This dissertation focuses on the sub-national impact of foreign aid on civil conflicts by asking the question: How does foreign aid committed to contested areas affect the intensity of violence in those areas? The main theoretical contribution is to focus on how aid influences warring parties’ decisions to engage in contests over territorial control and how that in turn influences violence intensity. The study introduces two concepts: funding concentration and barriers to exploiting aid. A contested area has greater concentration of funding if warring parties expect a high value of aid to be distributed to only a few locations. Funding is instead diffused if the parties expect aid to be spread over many locations. A low barrier to exploiting aid is present if it is of a type that both state and non-state actors could potentially misuse. There is a high barrier if territorial control is required in order to exploit funding channels. The theory introduces three testable implications: First, greater funding concentration encourages conventional contests over territorial control, which increases military fatalities. The second proposal is that if there is a low barrier to exploiting aid (e.g. humanitarian and food aid) then there will be increased competition between warring parties and civilians, and hence more civilian fatalities. Third, high barrier funding (e.g. education aid) will motivate contests over territorial control and increase military fatalities. This dissertation uses geo-coded aid commitments data and introduces data of warring parties’ battleground control in sub-Saharan Africa, 1989–2008. The research design relies on propensity score matching where pairs of observations are matched based on a range of covariates. The results concerning barriers to exploitation are partially supported. High barrier aid increases military fatalities whereas low barrier aid has little impact on violence. Greater funding concentration increases military fatalities substantially compared to if there is low or no funding concentration. In line with theory, greater funding concentration does not increase civilian fatalities.

Submitted by Sergio Wanderley (sergiow.gaz@terra.com.br) on 2015-04-08T15:36:17Z No. of bitstreams: 1 tese_Sergio_Wanderley_versão_final.pdf: 5039778 bytes, checksum: c0ee12f333f32f7f1749dab0c1542144 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by ÁUREA CORRÊA DA FONSECA CORRÊA DA FONSECA (aurea.fonseca@fgv.br) on 2015-04-13T14:32:14Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 tese_Sergio_Wanderley_versão_final.pdf: 5039778 bytes, checksum: c0ee12f333f32f7f1749dab0c1542144 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Marcia Bacha (marcia.bacha@fgv.br) on 2015-04-14T18:02:28Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 tese_Sergio_Wanderley_versão_final.pdf: 5039778 bytes, checksum: c0ee12f333f32f7f1749dab0c1542144 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-14T18:03:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 tese_Sergio_Wanderley_versão_final.pdf: 5039778 bytes, checksum: c0ee12f333f32f7f1749dab0c1542144 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-02-25 / The objective of this dissertation is to investigate how the Economic Commission for Latin America (ECLA) and Superior Institute of Brazilian Studies (ISEB) have contributed to management history in Brazil. This dissertation departed from a consolidated historiography methodology, but employed the decolonial perspective to problematize the term history and, thus, proposes a new investigation agenda. The importation of historiography themes such as Americanization and Cold War fosters the mimicry of investigation agendas that subalternizes other local processes that have contributed to management historiography. The geo-historical investigation is carried out from the interaction of the two concepts of development(alism) that emerge from the literature review – one that emerges from the Latin American reality and the other received externally via Americanization – that come closer or get further away from each other, and that are inserted in the long durée of Latin America modernity/coloniality. The search for management science began, in Brazil, in connection with the modernization and development of the country that led to the creation of the first graduate management schools and the courses object of this dissertation, which formed 1.316 professionals at postgraduate level. During this period, the role of Americanization should be minimized and one should relativize the role of management schools in management geo-history. The aim is to bring to the fore knowledges belonging to the tradition of the Latin American social critical thought - subalternized by management literature - that can inform the area in Brazil and abroad. This is a way to decolonize historiography investigation agendas and to eschew the tendency of acritically repeating foreign content. / O objetivo desta tese é investigar a atuação da Comissão Econômica para a América Latina (CEPAL) e do Instituto Superior de Estudos Brasileiros (ISEB) na história da educação em administração no Brasil. Esta tese partiu de uma metodologia historiográfica consolidada na área, mas utilizou a abordagem descolonial para problematizar o termo história e, assim, propor uma nova agenda de pesquisa. A importação de temas de pesquisa historiográfica como americanização e Guerra Fria provoca um mimetismo de agendas de investigação e termina por subalternizar outros eventos locais que contribuíram para a historiografia da administração. A investigação geo-histórica desta tese é feita a partir da interação entre dois conceitos de desenvolviment(ism)o – o que emerge a partir da realidade da América Latina e o que é recebido de fora via americanização – que ora se aproximam, ora se afastam, e que estão inseridos na long durée da modernidade/colonialidade da América Latina. A busca pela ciência da administração se iniciou, no Brasil, vinculada ao processo de modernização e desenvolvimento do país, que levou à criação, durante a década de 1950, das primeiras escolas de ensino de graduação em administração e dos cursos objetos desta tese, que formaram 1.316 profissionais em nível de pós-graduação. Neste período deve ser minimizado o papel da americanização e relativizada a atuação destas escolas de ensino de graduação na geo-história da administração. Devemos, portanto, descolonizar a atuação da CEPAL e do ISEB como instituições de ensino e pesquisa para trazer à tona conhecimentos da tradição do pensamento social crítico latino-americano que foram subalternizados na literatura de administração, para que possam informar a área no Brasil e no exterior. Este é um caminho para descolonizar a agenda de pesquisa historiográfica e escapar da tendência de reproduzir acriticamente conhecimento recebido do exterior.

Esta tese tem como objetivo investigar a emergência de uma escola brasileira de Geografia cujas bases foram lançadas pelo geógrafo francês Pierre Monbeig. Seus anos de formação na Sorbonne, os anos em que viveu no Brasil, até os anos em que publicou suas principais contribuições sobre este país (1925-1957) demarcam o período do processo de formação da geografia brasileira sob sua liderança, visto como um percurso ao mesmo tempo material e simbólico. Uma geo-história dos saberes, que tem como eixos de análise as esferas das lentidões, da circulação e das rupturas, foi o método mobilizado para apreender uma trajetória que é atingida por movimentos profundos da constituição das ciências, bem como em conjunturas de eclipsam as longas tendências na primeira metade do século XX. Tais movimentos de longa duração são aqui caracterizados como a erosão dos valores literários, que dominaram as ciências francesas em fins do século XIX; a tentação à ação e ao engajamento, numa forma tendencial que caminha para uma crescente aplicação das ciências; e uma progressiva explicitação dos métodos científicos. Face à conjuntura e a determinismos específicos do Brasil, da formação do Estado nacional, da crise das oligarquias e do avanço do capitalismo tardio, as respostas a estas tendências, de uma ciência em contexto de recuperação de suas heranças, mas também de deslocamento, são singulares, e as transformações que a geografia de Pierre Monbeig vai sofrer nesse espaço são institucionais, teóricas e temporalmente específicas. Assim Monbeig elabora raciocínios que, sem negar as heranças e as tensões latentes, estão permeados por resultados diretos em torno da compreensão dos processos geográficos da modernização e da lógica espacial de subdesenvolvimento dos territórios em processo de colonização, e, indiretos, em torno de uma teoria geográfica adaptada às condições do capitalismo brasileiro, que nós denominados como géo-histórica do capitalismo periférico, com base em raciocínios sistêmicos. Por fim, será necessário ressaltar que tais contribuições epistemológicas, se não se anunciaram como uma ruptura às heranças da vertente da geografia francesa que ele adota, constituem, para as ciências humanas, uma fortuna crítica da Geografia desenvolvida no Brasil, pouco reconhecida nos debates historiográficos. / This thesis aims at investigating the emergence of a Brazilian school of Geography whose foundation was built by the French geographer Pierre Monbeig. His years studying at Sorbonne, his yeas spent in Brazil, and even the year in which he published his first contributions on this country (1925-1957) define the period in which Brazilian geography came to be, under his leadership; this was, at the same time, a material and a symbolic process. This research used a geohistory of knowledge that analyses the spheres of slowness, circulation, and ruptures to study a trajectory that is influenced by deep movements of the constitution of the sciences, as well as circumstances of the sciences that eclipse the long-lasting tendencies in the first half of the twentieth century. These long-lasting movements are characterized here as: erosion of literary values, which dominated French sciences in the end of the nineteenth century; temptation to action and engagement, in the form of a tendency towards a growing application of sciences; and a progressive clarification of the scientific method. In face of the situation and of Brazil-specific determinisms, the formation of the national State, the crises of oligarchies, and the advancement of late capitalism, the answers of a science in context of recovering its inheritances, but also of displacement, to these trends are singular and the transformations that Pierre Monbeig\'s geography goes through in this space are institutional, theoretical and temporally specific to that time. Thereby, Monbeig elaborates reasonings that, without denying latent heritage and tension, are direct results of understanding geographical processes of modernization and of the spacial logic of underdevelopment in territories in process of colonization, and by indirect results of a geographical theory adapted to the conditions of Brazilian capitalism, which we denominate a geohistory of the peripheral capitalism based on systemic reasoning. Finally, it is important to point out that these epistemological contributions were not announced as a break with the French geography the author adopts; they constitute, to the humanities, a critical source of information for Geography as it was developed in Brazil, which gets little recognition in historiographic debates.

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Das Ziel der Diplomarbeit bestand darin eine Testumgebung zur Orchestrierung von Geo Web Services aufzubauen. Dabei diente die Diplomarbeit "Orchestrierung von Web Services" von Jäger/Weidenhagen als Grundlage. Um ein Verständnis für dieses Gebiet zu bekommen, werden zu Beginn die Grundlagen betrachtet. Rechtliche Aspekte zum Thema Orchestrierung werden angegeben, um die Wichtigkeit des Themas zu unterstreichen. Eingängige Standards wie SOAP und WSDL werden in ihren Kernpunkten erläutert. Insbesondere bei SOAP wird näher darauf eingegangen. Neben den OWS besteht auch die Möglichkeit Geo-Datenbanken in Diensteketten einfließen zu lassen. Dafür werden exemplarisch Dienste aufgesetzt, die dies ermöglichen. Weiterhin werden die Benutzerschnittstellen von Web Services (und auch Diensteketten) untersucht. Die Option eines Clients mittels Scriptsprachen wird beschrieben. Dabei erwies sich PHP am geeignetsten. Auf diese Weise kann für jede Dienstekette eine dynamische Webseite gestaltet werden, die eine graphische Schnittstelle für den Nutzer bietet.

Der Einfluss sogenannter nutzergenerierter Inhalte im Web hat in den letzten Jahren stetig zugenommen. Auf Plattformen wie Blogs, sozialen Netzwerken oder Medienportalen werden durch Anwender kontinuierlich Textnachrichten, Bilder oder Videos publiziert. Auch Inhalte, die aktuelle gesellschaftliche Ereignisse, wie beispielsweise den Euromaidan in Kiew dokumentieren, werden durch diese Plattformen verbreitet. Nutzergenerierte Inhalte bieten folglich das Potential, zusätzliche Hintergrundinformationen über Ereignisse direkt vom Ort des Geschehens zu liefern. Diese Arbeit verfolgt die Vision einer Nachrichtenplattform, die unter Verwendung von Methoden des Information Retrievals und der Informationsextraktion Nachrichtenereignisse erkennt, diese automatisiert mit relevanten nutzergenerierten Inhalten anreichert und dem Leser präsentiert. Zur Suche nutzergenerierter Inhalte kommen in dieser Arbeit maßgeblich geographische Entitäten, also Ortsbezeichnungen zum Einsatz. Für die Extraktion dieser Entitäten aus gegebenen Nachrichtendokumenten stellt die Arbeit verschiedene neue Methoden vor. Die Entitäten werden genutzt, um zielgerichtete Suchanfragen zu erzeugen. Es wird gezeigt, dass sich eine geounterstützte Suche für das Auffinden nutzergenerierter Inhalte besser eignet als eine konventionelle schlüsselwortbasierte Suche.

The irrigated agriculture in the Lower Chenab Canal (LCC) of Pakistan is characterized by huge water utilization both from surface and groundwater resources. Need of utilization of water from five rivers in Punjab province along with accelerated population growth has forced the construction of world’s largest irrigation network. Nevertheless, huge irrigation infrastructure, together with inappropriate drainage infrastructure, led to a build-up of shal-low groundwater levels, followed by waterlogging and secondary salinization in the soil profile. Following this era, decreased efficiency of irrigation supply system along with higher food demands had increased burdens on groundwater use, which led to a drop in groundwater levels in major parts of LCC. Previous studies in the study region revealed lacking management and maintenance of irrigation system, inflexible irrigation strategies, poor linkages between field level water supply and demands. No future strategy is present or under consideration to deal with this long time emerged groundwater situation particularly under unchanged irrigation water supply and climate change. Therefore, there is an utmost importance to assess the current profile of water use in the irrigation scheme and to device some workable strategies under future situations of land use and climate change. This study aims to investigate the spatio-temporal status of water utilization and performance of irrigation system using remote sensing data and techniques (SEBAL) in combination with other point data. Different irrigation performance indicators including equity, adequacy and reliability using evaporation fraction as main input parameter are utilized. Current profiles of land use/land cover (LULC) areas are assessed and their change detections are worked out to establish realistic future scenarios. Spatially distributed seasonal net recharge, a very important input parameter for groundwater modeling, is estimated by employing water balance approaches using spatial data from remote sensing and local norms. Such recharge results are also compared with a water table fluctuation approach. Following recharge estimation, a regional 3-D groundwater flow model using FEFLOW was set up. This model was calibrated by different approaches ranging from manual to automated pilot point (PP) approach. Sensitivity analysis was performed to see the model response against different model input parameters and to identify model regions which demand further improvements. Future climate parameters were downscaled to establish scenarios by using statistical downscaling under IPCC future emission scenarios. Modified recharge raster maps were prepared under both LULC and climate change scenarios and were fed to the groundwater model to investigate groundwater dynamics. Seasonal consumptive water use analysis revealed almost double use for kharif as compared to rabi cropping seasons with decrease from upper LCC to lower regions. Intra irrigation subdivision analysis of equity, an important irrigation performance indicator, shows less differences in water consumption in LCC. However, the other indicators (adequacy and reliability) indicate that the irrigation system is neither adequate nor reliable. Adequacy is found more pronounced during kharif as compared to rabi seasons with aver-age evaporation fraction of 0.60 and 0.67, respectively. Similarly, reliability is relatively higher in upper LCC regions as compared to lower regions. LULC classification shows that wheat and rice are major crops with least volatility in cultivation from season to season. The results of change detection show that cotton exhibited maximum positive change while kharif fodder showed maximum negative change during 2005-2012. Transformation of cotton area to rice cultivation is less conspicuous. The water consumption in upper LCC regions with similar crops is relatively higher as compared to lower regions. Groundwater recharge results revealed that, during the kharif cropping seasons, rainfall is the main source of recharge followed by field percolation losses, while for rabi cropping seasons, canal seepage remains the major source. Seasonal net groundwater recharge is mainly positive during all kharif seasons with a gradual increase in groundwater level in major parts of LCC. Model optimization indicates that PP is more flexible and robust as compared to manual and zone based approaches. Different statistical indicators show that this method yields reliable calibration and validation as values of Nash Sutcliffe Efficiency are 0.976 and 0.969, % BIAS are 0.026 and -0.205 and root mean square errors are 1.23 m and 1.31 m, respectively. Results of model output sensitivity suggest that hydraulic conductivity is a more influential parameter in the study area than drain/fillable porosity. Model simulation results under different scenarios show that rice cultivation has the highest impact on groundwater levels in upper LCC regions whereas major negative changes are observed for lower parts under decreased kharif fodder area in place of rice, cotton and sugarcane. Fluctuations in groundwater level among different proposed LULC scenarios are within ±1 m, thus showing a limited potential for groundwater management. For future climate scenarios, a rise in groundwater level is observed for 2011 to 2025 under H3A2 emission regime. Nevertheless, a drop in groundwater level is expected due to increased crop consumptive water use and decreased precipitations under H3A2 scenario for the periods 2026-2035 and 2036-2045. Although no imminent threat of groundwater shortage is anticipated, there is an opportunity for developing groundwater resources in the lower model regions through water re-allocation that would be helpful in dealing water shortages. The groundwater situation under H3B2 emission regime is relatively complex due to very low expectation of rise in groundwater level through precipitation during 2011-2025. Any positive change in groundwater under such scenarios is mainly associated with changes in crop consumptive water uses. Consequently, water management under such situation requires revisiting of current cropping patterns as well as augmenting water supply through additional surface water resources.:ABSTRACT VIII ZUSAMMENFASSUNG X ACRONYMS 1 Chapter 1 3 GENERAL INTRODUCTION 3 1 Groundwater for irrigated agriculture 3 2 Groundwater development in Pakistan 4 3 Study area 6 4 History of groundwater use in the study area 7 5 Research agenda 8 5.1 Problem statement 8 5.2 Objectives and scope of the study 9 Chapter 2 12 OVERVIEW OF PUBLICATIONS 12 Chapter 3 16 GENERAL CONCLUSIONS AND POLICY RECOMMENDATIONS 16 REFERENCES 20 ANNEXES 23 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 123

This thesis describes the development and setup of hybrid index structures. They are access methods for retrieval techniques in hybrid data spaces which are formed by one or more relational or normalised columns in conjunction with one non-relational or non-normalised column. Examples for these hybrid data spaces are, among others, textual data combined with geographical ones or data from enterprise content management systems. However, all non-relational data types may be stored as well as image feature vectors or comparable types. Hybrid index structures are known to function efficiently regarding retrieval operations. Unfortunately, little information is available about reorganisation operations which insert or update the row tuples. The fundamental research is mainly executed in simulation based environments. This work is written ensuing from a previous thesis that implements hybrid access structures in realistic database surroundings. During this implementation it has become obvious that retrieval works efficiently. Yet, the restructuring approaches require too much effort to be set up, e.g., in web search engine environments where several thousands of documents are inserted or modified every day. These search engines rely on relational database systems as storage backends. Hence, the setup of these access methods for hybrid data spaces is required in real world database management systems. This thesis tries to apply a systematic approach for the optimisation of the rearrangement algorithms inside realistic scenarios. Thus, a measurement and evaluation scheme is created which is repeatedly deployed to an evolving state and a model of hybrid index structures in order to optimise the regrouping algorithms to make a setup of hybrid index structures in real world information systems possible. Thus, a set of input corpora is selected which is applied to the test suite as well as an evaluation scheme. To sum up, it can be said that this thesis describes input sets, a test suite including an evaluation scheme as well as optimisation iterations on reorganisation algorithms reflecting a theoretical model framework to provide efficient reorganisations of hybrid index structures supporting multimedia search criteria.

This Master thesis examines the German foreign energy policy with focus on the German- Russian energy cooperation and the pipeline projects Nord Stream I and II. It seeks to analyze inconsistencies or even contradictions in the German foreign policy regarding the Nord Stream project. Both strategic and business interests on one hand and value based policy on the other are present and observable. Therefore this paper works with Jakub Eberle's concept of Germany as "dividual actor" which enables us to work with the already mentioned inconsistencies. Furthermore, this approach allows us to observe "geo-economic power" aspects in German actions (favoring strategic and mostly business interests) as well as "civilian power" aspects (value based policy) and eventually to see Germany as an actor in the international relations in its complexity. This thesis therefore aims to contribute to a broader debate about German actorness and its roles in international system. Moreover, German domestic energy policy will be analyzed in order to provide us with the basis for German foreign energy policy. The main focus of this paper is on natural gas and its importance in the German energy mix as well as on German dependence on its imports. The import routes and primarily the pipeline routes Nord Stream I and II are...

In der vorliegenden Arbeit werden verschiedene Randwertprobleme zur Beschreibung der Ausbreitung magnetotellurischer Felder mit Hilfe der Finite-Elemente-Methode numerisch gelöst. Die zwei- und dreidimensionalen Randwertprobleme zur Simulation des elektrischen oder des magnetischen Feldes, des magnetischen Vektorpotentials und des elektrischen Skalarpotentials, des magnetischen Vektorpotentials allein oder des anomalen magnetischen Vektorpotentials werden aus den Maxwell-Gleichungen hergeleitet. Auf Grundlage von Anwendung der Konvergenztheorie auf die Finite-Elemente-Lösung werden Konvergenzstudien für zweidimensionale Modelle des homogenen und des geschichteten Halbraums sowie für das dreidimensionale COMMEMI 3-D-2-Modell durchgeführt. Diese werden genutzt, um die Randwertprobleme hinsichtlich ihrer Effizienz zu bewerten. Außerdem liefern Konvergenzstudien eine Abschätzung des lokalen Fehlers der numerischen Lösung für ein realitätsnahes Modell des Vulkans Stromboli und seiner Umgebung, welches digitale Geländedaten enthält. / This thesis presents the numerical finite-element solution of different formulations of the magnetotelluric boundary value problem. Based on Maxwell\'s equations, the two-dimensional and three-dimensional boundary value problems are derived in terms of the electric or the magnetic field, the magnetic vector and the electric scalar potential, the magnetic vector potential only, or the anomalous magnetic vector potential. To evaluate their efficiency, convergence studies are performed for the two-dimensional models of the homogeneous and the layered halfspace as well as for the COMMEMI-3-D-2 model. Moreover, convergence studies yield estimates of the local error of the numerical solution for a close-to-reality model of Stromboli volcano incorporating digital terrain data.