La simulation des procédés est un outil de développement, de dimensionnement et d’optimisation des procédés dans les industries chimiques, pétrochimiques, pharmaceutiques, alimentaires, de l’énergie ou du traitement de gaz. Elle fournit une représentation des opérations du procédé en utilisant des modèles mathématiques pour chaque opération unitaire, s’assurant du respect des bilans de matière et d’énergie. Cependant l’utilisation de la simulation des procédés dans l’industrie peut être limitée par un manque de connaissance en thermodynamique.L’étude réalisée dans le cadre de cette thèse a pour objectif d’enrichir les modèles thermodynamiques adaptés aux solutions électrolytiques des logiciels de ProSim® avec les compétences du LaTEP dans le cadre d’applications aux géo-ressources et en profitant de la modélisation des opérations unitaires déjà présentes dans les logiciels de ProSim®.Dans un premier temps, les concepts et les définitions de base de la thermodynamique des solutions, nécessaires au développement des modèles, et notamment du cas particulier des solutions électrolytiques seront présentés, aboutissant sur l’écriture des divers équilibres permettant de décrire les solutions électrolytiques.Puis les grands principes des différents modèles thermodynamiques nécessaires à l’écriture des équilibres des solutions électrolytiques seront présentés, en mettant l’accent sur les modèles de coefficient d’activité qui sont alors spécifiques aux modèles électrolytiques prenant en compte les interactions de longue portée engendrées par la présence d’ions.Enfin, trois cas d’études de systèmes électrolytiques multiphasiques réactifs appliqués aux géo-ressources sont examinés : la géothermie profonde ; le traitement de gaz acides, issus de fumées de l'oxy-combustion d’une centrale à charbon ; la récupération du lithium. / Chemical process simulation is a very useful tool to improve the development, design and optimization of processes. Then, it can help in the chemical, petrochemical, pharmaceutical, energy production, gas processing, environmental, and food industries. It provides a representation of the operations of the process using mathematical models for the different unit operations, ensuring that mass and energy balances are satisfied. However, the use of process simulation in industry is currently being limited by a lack of understanding of thermodynamics.

Tese de mestrado. Engenharia de Minas e Geo-Ambiente. Universidade do Porto. Faculdade de Engenharia. 2011

Le Wi-Fi est omniprésent dans les villes, que ce soit par le nombre grandissant de point d'accès public, ou la déploiement massif de points d'accès privés, sous la forme de boxes d'opérateurs notamment. Si nous supposons que l'ensemble de ces points d'accès soient utilisables afin de permettre à n'importe quel appareil d'accéder à Internet, alors nous aurions potentiellement une couverture réseau sur l'ensemble de la ville. Ce postulat nous a conduit à nous demander si le Wi-Fi pouvait être utilisé comme réseau à l'échelle urbaine. Ce réseau pourrait plus particulièrement être utilisé dans un contexte de mobilité. Or, le Wi-Fi n'a pas été conçu dans le but de gérer des utilisateurs mobiles,et les appareils doivent régulièrement changer de points d'accès lorsqu'ils n'ont plus de connectivité. Ce mécanisme, appelé handover, peut être long car les appareils doivent d'abord constater leurs pertes de connectivité avant de commencer à chercher le prochain point d'accès auquel s'associer. Il peut être particulièrement long pour des appareils comme les smartphones car ces derniers sont contraint en énergie et n'appliquent donc pas une politique de handover aggressive. Dans ce contexte nous avons cherché à caractériser les applications possible sur le Wi-Fi lorsqu'un utilisateur est mobile, en fonction de la durée de handover de son équipement, de sa vitesse et de la densité des points d'accès présents dans la ville. Nous avons constaté que pour les utilisateurs se déplaçant à faible allure, l'impact de la durée de handover est faible au regard de la connectivité totale, ce qui leur permet d'utiliser des applications gourmandes en terme de bande passante tant que celles-ci possèdent un certain degré de tolérances aux déconnexions. Cependant lorsque la vitesse de déplacement augmente, la durée de handover dégrade progressivement la connectivité des utilisateurs, de telle sorte que ceux ayant une allure élevée ne peuvent plus espérer utiliser les différents points d'accès. En effet, les équipements passent alors plus de temps à effectuer des handovers qu'à échanger des données applicatives. Les retransmissions jouant un rôle important dans la durée de handover, nous avons étudié finement leurs fonctionnement en 802.11.Pour cela nous avons mis en place un banc d'essai nous permettant d'observer les séquences de messages retransmis par différentes implémentations de 802.11lorsque l'on fait subitement disparaitre le point d'accès. Nous avons comparé ces séquences avec celle décrite dans le standard, et nous avons constaté que le nombre de retransmissions maximal ainsi que l'augmentation de la fenêtre de contention n'étaient pas respectés. De plus, ces implémentations passent beaucoup de temps à tenter de retransmettre avant d'initier leurs procédures de handover. Les retransmissions sont aussi utilisées dans les algorithmes d'adaptation de débits afin de déterminer si le lien se dégrade. Or, lors de la contention, le nombres de pertes augmente avec la plus forte probabilité de collisions. Afin d'observer l'impact des retransmissions sur les algorithmes d'adaptation de débits lors de la contention, nous avons mis en place un banc d'essai composé d'une trentaine de stations identiques. Nous avons constaté que l'algorithme de contrôle de débit utilisé est sous optimal par rapport à l'utilisation d'une modulation unique. Enfin, nous nous sommes intéressés à l'utilisation d'un tel réseau à l'échelle de la ville afin d'acheminer des données ayant une forte validité spatiale. Nous avons alors proposé un schéma d'adressage géographique exploitant l'infrastructure d'Internet. Il permet à la fois d'obtenir un découpage hiérarchique du monde, et d'avoir un préfixe hiérarchique des adresses, similaire à celui de CIDR. Nous montrons que ce schéma d’adressage peut être utilisé dans des adresses multicast pour envoyer des messages à destination de zones géographiques précises (surface minimale d'un mètre carré). / Wi-Fi is everywhere in cities, whether through the growing number of publicaccess points, or the massive private access points deployment, in the formof set-top boxes for the major part.If we assume that all these access points are usable in order to allow anydevice to access the Internet, then we would potentially have network coveragethroughout the city.This assumption led us to wonder if Wi-Fi could be used as a city-wide network.This network could, more specifically, be used in a context of mobility.However, Wi-Fi was not designed to manage mobile users, and devices have tooften change their access points when they no longer have connectivity.This mechanism, called handover, can be long because devices must first detecttheir connectivity losses before they can start looking for the next accesspoint to associate with.It can be particularly long for devices such as smartphones because they areenergy constrained and therefore do not apply an aggressive handover policy.In this context we tried to characterize the possible Wi-FI applications for amoving user, considering the handover duration, the user speed and the accesspoints density in the city.We found that for slow-moving users, the impact of the handover is smallcompared to the their overall connectivity.This allows them to use bandwidth-intensive applications as long as they areto some extend delay-tolerant.However, when the user’s speed increases, the impact of handover’s durationgradually degrades the user’s connectivity, so that high speed users can nolonger expect to use different access points.Fast moving devices spend more time performing handovers with new access pointsthan transmitting application data.Retransmissions play an important role in the duration of handover.In order to study in detail the retransmissions in 802.11, we have set up atestbed allowing us to observe the sequences of retransmitted messages usingdifferent implementations of 802.11 when we suddenly make the access pointdisappear.We compared these sequences with the one described in the standard, and we wefound that the maximum number of retransmissions as well as the growth in thecontention window were not respected.In addition, these implementations spend a lot of time trying to retransmitbefore initiating their handover procedures.Retransmissions are also used in the rate control algorithms to determine ifthe link is deteriorating.However, during contention, the number of losses increases with the higherprobability of collisions.In order to observe the impact of retransmissions on the rate controlalgorithms during contention, we have set up a testbed composed of about thirtyidentical stations.We found that the rate control algorithm used underperforms compared to theuse of a single modulation.Finally, we proposed a geographical addressing scheme compliant with theInternet infrastructure.It allows to obtain both a hierarchical division of the world, and ahierarchical prefix for the addresses, similar to the one used in the CIDRformat.We show that this addressing scheme can be used in multicast addresses to sendmessages to specific geographical areas (minimum area of one square meter).

The nutrition transition is a global phenomenon in which diets have become increasingly westernized and processed while lifestyles have shifted from labor intensive to sedentary, largely on account of the advent of technology, globalization n and urbanization. Despite the prevalence of this phenomenon, very little is known regarding how the nutrition transition has affected the risk of comorbid chronic diseases among indigenous Kichwas communities in Ecuador. Aims of this study are : 1) Identify specific health outcomes (such as diabetes, hypertension, and high cholesterol) associated with the lifestyle risk factors of the nutrition transition among the Andean Kichwas indigenous population; 2) Explore the sociocultural factors (such as gender roles, culinary traditions, urbanization and globalization) which influence dietary behavior and food choices within Kichwas indigenous households; 3) Assess the construct relevance of the Nutrition Transition Questionnaire (NTQ), a pilot instrument designed to measure key constructs of the nutrition transition within indigenous Kichwas Andean households. The current study is a convergent parallel mixed methods design that consists of two components: 1) Secondary data analysis of the internal reliability of the Nutrition Transition Questionnaire, a pilot instrument designed to assess obesogenic lifestyles at the individual and household levels; 2) Primary ethnographic qualitative data collection among the Kichwas community residing in the Imbabura province of Ecuador. Thirty-four interviews were conducted with nutritional gatekeepers (i.e. women who make the majority of household dietary decisions) to explore lifestyle trends related to diet and exercise within the Kichwas community. Twenty-five intercept interviews were conducted at various food vending locations throughout the community. Internal reliability of the NTQ was assessed using Cronbach’s alpha and inter-item correlations while qualitative data were analyzed using applied thematic analysis. Chronic disease occurrence in the sample was also assessed for diabetes, hypertension, high cholesterol and obesity. Results suggest that key constructs in the Nutrition Transition Questionnaire are relevant to assessing lifestyle risk and protection regarding chronic disease. Main qualitative themes include gender roles within food preparation; the impact of collective culture upon food choices and household dietary behavior; and the protection offered by access to home gardens. The discussion highlights several differences between this study population and other indigenous populations. It also posits that a new emergent theory, Geo-Nomics theory, can provide a useful future tool in framing additional ethnographic nutrition transition research. The conclusion indicates this study’s most useful contributions to the literature, which include the development of a potential thermos intervention to decrease fast food consumption when Kichwas men commute far from home to work.

Despite significant progress in GPS/INS integration-based direct geo-referencing (DGR) technology over the past decade, its performance still needs to be improved in terms of accuracy and tolerance to GPS outages. This is mainly due to the limited geometric strength of the GPS satellite constellation, the quality of INS and the system integration technology. This research is focused on pseudolite (PL) augmentation to enhance the geometric strength of the GPS satellite constellation, and the Neural Network (NN) aided Kalman filter (KF) system integration algorithm to improve the geo-referencing system's performance during GPS outages. The main research contributions are summarized as below: a) Systematic errors introduced by pseudolites have been investigated. Theoretical and numerical analyses reveal that errors of troposphere delay modelling, differential nonlinearity and pseudolite location are sensitive to pseudolite receiver geometry. Their effect on final positioning solutions can be minimised by selecting optimal pseudolite and receiver locations, which is referred to as geometry design. Optimal geometry design for pseudolite augmented systems has been proposed based on simulation results in airborne surveying scenarios. b) Nonlinear geometry bias, or nonlinearity, exists in single difference processes when the unit vectors from the reference and user receivers to a satellite or pseudolite are non-parallel. Similar to long baseline differential GPS (DGPS), nonlinearity is a serious issue in pseudolite augmentation. A Projected Single Difference (PSD) method has been introduced to eliminate nonlinear geometry bias. An optimized expression has been derived to calculate the direction of project vectors, and the advantages of applying PSD in pseudolite augmented airborne DGPS have been demonstrated. c) A new method for pseudolite tropospheric delay modelling has been proposed, which is based on single-differenced GPS tropospheric delay models. The performance of different models has been investigated through simulations and field testing. The advantages and limitations of each method have been analysed. It is determined that the Bouska model performs relatively well in all ranges and elevations if the meteorological parameters in the models can be accurately collected. d) An adaptive pseudolite tropospheric delay modelling method has been developed to reduce modelling error by estimating meteorological parameters in real-time, using GPS and pseudolite measurements. Test results show that pseudolite tropospheric delay modelling errors can be effectively mitigated by the proposed method. e) A novel geo-referencing system based on GPS/PL/INS integration has been developed as an alternative to existing GPS/INS systems. With the inclusion of pseudolite signals to enhance availability and geometry strength of GPS signals, the continuity and precision of the GPS/INS system can be significantly improved. Flight trials have been conducted to evaluate the system performance for airborne mapping. The results show that the accuracy and reliability of the geo-referenced solution can be improved with the deployment of one or more pseudolites. f) Two KF and NN hybrid methods have been proposed to improve geo-referenced results during GPS outages. As the KF prediction diverges without measurement update, the performance of a GPS/INS integrated system degrades rapidly during GPS outages. Neural networks can overcome this limitation of KF. The first method uses NN to map vehicle manoeuvres with KF measurement in a loosely coupled GPS/INS system. In the second method, an NN is trained to map INS measurements with selected KF error states in a tightly coupled GPS/INS system when GPS signals are available. These training results can be used to modify KF time updates. Optimal input/output and NN structure have been investigated. Field tests show that the proposed hybrid methods can dramatically improve geo-referenced solutions during GPS outages.

El principal objeto de esta tesis está relacionado con la idea que la persistencia es una característica importante de la lluvia diaria en el País Vasco. El área de estudio está situado en la zona norte de España, en la misma frontera entre las regiones biogeográficas eurosiberiana y mediterránea.Para demostrar esta hipótesis, se han recogido datos diarios de 41 estaciones meteorológicas del País Vasco del período comprendido entre 1965 y 1994. Dichas estaciones se hallan distribuidas de una manera homogénea. Las tecnologías de información geográfica (GIS) han desempeñado un importante papel en esta tesis; se han usado para desarrollar grandes series de mapas climáticos. Igualmente han sido empleados métodos avanzados de geoestadística. Los resultados obtenidos han sido los siguientes: - En primer lugar, se ha definido el contexto climático de la región utilizando varios indicadores numéricos de precipitación. - En segundo lugar se ha definido la estructura de las precipitaciones para cada ubicación particular. La frecuencia absoluta de secuencias húmedas de "n" días se ha identificado en cada estación meteorológica concreta para el periodo estudiado, así como su probabilidad empírica bajo tres parámetros de lluvia (1, 5 y 10 mm. diarios). Por otra parte, las secuencias húmedas se han analizado interiormente considerado la manera en que se encuentran relacionadas secuencias distintas de días húmedos y secos. - Tercero, se han usado cinco órdenes markovianos para calcular las probabilidades teoréticas de tener una cadena húmeda de "n" días bajo los tres parámetros definidos anteriormente. Los modelos markovianos estiman la probabilidad teorética de tener un día lluvioso después de tener uno, dos, tres o "n" días lluviosos antes. Los valores probabilísticas teóricos y empíricos se han comparado con la significación estadística de los modelos teóricos producidos basándose en el indicador estadístico "X2". Finalmente, la persistencia se ha regionalizado de acuerdo con los modelos markovianos que mejor encajan con la realidad física de la lluvia en el área de estudio. / RAINFALL PERSISTENCE ANALYSIS AT THE BASQUE AUTONOMOUS COMMUNITY BASED ON MARKOVIAN MODELS AND GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS The main aim of this work is related to the idea that persistence is an important characteristic of the daily rainfall in the Basque Country. The study area is located in the North of Spain, just in the border between the Eurosiberian and the Mediterranean biogeographical regions. In order to demonstrate the mentioned hypothesis, daily data have been collected at 41 weather stations over the Basque autonomous territory for the period 1,965-1,994. These stations are homogeneously distributed on space. Geographic information system technologies (GIS) have played an important role in this thesis. They have been used to develop large series of climatic maps and advanced geostatistical methods have also been applied. Firstly, it is defined the climatic context of the region using several precipitation numeric indicators. Spatial and temporal distribution of rainfall are also analysed for the study period. Secondly is defined the rainfall structure on each particular location. The absolute frequency of wet chains of n days is identified in each weather station for the study period and its empirical probability under three different rainfall cut points (1, 5 and 10 mm/day) Moreover, wet chains are analysed internally considering the way in which different sequences of wet and dry days are linked. Conditioned probabilities have been estimated and empirical persistence curves have been graphically represented for each weather station datasets. Thirdly, five markovian orders are used to calculate the theoretical probabilities of having a wet chain of "n" days under the three cut points defined before. The markovian models estimate the theoretical probability of having a rainy day after having one, two, three or "n" rainy days before. Empirical and theoretical probabilities values are compared and the statistical significance of theoretical models is produce based on the X2 statistical indicator. Finally persistence is regionalised according to the markovian models that better fit the physical reality of the rainfall in the study area.

Despite significant progress in GPS/INS integration-based direct geo-referencing (DGR) technology over the past decade, its performance still needs to be improved in terms of accuracy and tolerance to GPS outages. This is mainly due to the limited geometric strength of the GPS satellite constellation, the quality of INS and the system integration technology. This research is focused on pseudolite (PL) augmentation to enhance the geometric strength of the GPS satellite constellation, and the Neural Network (NN) aided Kalman filter (KF) system integration algorithm to improve the geo-referencing system's performance during GPS outages. The main research contributions are summarized as below: a) Systematic errors introduced by pseudolites have been investigated. Theoretical and numerical analyses reveal that errors of troposphere delay modelling, differential nonlinearity and pseudolite location are sensitive to pseudolite receiver geometry. Their effect on final positioning solutions can be minimised by selecting optimal pseudolite and receiver locations, which is referred to as geometry design. Optimal geometry design for pseudolite augmented systems has been proposed based on simulation results in airborne surveying scenarios. b) Nonlinear geometry bias, or nonlinearity, exists in single difference processes when the unit vectors from the reference and user receivers to a satellite or pseudolite are non-parallel. Similar to long baseline differential GPS (DGPS), nonlinearity is a serious issue in pseudolite augmentation. A Projected Single Difference (PSD) method has been introduced to eliminate nonlinear geometry bias. An optimized expression has been derived to calculate the direction of project vectors, and the advantages of applying PSD in pseudolite augmented airborne DGPS have been demonstrated. c) A new method for pseudolite tropospheric delay modelling has been proposed, which is based on single-differenced GPS tropospheric delay models. The performance of different models has been investigated through simulations and field testing. The advantages and limitations of each method have been analysed. It is determined that the Bouska model performs relatively well in all ranges and elevations if the meteorological parameters in the models can be accurately collected. d) An adaptive pseudolite tropospheric delay modelling method has been developed to reduce modelling error by estimating meteorological parameters in real-time, using GPS and pseudolite measurements. Test results show that pseudolite tropospheric delay modelling errors can be effectively mitigated by the proposed method. e) A novel geo-referencing system based on GPS/PL/INS integration has been developed as an alternative to existing GPS/INS systems. With the inclusion of pseudolite signals to enhance availability and geometry strength of GPS signals, the continuity and precision of the GPS/INS system can be significantly improved. Flight trials have been conducted to evaluate the system performance for airborne mapping. The results show that the accuracy and reliability of the geo-referenced solution can be improved with the deployment of one or more pseudolites. f) Two KF and NN hybrid methods have been proposed to improve geo-referenced results during GPS outages. As the KF prediction diverges without measurement update, the performance of a GPS/INS integrated system degrades rapidly during GPS outages. Neural networks can overcome this limitation of KF. The first method uses NN to map vehicle manoeuvres with KF measurement in a loosely coupled GPS/INS system. In the second method, an NN is trained to map INS measurements with selected KF error states in a tightly coupled GPS/INS system when GPS signals are available. These training results can be used to modify KF time updates. Optimal input/output and NN structure have been investigated. Field tests show that the proposed hybrid methods can dramatically improve geo-referenced solutions during GPS outages.

Les principaux gisements d’uranium connus du Niger (Arlit, Akouta et Imouraren) sont tous localisés dans le bassin de Tim Mersoï, à l’Est de la faille d’Arlit. Les gisements d’Arlit et d’Akouta sont encaissés dans des formations Carbonifères et présentent une minéralisation à uranium essentiellement réduite, alors que le gisement d’Imouraren est contenu dans une formation d’âge Jurassique sous forme de minéralisation uranifère majoritairement oxydée avec quelques poches de minéralisation réduite. La découverte de nouvelles concentrations d’uranium à l’Ouest de la faille d’Arlit et les différences entre les gisements dans le Carbonifère et le Jurassique, ont encouragé une réévaluation des modèles métallogéniques antérieurs. L’objectif est de déterminer si les différentes minéralisations uranifères ont été formées durant un même évènement diagénétique/hydrothermal en lien avec un épisode géotectonique majeur, ou si celles-ci sont polyphasées dans le temps, afin de proposer un modèle métallogénique global. Une approche multi-technique regroupant une étude détaillée de la diagenèse, des fluides, de la minéralisation, de la géochronologie et de la géothermométrie, a été appliquée afin de retracer l’histoire d’enfouissement du bassin et d’appréhender les conditions de dépôt de l’uranium. Deux phases principales de minéralisation uranifère se distinguent: (i) un épisode diagénétique/hydrothermal principal entre 100 et 135 Ma au cours duquel les minéraux primaires d’uranium et de cuivre précipitent en milieu réduit dans des conditions proches de l’enfouissement maximal (P : 80-120 bars, T : 115-150 °C), en relation avec les périodes de rift atlantique au Crétacé. (ii) une série de remaniement des minéraux primaires en milieu oxydant pour former des minéraux secondaires d’uranium, de vanadium et de cuivre en conditions supergènes liée à l’exhumation des séries depuis 50 Ma, lors des grandes phases d’oxydation connues en Afrique de l’Ouest. / The main U-deposits of Niger (Arlit, Akouta, and Imouraren) are all located in the Tim Mersoï Basin, east of the Arlit Fault. The deposits of Arlit and Akouta are hosted in Carboniferous formations and have a substantially reduced uranium mineralization, while the Imouraren deposit is contained in a Jurassic formation in the form of predominantly oxidized uranium mineralization with some pockets of reduced mineralization. New ore bodies discoveries west of the Arlit Fault in the regions of Arlit and Akouta and the differences between the U-deposits in the Carboniferous and Jurassic, have encouraged a reevaluation of the previous metallogenic models. The objective is to determine whether the uranium mineralizations of Tim Mersoï Basin were formed during the same diagenetic/hydrothermal event in relation with a major geotectonic event, or if they are polyphase over time, in order to propose a general metallogenic model. A multi-technique approach involving a detailed study of diagenesis, fluid circulations, mineralization, geochronology and geothermometry was applied to trace the burial history of the basin and constrain the P-T conditions of uranium deposition. Two main phases of uranium mineralization are distinguished: (i) A diagenetic/hydrothermal episode between 100 and 135 Ma in which primary uranium and copper minerals precipitate in reduced environment under conditions close to maximum burial (P : 80-120 bars, T : 115-150 °C), in relation with Atlantic rift periods during Cretaceous. (ii) A serie of remobilizations of primary uranium minerals in oxidizing environment to form secondary uranium, vanadium and copper minerals under supergene conditions related to uplift since 50 Ma, during the major events of oxidation in western Africa.

Access to clean water and improved sanitation are basic human right. This quantitative, descriptive study sought to establish current water and sanitation coverage in Chirumanzu and Shurugwi districts in Zimbabwe and develop methods of assessing coverage using Geographic Information Systems. Google Earth was used to identify homesteads. Personal digital assistant-based forms were used to collect geo-referenced data on all water points and selected households. Geospatial analysis methods were used to calculate borehole water coverage. Using Google Earth, 29375 homesteads were identified. The water survey mapped 4134 water points; 821 were boreholes; and only 548 were functional. Functional borehole water coverage was: 57.3%, 46.2%, and 33.5% for distance from household to water point of within 1500 m, 1000 m, and 500 m respectively. Sanitation coverage was 44.3%, but 96% of the latrines did not meet Blair Ventilated Pit latrine standards. / Health Studies / M.A. (Public Health) (Medical Informatics)

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / Several rainfall-runoff methods use the synthetic time-area histogram HTA to simulate the translation effect of the watershed runoff. In those cases, the HTA can be defined by using the parameter named time of concentration (Tc). A model which automatically calculates the HTA might not consider the variation of land use, vegetation cover and further physiographic features of the basin. This fact is justified because the model uses the average conditions of the basin exactly as the concentrate model does. However, some physical aspects of the watershed change the flow velocity and the time of water flow, for instance the land slop and land use. A model that makes use of these peculiarities can appraise that, for the several aspects verified in the watershed, there are some velocity variations between the bigger and the smaller flow resistance. This paper presents a methodology which intends to obtain the HTA in a geo-processed way by evaluating the physiography and the land use in a watershed. This strict analysis will demonstrate the main steps needed to construct the map for the time of water flow according to pixel-to-pixel. The proposed methodology has presented good results, considering the didactical understanding of the processes related to the hydrology cycle and hydrology modeling. / Diversos modelos chuva/vazão utilizam o histograma tempo-área (HTA) sintético para a simulação do efeito de translação do escoamento na bacia hidrográfica. Nestes casos o HTA é definido a partir do parâmetro tempo de concentração (Tc). No entanto, um modelo que faz o cálculo do HTA de forma automática não considera a variabilidade da cobertura e uso da terra, bem como as características fisiográficas da bacia, pois o modelo usa as condições médias da bacia, caracterizando-o como concentrado. Algumas características físicas da bacia hidrográfica, como a declividade do terreno e o uso e ocupação da terra interferem nas velocidades do escoamento e, consequentemente, nos tempos de percurso da água. Um modelo que represente estas peculiaridades passa a ter nele incluídas as diferenças de velocidades, conforme o terreno ofereça menor ou maior resistência ao escoamento. Neste trabalho é apresentada uma metodologia para obtenção do HTA de forma geoprocessada a partir da fisiografia e uso da terra em uma bacia hidrográfica de forma mais aprofundada, mostrando os passos para construir o mapa de tempos de translação de cada célula da bacia, ou seja, pixel a pixel. A metodologia apresentou resultados satisfatórios como forma de compreensão dos processos envolvidos no ciclo hidrológico e na modelagem hidrológica.