Background: The control of malaria in pregnancy remains a large challenge in Burkina Faso, despite the adoption of control measures known to be effective. Known effective programs include individual measures, such as intermittent preventive treatment during pregnancy, and the use of long lasting insecticide nets and daily supplementation of ferrous sulphate (200 mg) along with folic acid. Besides these measures, health programs that aim at enhancing the well-being of the population and improve maternal and child health have emerged, including results-based financing (in 2014), a project promoting health in 130 communities (implemented in 2015), and free health care (implemented in 2016). This thesis attempts to assess the effects of health programs on the space–time patterns of malaria (morbidity and mortality) through routinely collected data in pregnancy and explore the various prediction approaches to address challenges in routine health data reporting. Methods: We utilized a substantial range of data and applied advanced quantitative approaches while considering the specific distribution of the data. Our thesis is based on the valorization (analyses) of malaria surveillance data (aggregated by space and time units) recorded in the health information system of Burkina Faso between 2011 and 2019. These analyses also integrate environmental remote sensing data, data from periodic surveys, and data from other sources. These data were coupled into a database. After performing appropriate descriptive analyses considering the complexity of the data design, we performed spatio-temporal Bayesian modeling to determine areas with high risk and assess the effect of health programs on the space–time patterns of malaria incidence among pregnant women at the community-level; to explore an approach to estimate health facility readiness from survey data designed to be regionally representative (and then quantify the effect of this readiness on severe-malaria cases and case fatality); and to explore the prediction approaches used to address challenges in routine health data reporting, thereby supporting a malaria early warning system. Results: Our results show spatial and temporal heterogeneity and indicate that the annual incidence of malaria increased between 2013 and 2018, while the mortality rate decreased significantly. Some communities with a high malaria burden experienced a reduction in their risk through the deployment of the health programs mentioned above. The risk of a pregnant woman dying from severe malaria was 2.5 times higher in districts with low operational capacity. Finally, our thesis proposed an approach to respond to crisis situations that would affect data collection and could be used to set the target or provide early warnings for epidemics or other notifications. Conclusion: Our thesis provides useful tools for disease surveillance in developing countries to help optimize the scarce resources in malaria high burden areas. The results of our thesis could be used by the Ministry of Health to strengthen the capacity of existing surveillance tools and to develop rational strategies and/or new tools for monitoring malaria cases and associated deaths in communities. / Contexte :La lutte contre le paludisme pendant la grossesse reste un grand défi au Burkina Faso, malgré l'adoption de mesures de contrôle dont l'efficacité est reconnue. Les programmes dont l'efficacité est reconnue comprennent des mesures individuelles, telles que le traitement préventif intermittent pendant la grossesse, l'utilisation de moustiquaires imprégnées d'insecticide de longue durée et la supplémentation quotidienne en sulfate ferreux (200 mg) ainsi qu'en acide folique. Outre ces mesures, des programmes de santé visant à accroître le bien-être de la population et à améliorer la santé maternelle et infantile ont vu le jour, notamment le financement basé sur les résultats (en 2014), le projet de promotion de la santé dans 130 communes (mis en œuvre en 2015) et la gratuité des soins de santé (mise en œuvre en 2016). Cette thèse tente d'évaluer les effets des programmes de santé sur les caractéristiques spatio-temporelles du paludisme (morbidité et mortalité) par le biais de données de routine collectées pendant la grossesse et d'explorer les différentes approches de prévision pour relever les défis de la rapportage systématique des données de santé. Méthodes :Nous avons utilisé un large éventail de données et appliqué des approches quantitatives avancées tout en tenant compte de la distribution spécifique des données. Notre thèse est basée sur la valorisation (analyses) des données de surveillance du paludisme (agrégées par unités spatiales et temporelles) enregistrées dans le système d'information sanitaire du Burkina Faso entre 2011 et 2019. Ces analyses intègrent également des données de télédétection environnementale, des données issues d'enquêtes périodiques et des données provenant d'autres sources. Ces données ont été couplées pour constituer une base de données. Après avoir effectué des analyses descriptives appropriées en tenant compte de la complexité de la conception des données, nous avons procédé à une modélisation bayésienne spatio-temporelle pour déterminer les zones à haut risque et évaluer l'effet des programmes de santé sur les tendances spatio-temporelles de l'incidence du paludisme chez les femmes enceintes au niveau communautaire ;pour explorer une approche permettant d'estimer la capacité opérationnelle des établissements de santé à partir de données d'enquête conçues pour être représentatives au niveau régional (et ensuite quantifier l'effet de cette capacité opérationnelle sur les cas de paludisme grave et la mortalité) ;et pour explorer les approches de prévision utilisées pour relever les défis relatifs au rapportaga systématique des données de santé, pouvant aussi servir à un système d'alerte précoce du paludisme. Résultats :Nos résultats montrent une hétérogénéité spatiale et temporelle et indiquent que l'incidence annuelle du paludisme a augmenté entre 2013 et 2018, tandis que le taux de mortalité a diminué de manière significative. Certaines communes où la charge du paludisme est élevée ont connu une réduction de leur risque grâce au déploiement des programmes de santé mentionnés ci-dessus. Le risque qu'une femme enceinte meure d'un paludisme grave était 2,5 fois plus élevé dans les districts ayant une faible capacité opérationnelle. Enfin, notre thèse a proposé une approche pour répondre aux situations de crise qui affecterait la collecte de données et pourrait être utilisée pour fixer l'objectif ou fournir des alertes précoces pour les épidémies ou autres notifications. Conclusion :Notre thèse fournit des outils utiles pour la surveillance des maladies dans les pays en développement afin de contribuer à optimiser les ressources limitées dans les zones à forte incidence de paludisme. Les résultats de notre thèse pourraient être utilisés par le ministère de la santé pour renforcer la capacité des outils de surveillance existants et pour développer des stratégies rationnelles et/ou de nouveaux outils de surveillance des cas de paludisme et des décès associés dans les communautés. / Doctorat en Sciences de la santé Publique / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

The major benefit of geo-referenced exposure modelling tools is the provision of spatially distributed information on expected environmental concentrations. This allows for identifying local and regional concentration differences in the environment which facilitates the development of efficient mitigation strategies. Predicted substance concentrations in the environment are governed by emission rates and representation of the substances' transport and transformation processes on the one hand and by the description of the spatial environmental heterogeneity and temporal variability on the other hand. The shape of river basins and streamflow variability within them is a product of physiographic and climatic factors like e. g. topography, land use, precipitation, or evapotranspiration. These factors are very variable in space and time. This heterogeneity in river basins may have an impact on surface water concentrations of various substances. In this work a hydrological framework for geo-referenced exposure assessment in river networks has been developed which predominantly addresses spatial heterogeneity of river basins. The theoretical background for parameterising a river network for the application of GREAT-ER (Geo-referenced Regional Exposure Assessment Tool for European Rivers) is elaborated and implemented. Quantity of discharge, flow velocity of river water and depth of river bed have to be determined at any location in a river network for the representation of substance dilution, transport and degradation. Temporal variability is handled by a probabilistic approach which demands choice and parameterisation of probability distribution functions to describe the river network characteristics. It is substantiated that discharge and its variation can be described by a lognormal probability distribution. This distribution can be parameterised by spatially distributed information on effective precipitation and specific low flow discharge from the German Hydrological Atlas. Geoprocessing methods are applied to couple information from these maps and the river network. Evaluation of discharge probability distributions by means of gauging data demonstrates good agreement. River depth and flow velocity are estimated on the basis of spatially distributed river structure data and therefore account for actual river morphology more than former approaches do. A comparison with hitherto used flow velocity and depth estimation shows significant differences which trigger perceivable differences in surface water concentration estimates. Identification of the sensitivity of hydrological parameters in terms of chemical fate estimation attaches importance to spatial explicit consideration of river networks. The main benefit of the presented methods is comprehensive incorporation of geo-referenced river basin characteristics into the data basis for the GREAT-ER model because this provides the basis for successful prediction of surface water concentrations by GREAT-ER.

There are a number of global navigation satellite systems (GNSS), in use or planed, which are used for navigation on earth but also for autonomous navigation of satellites in low earth orbit (LEO). It would be desirable to also have autonomous navigation in geosynchronous earth orbit (GEO) to reduce costs and make it possible to get higher accuracy on the position of the satellite. One part of the navigation system is the GNSS antenna which is examined in this master thesis. The specifications of the antenna were first decided and then three antenna alternatives were investigated in greater detail: a monofilar helix antenna, a three element circular array antenna and a twelve element circular array antenna. The result was that they would all work as a GNSS antenna in GEO but none could be judged to be the best under all circumstances. The size requirement for the mission and the used GNSS receiver would primarily decide which fits the mission best. / Det finns ett antal världstäckande navigeringssystem (GNSS), i användning och planerade, som används för navigation på jorden fast också för autonom navigation för satelliter i låg bana runt jorden. Det skulle också vara önskvärt att använda autonom navigation för satelliter i geostationär omloppsbana (GEO) för att reducera kostnaden och få högre positions noggrannhet. En del av navigationssystemet är GNSS antennen vilken är undersökt i detta examensarbete. Specifikationerna för antennen bestämdes först och sedan undersöktes tre olika antennalternativ i detalj: en monofilär helixantenn, en tre elements cirkulär gruppantenn och en tolv elements cirkulär gruppantenn. Resultatet var att alla alternativen skulle fungera som en GNSS antenn i GEO-bana fast inget av alternativen är bäst i alla förhållanden. Storlekskraven för uppdraget och vilken GNSS mottagare som skall användas påverkar vilket av alternativen som passar uppdraget bäst.

Irrigation of the municipal cemetery in Brigham City, Utah resulted in stained headstones in 2001 and 2002. The water used in the irrigation came from Mantua reservoir, a medium sized impoundment situated near the mouth of Box Elder Canyon. In order for Brigham City to establish a city wide secondary pressurized irrigation system using water from Mantua reservoir, the cause and the source of staining problem must be determined. Previous research (Wallace 2006) determined that the source of the staining was the reduction of iron found in Mantua Reservoir sediments that occurred when seasonal variations in the reservoir caused anaerobic conditions. The reduced iron then dissolved in the water and was used in the irrigation system, causing re-oxidation of the iron. The oxidized iron then precipitated out on the headstones causing the staining. The purpose of this investigation is to determine the iron oxidation kinetics after the re-aeration of the water which will help determine appropriate mitigation methods. A secondary purpose is to confirm the Mantua reservoir's capacity to become anaerobic, resulting in the conditions which cause staining. Using laboratory investigations and computer modeling, I determined that on re-aeration, fifty percent of the dissolved iron in the water precipitates in five hours. Using first-order kinetics to model this process, I found the rate constant of the kinetic reaction to be 0.0029 min-1. Fitting a geochemical computer model of the iron oxidation kinetics in Mantua reservoir, which uses a higher-order kinetics model to better model this process, to experimental kinetic data yielded a rate constant of 4x1013 /atm x min. I also recreated the staining process in the laboratory using concrete. This was successful and provided visual evidence that the iron precipitates out of the water and stained the concrete within a couple of hours of application. Field data collected from Mantua reservoir showed that the dissolved oxygen concentration in the reservoir drops regularly below levels consistent with equilibrium to the atmosphere. While my field measurements did not record anaerobic conditions, based on the patterns shown, this study shows that it would be possible for anaerobic conditions to occur during warmer weather.

Miniature Aerial Vehicles (MAVs) are quickly gaining acceptance as a platform for performing remote sensing or surveillance of remote areas. However, because MAVs are typically flown close to the ground (1000 feet or less in altitude), their field of view for any one image is relatively small. In addition, the context of the video (where and at what orientation are the objects being observed, the relationship between images) is unclear from any one image. To overcome these problems, we propose a geo-referenced mosaicing method that creates a mosaic from the captured images and geo-references the mosaic using information from the MAV IMU/GPS unit. Our method utilizes bundle adjustment within a constrained optimization framework and topology refinement. Using real MAV video, we have demonstrated our mosaic creation process on over 900 frames. Our method has been shown to produce the high quality mosaics to within 7m using tightly synchronized MAV telemetry data and to within 30m using only GPS information (i.e. no roll and pitch information).

Pre-modern conceptualization of shifting borderlands and territories rather than fixed boundaries often allowed for the dynamic flow of peoples between polities. Until the late 1800s and the colonization of Burma in 1886 by the British Empire, this permeability of the borders of its territory was how Siam (currently Thailand) viewed its geo-political sphere (Thomson 1995:272). Britain extended the boundaries of its empire beyond India to guarantee the economic interests of the British Empire. With this push eastward, Siam abutted a polity that rejected the idea of shifting borderlands. The British ascribed to the modern concept of non-permeability of borders. This concept brought with it a rigidity of perception that extended beyond geographical frameworks to also psychologically limit the interpersonal connections of Siam's multi-ethnic minority populations and the Tai ethnic majority (Keyes 1979:54, Marlowe 1979:203, Thomson 1995:281). Ancient residents of what was once the borderland area, the Karen, lost their status as a valuable part of a symbiotic relationship with the dominant Thai polity and were placed within a discourse of opposing binary factions. The Karen, once respected as stewards of the remote forestlands, became part of a larger group of peoples all of which have been labeled as the "hill tribes" (Trakarnsuphakorn 1997:218). This paper addresses how globalization and these social and political changes have resulted in marginalizing a group of diverse peoples who are now viewed as a threat to the security of the nation-states in which they reside. The discussion continues with a look at how the narrative about the Karen has changed and introduces a proposal for constructing a new empowering for the Karen.

Цель данной работы – проанализировать идентичность жителей областного центра для разработки программы ее реновации. Объектом исследования диссертационной работы является городская идентичность как этап разработки геобренда. Предмет исследования – ресурсы формирования единой городской идентичности жителей Кургана. Брендинг в настоящее время становится важнейшей частью процесса формирования стратегии развития каждого города, так как является инструментом управления взаимоотношениями с различными целевыми аудиториями, поддерживает выполнение целей социально-экономического развития и отражает все элементы уникальной идентичности региона. Автор в своем исследовании для полного осмысления технологии геобрендинга изучил этапы продвижения территории. Для этого автор опирался на подход Д. В. Визгалова, который из всех этапов построения геобренда ключевым выделяет изучение территориальной идентичности. Таким образом, был сформулирован вывод, что важным и основополагающим элементом, на котором строится концепция бренда города является изучение идентичности территории. Автор исследования основывал свой анализ идентичности, изучая такую территорию как областной центр город Курган. Курган – это большой современный город, но в социально- и культурно-психологическом плане, Курган – типичный малый город. Такой образ не может не придавать «провинциальности» всей территории. Кризис идентичности снижает степень отождествления индивида с городом, означает потерю им ценностной ориентации и, как следствие, способствует межтерриториальной эмиграции. Таким образом, городская идентичность нуждается в управлении ее воспроизводством. Совокупные знания, полученные в результате анализа идентичности жителей города Курган, помогли выявить уникальный ресурс города – градообразующее предприятие ЗАО «Курганстальмост». Разработанная автором коммуникационная программа, на основе предприятия ЗАО «Курганстальтмост»: «Курган – лидер производства», способствует формированию единой городской идентичности жителей территории. Следовательно, практическая ценность данного исследования заключается в том, что разработанная коммуникационная программа, на основе промышленного предприятия ЗАО «Курганстальмост» может послужить началом для работы по усилению городской идентичности жителей территории. / The purpose of this work is to analyze the identity of residents regional center to develop a program for its renovation. The object of research of the dissertation work is urban identity as a stage of geo-brand development. The subject of research is the resources of forming a unified urban identity of the inhabitants of Kurgan. Branding is now becoming a critical part of the process formation of the development strategy of each city, as it is relationship management tool with various target audiences, supports the achievement of the goals of socio-economic development and reflects all the elements of the unique identity of the region. Author in his research for a complete understanding of technology geo-branding has studied the stages of territory promotion. For this, the author relied on the approach of D.V. Vizgalov, which of all stages of building Geobrand is key to the study of territorial identity. Thus, the conclusion was formulated that it is important and the fundamental element on which the city brand concept is built is the study of the identity of the territory. The study author based his analysis of identity by examining such territory as a regional center, the city of Kurgan. Kurgan is big a modern city, but in social, cultural and psychological terms, Kurgan is a typical small town. Such an image cannot but impart "Provinciality" of the entire territory. Identity crisis reduces the degree identification of the individual with the city means the loss of their value orientation and, as a result, promotes inter-territorial emigration. Thus, urban identity needs to be managed reproduction The aggregate knowledge gained from identity analysis residents of the city of Kurgan, helped to identify a unique resource of the city -city-forming enterprise CJSC "Kurganstalmost". A communication program developed by the author, based on enterprises of JSC "Kurganstaltmost": "Kurgan - the leader of production", contributes to the formation of a single urban identity of residents territory. Therefore, the practical value of this study lies in the fact that the developed communication program, on the basis of the industrial enterprise CJSC "Kurganstalmost" can serve as a starting point for work to strengthen the urban identity of residents territory.

Severe weather events like hurricanes and tornadoes pose major risks globally, underscoring the critical need for accurate forecasts to mitigate impacts. While advanced computational capabilities and climate models have improved predictions, lack of high-resolution initial conditions still limits forecast accuracy. The Atlantic's "Hurricane Alley" region sees most storms arise, thus needing robust in-situ ocean data plus atmospheric profiles to enable precise hurricane tracking and intensity forecasts. Examining satellite datasets reveals radio occultation (RO) provides the most accurate 5-25 km altitude atmospheric measurements. However, below 5 km accuracy remains insufficient over oceans versus land areas. Some recent benchmark study e.g. Patil Iiyama (2022), and Wei Guan (2022) in their work proposed the use of deep learning models for sea surface temperature (SST) prediction in the Tohoku region with very low errors ranging from 0.35°C to 0.75°C and the root-mean-square error increases from 0.27°C to 0.53°C over the over the China seas respectively. The approach we have developed remains unparalleled in its domain as of this date. This research is divided into two parts and aims to develop a data driven satellite-informed machine learning system to combine high-quality but sparse in-situ ocean data with more readily available low-quality satellite data. In the first part of the work, a novel data-driven satellite-informed machine learning algorithm was implemented that combines High-Quality/Low-Coverage in-situ point ocean data (e.g. ARGO Floats) and Low-Quality/High-Coverage Satellite ocean Data (e.g. HYCOM, MODIS-Aqua, G-COM) and generated high resolution data with a RMSE of 0.58◦C over the Atlantic Ocean.The second part of the work a novel GNN algorithm was implemented on the Gulf of Mexico and showed it can successfully capture the complex interactions between the ocean and mimic the path of a ARGO floats with a RMSE of 1.40◦C. / Doctor of Philosophy / Severe storms like hurricanes and tornadoes are a major threat around the world. Accurate weather forecasts can help reduce their impacts. While climate models have improved predictions, lacking detailed initial conditions still limits forecast accuracy. The Atlantic's "Hurricane Alley" sees many storms form, needing good ocean and atmospheric data for precise hurricane tracking and strength forecasts. Studying satellite data shows radio occultation provides the most accurate 5-25 km high altitude measurements over oceans. But below 5 km accuracy remains insufficient versus over land. Recent research proposed using deep learning models for sea surface temperature prediction with low errors. Our approach remains unmatched in this area currently. This research has two parts. First, we developed a satellite-informed machine learning system combining limited high-quality ocean data with more available low-quality satellite data. This generated high resolution Atlantic Ocean data with an error of 0.58°C. Second, we implemented a new algorithm on the Gulf of Mexico, successfully modeling complex ocean interactions and hurricane paths with an error of 1.40°C. Overall, this research advances hurricane forecasting by combining different data sources through innovative machine learning techniques. More accurate predictions can help better prepare communities in hurricane-prone regions.

Bladder cancer (BCa) is one of the most common malignancies and has a relatively poor outcome worldwide. However, the molecular mechanisms and processes of BCa development and progression remain poorly understood. Therefore, the present study aimed to identify candidate genes in the carcinogenesis and progression of BCa. Five GEO datasets and TCGA-BLCA datasets were analyzed by statistical software R, FUNRICH, Cytoscape, and online instruments to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs), to construct protein‒protein interaction networks (PPIs) and perform functional enrichment analysis and survival analyses. In total, we found 418 DEGs. We found 14 hub genes, and gene ontology (GO) analysis revealed DEG enrichment in networks and pathways related to cell cycle and proliferation, but also in cell movement, receptor signaling, and viral carcinogenesis. Compared with noncancerous tissues, TPM1, CRYAB, and CASQ2 were significantly downregulated in BCa, and the other hub genes were significant upregulated. Furthermore, MAD2L1 and CASQ2 potentially play a pivotal role in lymph nodal metastasis. CRYAB and CASQ2 were both significantly correlated with overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS). The present study highlights an up to now unrecognized possible role of CASQ2 in cancer (BCa). Furthermore, CRYAB has never been described in BCa, but our study suggests that it may also be a candidate biomarker in BCa.

Social media platforms create rich social structures, expand users' boundaries of social networks and revolutionize traditional forms of communications, social interactions and social relationships. These platforms not only facilitate the creation and sharing of news and information, but they also drive various kinds of businesses models, processes and operations, knowledge sharing, marketing strategies for brand management and socio-political discourses essential for healthy and democratic functions. As such, social media has greater implications on organizations and society brought about by individuals' social media usage patterns, and therefore, calls for further investigations. The main objective of this dissertation is to explore and offer insights into such social media usage and information sharing behaviors via data driven examination of various theories. This dissertation involves three studies that focus on factors that explain individuals' three different social media usage behaviors. Essay 1 investigates individuals' perceived importance of online affiliation, self-esteem, self-regulation and risk-benefit structure as antecedents of users' geo-tagging behavior on social media. Essay 2 examines the role of online news quality, source credibility, individuals' perception towards online civic engagement, attitude towards news sharing and social influences to understand users' news sharing behavior on social media platforms. Essay 3 seeks to examine the individuals' information verification behavior on social media through the lens of individuals' fake news awareness, perceived cost of information verification, trust in social media and truth-seeking.