Ce travail s’est construit en partant d’une déclaration de Ferdinand de Saussure présentant le langage comme un « milieu intermédiaire ». Ce propos de Saussure n’a d’abord existé que sous la forme orale, mais fut transcrit dans les notes de cours de ses auditeurs ; il figure finalement dans l’édition critique du Cours, due à Rudolf Engler (que l’on doit considérer comme le véritable éditeur de Saussure). Librement inspiré de la Généalogie de la morale de Nietzsche, cette étude poursuit le but d’enquêter généalogiquement sur les présupposés des principales écoles linguistiques du 20ème siècle (néo-grammairiens, structuralisme, grammaire générative, fonctionnalisme, cognitivisme à la manière de Rosch et Varela). L’enquête généalogique vise à montrer que la conception dite « théorie du reflet » a ses racines dans le pessimisme romantique. Ce nouveau positionnement devrait permettre d’élaborer une nouvelle orientation (justifiant la revendication d’une « fondation constitutive »), par le recours méthodique à la phénoménologie ainsi qu’à l’outil de la Gestalt, issue de la psychologie de même nom. Il faut voir le « milieu intermédiaire » comme métaphore équivalente aux champs sémantiques, ce qui conduit à intégrer dans ce travail un examen critique des précurseurs dans cette voie que sont Jost Trier et Els Oksaar. / This work mainly deals with a statement of Ferdinand de Saussure, describing language as « milieu intermédiaire » (which might be named in english : « intermediary mental space », in accordance to Fauconnier’s « mental space ») ; Saussure’s statement was only in spoken form, but fortunately transcribed by listeners of his lectures in Geneva. Freely inspired from Nietzsche‘s Genealogy of morals, this study means to enquire into the main XXth century linguistic schools (neo-grammarians, structuralism, generative grammar, fonctionalism, cognitive sciences as with Varela and Rosch), which should make it possible to elaborate a new orientation of this science (justifying the claim of a « fondation constitutive »). This research aims at thoroughly recasting the method through the screen of phenomenology (including recourse to the « Gestalt », of the same-named psychology). The « intermediary mental space » is to be seen as an eq! uivalent of the semantic fields, which had led me to survey – as an important part of my work - the studies of the precursors in this direction, Jost Trier and Els Oksaar, but through a critical approach of their work.

Durant des siècles, la noblesse britannique a défendu une hiérarchie fondée sur la lignée et la généalogie, qui s’inscrivait dans la tradition occidentale de l'ordre universel. En 1735, cependant, l'Homo sapiens de Linné marque le début d'un nouveau discours sur les hiérarchies humaines, désormais fondées sur la « variété » physique. Cette étude veut cerner l’influence de la tradition noble sur les conceptions de la race, en Grande-Bretagne et en Irlande, au cours du long XVIIIe siècle. Nous examinons un ensemble de textes de nature diverse, dans l'espoir de mettre en lumière la continuité des hiérarchies généalogiques à travers plusieurs disciplines et sur plusieurs centaines d'années. La première partie retrace l'histoire du privilège héréditaire comme « identité généalogique » à partir d’œuvres comme A British Compendium, or, Rudiments of Honour (1725-7) de Francis Nichols et l’Essay on Man (1734) d’Alexander Pope. La seconde partie réexamine ces mêmes traditions sous l'angle de la théorie de la race au XVIIIe siècle. Elle s'intéresse aux idées de la race et du breeding dans le roman anonyme, The Lady’s Drawing Room (1744), et à la rhétorique de la variété humaine dans plusieurs ouvrages d’histoire naturelle, dont A History of the Earth and Animated Nature (1774) d’Oliver Goldsmith. La troisième partie étudie l'influence des Lumières et de la Révolution française sur l’idée de « race noble » telle qu'elle apparaît dans les Reflections on the Revolution in France (1790) d'Edmund Burke, ainsi que le rôle de la « noblesse naturelle » dans des œuvres abolitionnistes, notamment Slavery, or, the Times (1792) d’Anna Maria Mackenzie. Ainsi, cette étude entend démontrer que la tradition de la « race » noble a été, et demeure, une composante fondamentale dans la construction d'un concept de « race » humaine, qui fait de la pureté du sang, de la supériorité des mœurs et de l’anatomie des principes définitoires de la hiérarchie humaine. / For centuries, British nobility promoted an elite hierarchy based on genealogical precedence within the greater Western tradition of universal order. In 1735, however, Carolus Linnaeus’s Homo sapiens signalled the beginning of an entirely new discourse of human hierarchy based on physical ‘variety’. This study aims to identify how noble tradition influenced conceptions of race in Great Britain and Ireland during the long eighteenth century. Tracing the persistence of a ‘pureblood’ model of human superiority in the West, it traverses a vast range of historical material in order to highlight the continuity of genealogical hierarchies across multiple disciplines and over hundreds of years. The first section reviews the history of hereditary privilege as a backdrop to noble culture in eighteenth-century Britain: examining works such as Francis Nichols’s British Compendium, or, Rudiments of Honour (1727-7) and Alexander Pope’s Essay on Man (1734), it considers how nobility as a genealogical identity was accommodated in the ‘Great Chain of Being’ understanding of human hierarchy. The second section considers these same traditions in terms of the eighteenth-century ‘race’ construct: it considers the notion of ‘breeding’ in works such as the anonymous The Lady’s Drawing Room (1744) and the rhetoric of human variety in naturalist texts such as Oliver Goldsmith’s History of the Earth and Animated Nature (1774). The third and last section considers the influences of Enlightenment and the French Revolution on ideas of noble race in Edmund Burke’s Reflections on the Revolution in France (1790), and the role of ‘natural’ nobility in abolitionist texts such as Anna Maria Mackenzie’s Slavery; or, the Times (1792). In short, this study demonstrates that the tradition of noble ‘race’ was, and is, a fundamental component of the human ‘race’ construct, asserting blood purity, anatomical superiority, and inimitable excellence as defining principles of human hierarchy.

A genealogical framework highlights the important role sexuality has played in constructing the current label of intellectual disability (ID). The genealogical framework is meant to replace the social, medical, and/or rights-based model(s) that have dominated social work and social services working in the disability field. With this framework, or perspective, I use a Foucaultian discourse analysis to read through seminal texts regarding person-centered practice. Person-centered practice is the foremost intervention used in social work, and other disciplines, to work with people labeled with intellectual disability. My research questions focus on what is revealed about ID in PCP through a genealogical framework and what implications do these discoveries hold for sexuality education and social services, including social workers? Predetermined concepts taken from the genealogical framework are used in the Foucaultian discourse analysis. These concepts (subject, government, biopower, and normalization) provide insight into how ID has been constructed and maintained through the practice of person-centered processes. Paradoxes emerge throughout the analysis, providing space for productive resistance by professionals working in sexuality education and social services to improve equity for people labeled with intellectual disability, specifically regarding their sexuality and healthy expression of it.

家譜是家族歷史的彙編，除了世系人名之外，還常包括了族姓起緣、支派源流、家族遷徙等紀錄，所述內容涵蓋到民族身分的認同和形塑過程，是民族史研究的重要材料之一。清代滿族承襲了自宋明以來近於完善的譜牒體例，開始了以文字書寫家譜的方式，記錄家史而使其流傳於世，更加入了滿族的習俗、文字，在拜譜儀式與續譜活動中，強烈顯現了其民族特色。 滿族的宗族制度，不僅是家族組織，同時也是國家基層組織的雛型，清代旗人家譜作為旗人承襲世爵的憑證，顯示了家譜對於家族成員身分的承認，並凸顯清朝國家體制將家譜作為社會控制的手段之一。 本文透過滿族的神話、歷史、八旗制度到血緣集團的紀錄來看滿族宗族制度的形成及其內容，透過對史料檔案的解釋，並蒐集中國大陸搶救古籍及其後續保存出版的資料進行分析，討論滿族史的創建、清代滿族對外部文化的選擇、適應，以及滿族民族認同等幾個面向。

Thesis (M.A. (History))--North-West University, Vaal Triangle Campus, 2007.

This thesis deals with the construction of identity going on in Swedish students' societies, which is analyzed as an intersection of gender and social class. Theoretically, I draw on discourse analysis. Foucault's genealogical method is applied in order to understand how discourses of the past are active today in students' identity construction. The study is based on interviews with members of the board of three different societies. In all, 28 interviews were made. Furthermore texts and pictures from each society's homepage were examined. Overall, the study shows that two main discourses are activated in students' identity construction. The members of the male-dominated society belonging to the Faculty of Natural Sciences and Technology represent a specific form of masculine identity in accordance with medieval ideas of student life. Being a student means to be without responsibility, to drink and have fun, and women are constructed as 'the others'. The members see them-selves as rather ordinary men in the future. Women and men are active in equal numbers in the society of students belonging to the Faculty of Social Sciences. They activate the meritocratic discourse dating back to the 18th and 19th centuries as they construct themselves as future men in power with the right to speak. Women can however also represent this identity. In the society of students belonging to the Faculty of Medicine, women constitute the vast majority. They also activate the meritocratic discourse. However, they attach new meanings in accordance with the female symbolic gender to what should be regarded as merits: responsibility, respectability, care, and nicety. Thus, they represent a feminine identity, but the few male members do not adhere to these female symbolic norms. The society is an arena for the members' resistance against hegemonic discourses of gender and class that would confine them to subordinate positions in their future working-life. Each society provides valuable symbolic capital that might be important. Key words: class, discourse, gender, genealogy, ideal identity, identity construction, ideological dilemma, intersectionality, mass university, students' society, symbolic capital, the other.

La cuestión básica de esta investigación es esclarecer cuáles han sido los procesos de continuidad y transformación que han constituido la identidad profesional de los/as enfermeros/as en España entre 1956 y 1976. Esta investigación guiada por el paradigma crítico social y las perspectivas teóricas postestructuralistas y postfeministas, plantea un análisis de discurso de carácter genealógico de los manuales de moral profesional dirigidos a la formación de los/as Ayudantes Técnicos Sanitarios y, de entrevistas a profesionales que durante este período fueron estudiantes, profesoras/es y enfermeros/as.La constitución de la identidad profesional se ha formado por discursos y relaciones de poder dominantes, como los discursos de género, técnico y biopatológico, y relaciones de poder disciplinario, pastoral y de autogobierno; y transformadores como el paso de un discurso de moral cristiana a un discurso laico y social, y la emergencia de discursos de concienciación profesional y resistencia. Todo ello permite apuntar una serie de implicaciones para la actualidad profesional, relativas al cómo somos y al porqué somos como somos.

This thesis examines the moral philosophical commitments that Kant, Schopenhauer and Nietzsche advance in their respective oppositions to utilitarianism. Though not always under that title, all three reject the claim that promoting happiness is the ultimate end that we pursue, or ought to pursue, through moral principles and values. Kant, Schopenhauer and Nietzsche see this rejection reflected in human nature itself. Each develops a distinctive conception of 'higher self,' or of higher purposes already belonging, in some sense, to each of us, in accordance with which we ought to shape our character. Self-formation, not the mere pursuit of happiness (whether our own or that of others), is thus our true moral project. I focus on each philosopher's account of agency and motivation as the locus in which this view of morality is developed, highlighting the differences that emerge from the details of their respective accounts. This thesis shows that a tight relation between cognition and motive feeling is central, though in different ways, for Kant, Schopenhauer and Nietzsche, to the motivational structure of those actions through which we develop moral character. According to Kant, recognition of being bound by the moral law (our 'practical cognition' of freedom) is indissolubly linked to the feeling of respect for it, which in turn is explicable only through such recognition. For Schopenhauer, the 'intuitive cognition' that our existence as distinct individuals is illusory is the feeling of compassion. Nietzsche radically expands this point, arguing that, in every act of will, the motive feeling and guiding cognition are uniquely linked. Only a superficial grasp of human motivation supports the idea that pleasure and pain are the common motive forces underlying all our actions. The inner conflict in human nature, the creative tension in self-formation, is not, for Nietzsche, that between a uniquely moral form of motivation and a 'lower' instrumental pursuit of pleasure. Rather, this inner tension, expressed most strikingly and distressingly in extreme ascetic and guilt-ridden strands of Christian morality, is the product of a complex historical conflict between two different modes of behavioural selection – our evolutionary development and the processes of socialization.

Dairy cattle breeding is still taking the first place of it‘s production. Growing requirements in the national and international markets require animals productivity, increase of genetic potential and development of production quality. The growth of animal’s genetic potential promote the use of bull’s sires with high value of breed. There are a lot of the bulls sires witch are improving the breed. So they constitute line of descent or related groups. The company „Litgenas“ during 14 work years has been used 11 line of descent and related groups. There are 4 the main line of descent and related groups: 1. W. A. BURKE LAD 697789 line ( 920 ); 2. R. O. R. A. ELEVATION 1491007 US1491007 related group ( 931 ); 3. O. IVANHOE 1189870 line ( 960 ); 4. P. F. ARLINDA CHIEF TL 1427381 related group ( 982 ). Comparing to the controlled cows’ bands of 2004-2005 years the supply of company coincides with the demand of market. I was using „R“ statistic analysis packet, counting arithmetic avarages of values of bulls breeds and coefficient of variation. Also during the communication with farmers I noticed that the requirements of bulls genealogy schemes which are used by the company „Litgenas“ became much bigger. So due to the information of bulls line of descent which were cumulated by the computation centre “VIC” of Lithuania I made bulls sires genealogy schemes. All farmers, selectioners of company, regions breeding inspectors and inseminators are using this poster. The... [to full text]

Background: Hereditary transthyretin amyloidosis is an autosomal dominant disease with a reduced penetrance. The most common mutation in Sweden is the V30M mutation in the transthyretin gene. Clustering areas of the disease can be found in Northern Sweden, Portugal, Brazil and Japan, although sporadic cases exist worldwide. Despite being caused by the same mutation, there are large differences in onset, penetrance and symptoms of the disease. Swedish V30M patients typically have a later onset with a lower penetrance compared to those from the clustering Portuguese V30M areas. The reasons for these differences have not been fully understood. The aim of this thesis is to study mechanisms that may influence onset and symptoms and investigate why patients carrying the same mutation have different phenotypes. Methods: Genealogy studies were performed on all known V30M carriers in Sweden using standard genealogy methods. DNA samples from patients, asymptomatic carriers and controls from different countries were collected and the transthyretin gene was sequenced. Liver biopsies from patients were used for allele specific expression analysis and a cell assay was used for miRNA analysis with the mutated allele. Gene expression analysis was performed on biopsies from liver and fat from patients and controls. Results and conclusions: Genealogic analysis of all known Swedish V30M carriers managed to link together 73% of the Swedish ATTR V30M population to six different ancestors from the 17th and 18th century, thus dating the Swedish V30M mutation to be more than 400 years old. A founder effect was also visible in descendants to one of the ancestors, producing a later age at onset. Sequencing of the transthyretin gene revealed a SNP in the 3’ UTR of all Swedish V30M carriers that was not found in any of the Japanese or French V30M carriers. The SNP was present on the Swedish transthyretin haplotype and defined the Swedish V30M population as separate from others. However, the SNP itself had no effect upon phenotype or onset of disease. Gene expression analysis of liver and fat tissue revealed a change in genetic profile of the patients’ livers, in contrast to the unchanged profile of the fat tissue. A changed genetic profile of the liver could explain why domino liver recipients develop the disease much earlier than expected.