.

Few women in academia occupy the leadership role of chief information officer (CIO), yet little is known about the underlying causes for gender disparity in this role. The purpose of this causal comparative study was to investigate whether gender stereotypes may impact perceptions about managerial characteristics of CIO candidates in academic settings. The theoretical foundation for this study was Schein's 'Think Manager, Think Male' paradigm and Acker's gendered organization theory. Data were acquired from 48 hiring officials from four-year public, private, and nonprofit colleges, universities, and research institutions in the Northeastern region of the United States who completed the Schein Descriptive Index. Data were analyzed using ANOVA to determine whether gender of the hiring authority was associated with the perceived managerial skills of male, female, and non-gender-specific CIO candidates. Data analysis revealed no significant difference in male and female hiring officials' ratings of male, female, and non-gender-specific CIO candidates. The findings demonstrated the theoretical construct of Schein's 'Think Manager, Think Male' paradigm are outdated and Acker's gendered organization theory persistently exists where males' dominant in organizations and roles deemed masculine. Implications for positive social change in the area of public policy are increasing awareness to hiring officials and women seeking the role of CIO in academia about other factors such as age, ethnicity, and experience that may affect candidate selection in the role of CIO.

<p><!--StartFragment--></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB">My thesis deals with the novel </span><em><span>Ladies</span></em><em><span lang="EN-GB">,</span></em><span lang="EN-GB"> written in 2007 by the Swedish author Mara Lee. When published, it was received as a book belonging to the chick lit genre but still got good reviews. This combination is really unusual and awoke my interest in the novel. My thesis is therefore an analysis whether </span><em><span lang="EN-GB">Ladies</span></em><span lang="EN-GB"> can be considered a chick lit novel or not, and in what way it is similar to or differs from the genre.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB">I start my thesis with an overview of former research of chick lit and what earlier was called trivial literature. Here Lisbeth Larsson’s <em>En annan historia</em>, </span><em><span lang="EN-GB"><span>[</span></span></em><em><span lang="EN-GB">Another Story</span></em><em><span lang="EN-GB"><span>]</span></span></em><em><span lang="EN-GB">,</span></em><span lang="EN-GB"> Janice Radway’s <em>Reading the Romance</em> and Suzanne Ferriss’ and Mallory Young’s anthology <em>Chick Lit The New Woman’s Fiction</em> were necessary to understand the background of the genre.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB">After the research overview I continue with a narratological analysis, using the concepts of Maria Nikolajeva’s <em>Barnbokens byggklossar </em></span><em><span lang="EN-GB"><span>[</span></span></em><em><span lang="EN-GB">The Bricks of the Children Book</span></em><em><span lang="EN-GB"><span>]</span></span></em><span lang="EN-GB"> to look at the structure of a chick lit story. After finishing my chick lit genre analysis I try to complete my own definition of the genre.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB">I find the themes love, sexuality and body focus in </span><em><span lang="EN-GB">Ladies</span></em><span lang="EN-GB"> especially interesting and therefore choose to look closer into how these areas are represented in the book. By using Judith Butler’s concepts the heterosexual matrix, the represented gender and Tiina Rosenberg’s hetero normativity I analyse the representation of the themes. </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB">In the final discussion I compare my different analyses and my conclusion shows that </span><em><span lang="EN-GB">Ladies</span></em><span lang="EN-GB"> can’t be considered belonging to the chick lit genre. The biggest difference lies in how love and sexuality are represented in the book compared to chick lit novels. Whereas chick lit in many cases confirms gender stereotypes and conservative norms, </span><em><span lang="EN-GB">Ladies</span></em><span lang="EN-GB"> actually, according to my analysis, questions them.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB">In the end I am finally doing a short reflection about the novel and the author using Pierre Bourdieus concepts about symbolic resources and ”habitus”. </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB"> </span></p><!--EndFragment--><p> </p>

Im Rahmen eines explorativen Vergleichsuntersuchungsplans wurde untersucht, inwieweit sich die durch biologische Faktoren bedingte unterschiedliche Lebenserfahrung sowie die Sozialisationsbedingungen in der psychosexuellen Entwicklung bei hetero-, homo- und postoperativen transsexuellen Männern (N = 191) auf die Integration der Geschlechterstereotypen in die kognitiven (Selbst-, Fremdwahrnehmung), emotionalen (Selbst- und Fremdbewertung) und verhaltensmäßigen Aspekte (Normen der geschlechtsspezifischen Verhaltens) der Geschlechtsidentität auswirken und ob sich Identifikationsmuster der Entwicklung des geschlechtlichen Selbstkonzepts ableiten lassen. Die Messung der kognitiven Aspekte des geschlechtlichen Selbstkonzepts (Maskulinität und Femininität) erfolgte mittels der GERO-Skala von Brengelmann und Hendrich (1990). Zur Erfassung der emotionalen Aspekte und Identifikationsmuster der Entwicklung des geschlechtlichen Selbstkonzepts wurden die Werte für die Variablen Maskulinität und Femininität zuerst mittels der computergesteuerten Methodik IDEXMONO und IDEXIDIO, die auf der Identitätsstrukturanalyse (Identity Structure Analysis) von Weinreich (2003) basiert, aufgearbeitet und weiter interferenzstatistisch ausgewertet. Weiterhin wurden der Fragebogen zur Messung normativer Geschlechtsrollenorientierung (NGRO) von Athenstaedt (2000) sowie ein ad hoc entworfener demographischer Fragebogen eingesetzt. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass der Verlauf der psychosexuellen Entwicklung einen starken Einfluss auf die Integration der Geschlechterstereotypen in die geschlechtliche Selbst- und Fremdwahrnehmung hat. Im kognitiven Bereich, bezogen auf die persönliche Identität (Grad der Selbstzuschreibung männlicher und weiblicher Merkmale), stellt die Maskulinität eine stabile und erstrebenswerte Variable zur Herausbildung des geschlechtlichen Selbstkonzepts bei allen Gruppen dar. Die Femininität trägt am meisten zur Differenzierung zwischen den Hetero-, Homo- und Transsexuellen bei. Sie wird, je nach der Entwicklungsphase, unterschiedlich in das geschlechtliche Selbstkonzept integriert. Hinsichtlich der sozialen Identität (Zugehörigkeitsgefühl) lassen sich die Gruppen bezüglich der wahrgenommenen Ähnlichkeiten sowohl mit männlichen als auch weiblichen Personen, je nach der Entwicklungsphase, unterscheiden. Die soziale Wahrnehmung von Männern und Frauen (Fremdwahrnehmung), ist bei Transsexuellen traditioneller als die der Hetero- und Homosexuellen. Bei der Selbst- und Fremdbewertung ergaben sich keine signifikanten Unterschiede. Bei der Internalisierung der sozialen Normen des geschlechtsspezifischen Verhaltens zeigt sich, dass Heterosexuelle der Ausübung der Geschlechterrollen gegenüber egalitärer eingestellt sind als Trans- und Homosexuelle. Bei den Sozialisationsfaktoren ist hervorzuheben, dass generell weibliche Identifikationspersonen einen stärkeren Einfluss auf die Herausbildung des geschlechtlichen Selbstkonzeptes hatten als männliche Identifikationspersonen. Es scheint jedoch, dass Homosexuelle bei der Entwicklung ihres geschlechtlichen Selbstkonzepts stärker unter dem Einfluss der Frauen stehen als die anderen zwei erforschten Gruppen. Zur Beantwortung der Frage, welche selbstkonzeptbezogenen Variablen und Entwicklungsfaktoren die größte statistische Bedeutung für die Trennung und Prädiktion der einzelnen untersuchten Gruppen haben, wurde eine Diskriminanzanalyse berechnet. Die größte diskriminatorische Bedeutung besitzen die Variablen „Stereotypische Wahrnehmung der männlichen Personen“ und „Ego-Involvement mit weiblichen Personen“ für die Diskriminanzfunktion 1 (Trennung der Transsexuellen von Hetero- und Homosexuellen) und die Variablen „Empathische Identifikation mit männlichen Personen in der Vergangenheit“ und „Zuwachs an empathischer Identifikation mit weiblichen Personen“ für die Diskriminanzfunktion 2 (Trennung der Hetero- von Homosexuellen). / The aim of the present explorative-comparative study was to find out to which extent the biologically determined differences as well as socialization conditions in the psychosexual development of hetero-, homo- and transsexual men (N = 191) affect the integration of the gender stereotypes in cognitive (self-perception und perception of the others), emotional (appraisal of self and the others), and behavioral aspects (norms of gender behavior) of gender identity, as well as to deduce identification patterns in the development of the gender self-concept. The GERO-scale by Brengelmann und Hendrich (1990) was used to measure the cognitive aspects of the self-concept of gender (masculinity and femininity). The collected data of masculinity and femininity were further processed using the computer-operated Identity Structure Analysis based method IDEXMONO and IDEXIDIO (Weinreich, 2003) to detect the emotional aspects and identification patterns of the development of the self-concept of gender. Furthermore, the questionnaire of normative gender role orientation by Athenstaedt (2000) and an ad hoc designed demographic questionnaire were applied. The results show that the course of the psychosexual development has a strong impact upon the integration of the gender stereotypes in gender related self-perception and perception of others. As for cognitive aspects related to personal identity (grade of self-attribution of masculine and feminine traits), the masculinity represents a stable and desirable variable in the construction of the self-concept of gender in all samples. The femininity contributes the most to the differentiation between hetero-, homo- and trans-sexuals. Femininity has been integrated in the gender self-concept to a different extent, depending on the phase of the psychosexual development. As for social identity (feeling of social affiliation), there are differences among the samples in self-perceived similarities to both masculine and feminine persons, depending on the phase of the psychosexual development. The social perception of men and women (perception of the others) is more traditionally oriented in transsexuals than in hetero- and homosexuals. There are no significant differences in the appraisal of self and the others. As for the internalization of the social norms of gender specific behavior, heterosexuals are more egalitarian in their attitude towards the practice of gender roles than homo- and transsexuals. The examination of the socialization conditions shows that in general, feminine identification persons have a stronger impact upon the construction of self-concept of gender than masculine ones. However, it seems as though women have a stronger impact upon the construction of self-concept of gender in homosexuals than in the other groups. A discriminant analysis was computed to answer the question which self-related variables and developmental factors have the strongest statistical importance for the division and prediction of the samples. The variables “stereotypic perception of masculine persons” and “ego-involvement with feminine persons” have the strongest discriminant importance for the discriminant function 1 (division of transsexuals from hetero- and homosexuals) and the variables “empathic identification with masculine persons in the past” and “growth of empathic identification with feminine persons” for the discriminant function 2 (division of heterosexuals from homosexuals).