Memoria para optar al título de Ingeniero Civil de Minas / El presente trabajo tiene por objetivo, desarrollar e implementar una metodología, que permita evaluar alternativas para minerales de baja ley, en el Proyecto de Sulfuros Fase II de la mina Radomiro Tomic, utilizando variables geo-metalúrgicas, buscando aumentar el valor del negocio en términos de valor presente y confiabilidad. En particular, se evalúa la creación de un nuevo destino de bio-lixiviación. La metodología consiste inicialmente, en definir Unidades geo-metalúrgicas (UGM) de minerales, mediante el análisis estadístico de datos sobre pruebas metalúrgicas, para luego estimar el costo y la recuperación de estas unidades, en cada posible destino en el proyecto. Luego, se desarrollan planes mineros, con el fin de replicar el caso base (caso CB), y generar además un plan geo-minero-metalúrgico, que incluya un nuevo destino de bio-lixivación y considere las UGM antes definidas (caso GMM). Finalmente, se estiman las inversiones requeridas para incorporar el nuevo destino y se compara económicamente ambos casos. El valor presente neto generado por el caso GMM es de 317 millones de dólares, que representa un incremento de 2% en el VAN del proyecto. Este incremento, se explica principalmente por adelantamiento en el procesamiento de algunos minerales mediante bio-lixivación. Además del aumento de valor, el caso GMM aporta en confiabilidad, dado que la valorización de los bloques, considera diferencias en costo y recuperación, que dependen de la UGM y destino en el plan minero. De esta forma, se puede representar de mejor forma la respuesta metalúrgica que el mineral tendrá en planta, al considerar mayor cantidad de información.

Orientador: José Arnaldo Frutuoso Roveda / Resumo: No Brasil e no mundo é latente a necessidade de fazer a proteção, a ampliação e a promoção do patrimônio geológico, com a finalidade de garantir as próximas gerações acesso a este tipo de patrimônio natural, de modo econômica e ecologicamente sustentável. Diante disso, a Organização das Nações Unidas para a Educação, a Ciência e a Cultura - UNESCO criou a GGN - Global Geoparks Network, ou em sua tradução Rede Global de Geoparques - RGG. A Rede Global de Geoparques tem por função fazer a inclusão de novos parques membros, bem como, fazer a manutenção dos parques membros já existentes. Para que um parque seja postulante a membro do RGG, este deve atender uma série de requisitos, dentre as quais a Geoeducação, além disso, os parques membros de tempos em tempos devem passar por validação destes requisitos. Os parques candidatos possuem a dificuldade de elencar quais são as ações prioritárias num esforço de se tornarem membros da RGG. Como estes parques podem se tornar membros da RGG com o menor esforço. O presente trabalho se tem como objetivo apresenta uma proposta de criação um Sistema de Inferência Fuzzy (SIF) para tomada de decisões em Geoeducação, por parte dos gestores de áreas passíveis de se tornarem membros da RGG. A metodologia utilizada foi a teoria de conjuntos Fuzzy, através da criação de um sistema de inferência para geração de índices de adequação em Geoeducação das áreas candidatas. Foram criados 155 cenários para testar e validar o comportamento do sistema, o mes... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Mestre

The recent growth in sensor technology allows easier information gathering in real-time as sensors have grown smaller, more accurate, and less expensive. The resulting data is often in a geo-stream format continuously changing input with a spatial extent. Researchers developing geo-streaming management systems (GSMS) require a benchmark system for evaluation, which is currently lacking. This thesis presents GSMark, a benchmark for evaluating GSMSs. GSMark provides a data generator that creates a combination of synthetic and real geo-streaming data, a workload simulator to present the data to the GSMS as a data stream, and a set of benchmark queries that evaluate typical GSMS functionality and query performance. In particular, GSMark generates both moving points and evolving spatial regions, two fundamental data types for a broad range of geo-stream applications, and the geo-streaming queries on this data.

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In automatically categorizing massive corpora of text, various topic models have been applied with good success. Much work has been done on applying machine learning and NLP methods on Internet media, such as Twitter, to survey online discussion. However, less focus has been placed on studying how geographical locations discussed in online fora evolve over time, and even less on associating such location trends with topics. Can online discussions be geographically tracked over time? This thesis attempts to answer this question by evaluating a geo-aware Streaming Latent Dirichlet Allocation (SLDA) implementation which can recognize location terms in text. We show how the model can predict time-dependent locations of the 2016 American primaries by automatic discovery of election topics in various Twitter corpora, and deduce locations over time.

Nowadays, telecommunication services are commonly deployed in private networks, which are controlled and maintained by the telecommunication operators themselves, by co-location services providers, or, to some extent, by their hardware and software providers. However, with the present development of cloud computing resources, one might consider if these services could and should be implemented in the Cloud, thus taking advantage of cloud computing’s high availability, geographic distribution, and ease of usage. Additionally, this migration could reduce the telecommunication operators’ concerns in terms of hardware and network maintenance, leaving those to the Cloud computing providers who will need to supply a highly available and consistent service, to fulfill the telecommunication services’ requirements. Furthermore, virtualization provides the possibility of easily and rapidly changing the Cloud network topology facilitating the addition and removal of machines and services, allowing telecommunication services providers to adapt to their demands on the fly. The aim of this thesis project is to analyze and evaluate the level of performance, from the network point of view, that can be achieved when using Cloud computing resources to implement a telecommunication service, carrying out practical experiments both in laboratory and real environments. These measurements and analyses were conducted using an Ericsson prototype mobile switching center server (MSC-S) application, although the results obtained could be adapted to other applications with similar requirements. In order to potentially test this approach in a real environment, a prior providers’ survey was utilized to evaluate their services based on our requirements in terms of hardware and network characteristics, and thus select a suitable candidate environment for our purposes. One cloud provider was selected and its service was further evaluated based on the MSC-S application requirements. We report the results of our bench-marking process in this environment and compare them to the results of testing in a laboratory environment. The results of both sets of testing were well correlated and indicate potential for hosting telecommunication services in a Cloud environment, providing the Cloud meets the requirements imposed by the telecom services. / Actualmente, los servicios de telecomunicaciones se implementan comúnmente en redes privadas, controladas y mantenidas por los operadores de telecomunicaciones, por proveedores de servicios de colocación o, hasta cierto punto, por proveedores de hardware y software. Sin embargo, con el presente desarrollo de la tecnología de ’Cloud computing’, se puede considerar la posibilidad de implementar servicios de telecomunicaciones en la nube, aprovechando su alta disponibilidad, distribución geográfica y facilidad de uso. Además, este cambio puede reducir las preocupaciones de los operadores en relación al mantenimiento del hardware y de la red, delegando en los proveedores del servicio de ’Cloud computing’, los cuáles deberán proporcionar un servicio consistente, cumpliendo así con los requisitos de los servicios de telecomunicaciones. Por otra parte, la virtualización propociona la posibilidad de cambiar rápida y fácilmente la topología de la red, facilitando la adición y supresión de maquinas y servicios, y, por tanto, permitiendo a los operadores adaptarse a sus necesidades sobre la marcha. El objetivo de esta tésis es analizar y evaluar en nivel de rendimiento, desde el punto de vista de la red, que se puede conseguir usando recursos de ’Cloud computing’ para implementar un servicio de telecomunicaciones, llevando a cabo experimentos tanto en el laboratorio como en un entorno real. Estos análisis fueron realizados utilizando un prototipo de un servidor de conmutación móvil (MSC-S) de Ericsson, aunque los resultados pueden adaptarse a otras aplicaciones con unos requisitos similares. Para probar esta propuesta en un entorno real, se realizó una encuesta de proveedores de servicios de ’Cloud computing’, con el objetivo de evaluar sus servicios teniendo en cuenta nuestros requisitos de hardware y red. Finalmente, un proveedor fue escogido y su servicio evaluado basándonos en los requisitos de la aplicación MSC-S. En este documento proporcionamos los resultados de esa evaluación y los comparamos con los obtenidos en el laboratorio. Los resultados de ambas evaluaciones fueron satisfactorios e indican la posibilidad de implementar servicios de telecomunicaciones en la nube, siempre que la nube cumpla los requisitos impuestos por dichos servicios de telecomunicaciones. / Nuförtiden är telekommunikationstjänster ofta uppsatta i privata nätverk, som kontrolleras och underhålls av teleoperatörerna själva, av samlokaliserande tjänsteleverantörer eller i viss utsträckning av deras hårdvaruoch programvaru-leverantörer. Med den nuvarande utvecklingen av Cloud Computing-resurser kan man dock överväga om dessa tjänster kan och bör genomföras i ett Cloud, vilket drar fördel av Cloud Computings höga tillgänglighet, geografiska spridning, och enkla användning. Denna migration minskar även teleoperatörernas oro angående hårdvaru- och nätverks-underhåll genom att överlåta detta till Cloud Computing-leverantörerna, som kommer att behöva leverera en hög tillgänglighet och konsekvent service för att uppfylla telekommunikationstjänsternas krav. Dessutom ger virtualisering möjlighet att enkelt och snabbt ändra ett Clouds nätverkstopologi, vilket underlättar tillägg och borttagning av maskiner och tjänster, vilket hjälper teleoperatörer att snabbt anpassa sig till deras krav. Målet med examensarbetet är att analysera och uppskatta prestandan, från nätets perspektiv, som kan uppnås vid användning av Cloud Computingresurser för att genomföra en teletjänst, genom praktiska experiment både i laboratorium och i verkligheten. Dessa mätningar och analyser utfördes med en prototyp av en Ericsson mobilomkopplingscentralserverapplikation (MSCS), även om de erhållna resultaten skulle kunna anpassas till andra program med liknande krav. För att potentiellt kunna testa denna metod i en verklig miljö användes en tidigare leverantörs undersökning för att utvärdera deras tjänster baserat på våra krav på hårdvara och nätverksegenskaper, och genom detta välja en lämplig kandidatmiljö för våra syften. En Cloud-leverantör valdes och dess tjänster utvärderades vidare baserat på MSC-Ss applikationskrav. Vi redovisar resultatet av vår testprocess i den här miljön och jämför det med resultaten av tester i laboratoriemiljö. Resultaten från båda uppsättningarna av tester var väl korrelerade och visar på potentialen av att implementera telekommunikationstjänster i en Cloud-miljö, om detta Cloud uppfyller de kraven som ställs av telekommunikationtjänsterna.

The fossil gas pipeline Nord Stream 2 between Russia and Germany has caused massive criticism in the West. At first sight, it appears paradoxical that Germany, an influential member of NATO and the EU, approves more dependence on an increasingly assertive Russia. This, recently after launching an extensive green transformation of its energy system. The grand theories of IR struggles to get a firm grip of the case. This master thesis explores how the political line can be understood, and what it tells us about German foreign policy in a broader context. The study is carried out as a case study, mapping the material circumstances of supply and demand of natural gas, as well as looking into the domestic and international actors involved. Theoretically, the concept of geo-economics is deployed combined with the analytical pair of logic of appropriateness and consequence in decision-making, with the aim to achieve theoretical sensitivity. The premiss of the analysis is that energy security is existential for modern industrialized states and thereby rather obligatory to solve for political leaders to solve. In the specific case do natural gas occupy relative benefits that makes it favourable for Germany. Depleting resources of gas, crummy alternatives, and the historical and present conditions of interdependence, has become evident as key variables behind the decision-making. However, the argument is also made that the specific decision says relatively little about the general democratic and multilateral objectives of Germany. Hence, Nord Stream 2 should be analysed in the light of the unique nature of energy politics and the case specific circumstances. The conclusion is that the political line of Germany regarding Nord Stream 2 should be understood as driven by the pursuit of energy security, in combination with a range of case specific, mostly material, circumstances.

Les systèmes de fichiers géo-distribués souffrent de latences élevées et de partitions réseau. À cause de cela, et pour assurer une haute disponibilité, de tels systèmes effectuent généralement des mises à jour localement, sans latence, et les propagent ensuite en arrière-plan. Cette réplication optimiste est confrontée à deux défis majeurs : (i) détecter les conflits entre les mises à jour simultanées et les résoudre d'une manière significative pour les utilisateurs, tout en maintenant les invariants d'intégrité du système; et (ii) la prise en charge d'applications qui n'ont pas été conçues pour gérer les anomalies de concurrence. Les systèmes de fichiers géo-distribués optimistes existants ne permettent pas de relever ces défis. Par exemple, Dropbox ne supporte pas les liens matériels. Le système de fichiers AndrewFS échoue sur certains changements de noms de répertoires; et tous les systèmes existants utilisent la résolution automatique des conflits qui viole la sémantique POSIX. Nous présentons notre solution aux problèmes posés ci-dessus dans la conception et la mise en œuvre d'un prototype de système de fichiers géo-distribué, nommé Tofu. Sa conception inclut une nouvelle abstraction de session pour prendre en charge l'API, tout en permettant des mises à jour optimistes. Il est capable de détecter tous les conflits sur ces structures de données et de les résoudre d'une façon que nous pensons que les utilisateurs trouveront raisonnable. Les expériences montrent que Tofu est hautement évolutif et qu'il entraîne des surcoûts linéaires, améliorant ainsi les systèmes académiques et industriels existants. / Geo-distributed file systems suffer from high latency and network partitions. Because of this, and to ensure high availability, such systems typically commit updates locally, with no latency, and propagate them in the background. Such optimistic replication faces two major challenges: (i) detecting conflicts between concurrent updates and resolving them in a way meaningful for users, while maintaining system integrity invariants; and (ii) supporting legacy applications that are not prepared to deal with concurrency anomalies. Existing optimistic geo-distributed file systems fall short of addressing the challenges. For instance, Dropbox does not support hard links; Andrew File System fails on some concurrent renaming of directories; and all existing systems use automatic conflict resolution that violates the legacy POSIX semantics. We present our solution to the above problems in the design and implementation of a prototype geo-distributed file system, named Tofu. Its design includes a new session abstraction to support the legacy API, while allowing optimistic updates. Unlike previous approaches, our solution is based on a formal model covering all aspects of a Unix-like file system, including directories, inodes, hard links, etc. It is able to detect all conflicts on those data structures, and resolves them in a way that we believe users will find generally reasonable. Experiments show that Tofu is highly scalable, and incurs linear overhead, improving over existing academic and industrial systems.

The aim of this thesis is to analyse the transformation of the concepts of religion and history between historians of religion Rafael Karsten, Nathan Söderblom, and Geo Widengren. Through the lens of Michel Foucault’s discourse analysis, as interpreted by Gilles Deleuze, Widengrens critique of the Karsten and Söderblom reveals an epistemological rupture between an evolutionist and a phenomenological discourse of religion. Karsten and Söderblom understand religion as following a linear path of development through fixed stages; Widengren instead study it as a transhistorical phenomenon. In line with historian François Hartog’s concept of regimes of historicity, I locate this epistemological rupture within a larger shift from a futurist to a presentist understanding of history. In futurism history is understood as oriented towards a future goal, while in presentism history is part of a broad present and of constant actuality.

What if the means to capture and store carbon dioxide (CDR) would be researched,  developed, and deployed under an ethos of care, rather than in the tech-deterministic,  market-fixated way it is currently done and  how can  people in Northern Scandinavia lead  this process in their region and benefit from it as a community while doing regenerative  work for the benefit of the global biosphere?