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<!-- /* Style Definitions */ p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal {mso-style-parent:""; margin:0cm; margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:SV;} h1 {mso-style-next:Normal; margin:0cm; margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; page-break-after:avoid; mso-outline-level:1; font-size:16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt; font-family:Arial; mso-font-kerning:0pt; mso-ansi-language:SV;} h2 {mso-style-next:Normal; margin-top:12.0pt; margin-right:0cm; margin-bottom:3.0pt; margin-left:0cm; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; page-break-after:avoid; mso-outline-level:2; font-size:14.0pt; font-family:Arial; mso-ansi-language:SV; font-style:italic;} h3 {mso-style-next:Normal; margin-top:12.0pt; margin-right:0cm; margin-bottom:3.0pt; margin-left:0cm; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; page-break-after:avoid; mso-outline-level:3; font-size:12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt; font-family:Arial; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:SV;} p.MsoToc1, li.MsoToc1, div.MsoToc1 {mso-style-update:auto; mso-style-next:Normal; margin:0cm; margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:SV;} p.MsoToc2, li.MsoToc2, div.MsoToc2 {mso-style-update:auto; mso-style-next:Normal; margin-top:0cm; margin-right:0cm; margin-bottom:0cm; margin-left:12.0pt; margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:SV;} p.MsoToc3, li.MsoToc3, div.MsoToc3 {mso-style-update:auto; mso-style-next:Normal; margin-top:0cm; margin-right:0cm; margin-bottom:0cm; margin-left:24.0pt; margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:SV;} p.MsoFootnoteText, li.MsoFootnoteText, div.MsoFootnoteText {margin:0cm; margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:SV;} p.MsoFooter, li.MsoFooter, div.MsoFooter {margin:0cm; margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; tab-stops:center 8.0cm right 16.0cm; font-size:12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:SV;} span.MsoFootnoteReference {vertical-align:super;} p.MsoBodyText, li.MsoBodyText, div.MsoBodyText {margin:0cm; margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:EN-US; font-style:italic;} p.MsoBodyText2, li.MsoBodyText2, div.MsoBodyText2 {margin:0cm; margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:red; mso-ansi-language:SV;} a:link, span.MsoHyperlink {color:blue; text-decoration:underline; text-underline:single;} a:visited, span.MsoHyperlinkFollowed {color:purple; text-decoration:underline; text-underline:single;} @page Section1 {size:612.0pt 792.0pt; margin:70.85pt 70.85pt 70.85pt 70.85pt; mso-header-margin:36.0pt; mso-footer-margin:36.0pt; mso-paper-source:0;} div.Section1 {page:Section1;} --> I Sverige lever över 80% av befolkningen i städer. Det urbana livet är fyllt av bilder och fyllt av reklambilder. På många reklambilder visas natur, naturen tycks kunna sälja allt. Men vilka egenskaper har naturen i reklamens bilder och vad säger det om naturen i våra urbana sinnen? Kvinnan tycks också ha en given plats i reklamens bilder. Kan det tänkas att kvinnan tillskrivs samma egenskaper som naturen? För att få svar dessa frågor kommer reklamens bilder att analysera. Analysen är en näranalys, i form av bildanalys, med fokus på bildens inre och yttre kontext. Naturen kan vara ett rum eller en plats och upplevs som alla andra rum och platser genom våra sinnen. Hur vi upplever rum och plats är ett resultat av rådande kultur. Den urban kulturen påverkar således upplevelsen av naturen. Reklambilder påverkar också vår verklighetsuppfattning och vår upplevelse av naturen. Tidigare har det gjorts studiet om naturens egenskaper i resereklam och bilreklam. Mitt resultat har dock inte gått att helt förena med tidigare studier vilket visar bredden i ämnet. Fyra reklamkampanjer har valts ut för analys; Loka, Lumené, Bregott och Alprosoya. Alla är produkter som används i vardagen och kampanjerna kan sammanfattas som dagligvarureklam. Naturen och kvinnan bär på snarlika egenskaper i kampanjernas bilder. Båda är goda, harmoniska, starka och eviga. Den urban kulturen har gett bilderna kraft att reducera naturens (och kvinnans) egenskaper till upphovsmannens syfte. Den imaginära geografin tar allt större plats i vår kultur.

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Forest Conservation and People’s Livelihoods: Explaining Encroachment on Zambia’s Protected Forest Landscapes - The Case Of Mwekera National Forest, Kitwe, Copperbelt Abstract The conflicts between conservation objectives and the livelihood needs of local communities are intricate and difficult to resolve and yet the success of any conservation effort hinges on their solution. This is particularly true in forest conservation in Third World countries like Zambia, where rural populations depend directly on forest resources, which are in many cases protected. Forest reserves in Zambia have undergone drastic changes over the years due to encroachment by such human activities as agriculture, charcoal burning and even settlements. This has led to the deforestation of most of them including Mwekera National Forest in Kitwe on the Copperbelt province. The Forest Department has attempted to involve the people in the management of these resources in a bid to redress the trend. But the fundamental causes for the encroachment and deforestation are not clear. This study was focused on unearthing the underlying causes of encroachment and the subsequent deforestation of Mwekera National Forest. This was done through a qualitative ethnographic approach employing individual interviews, focused group discussions, observations and pictures of relevant phenomena. The target groups included the forest communities living in and around Mwekera National Forest as well as government forestry officials at both local and national levels. The study was based on nature-culture theory, knowledge systems theory as well as the participatory approach. The study reveals that macro-economic policies such as privatisation of the mines has undermined people’s livelihoods while the inefficient and bureaucratic land delivery system made “vacant” protected forest land an attractive option. The policy contradictions between the forest sector and other sectors such as energy, agriculture and land have not helped matters. Organisational constraints on the Forest Department such as its inadequate human, financial and other resources coupled with the delay in its transformation to a more autonomous Forest Commission have not secured protected forests. Its old centralist management approach has made participation by local people difficult to effect despite being provided for under new forestry policy and law. This has meant that decisions made by officials lack meaningful involvement and support of the local people, thereby seriously hindering effective forest protection. Herein lies one major cause of encroachment.

Abstract Global aquaculture production has grown rapidly and is now among the fastest growing food production sectors in many countries.Introduced over the past 50 years or so,aquaculture in Africa has gone through different levels of growth. The desirability of aquaculture has been due to unreliable and unsustainable use of natural waters for capture fisheries. Due to the country’s concern, the government of Uganda has promoted aquaculture before for nutritional values. However, current policy initiatives that call for collective actions are geared towards commercial aquaculture development. This work focuses on several aspects of aquaculture development in Uganda viz; past,present and future, potential, reared fish species, benefits, constraints and these are reflected in the policy and institutional arrangements with in the sector. This work has been undertaken with the aim of providing in detail the possible ways and means for sustainable utilization of aquaculture outcomes. Emphasis has been on how members of Kigoowa Catholic Women’s Development Association (KCWDA) have been empowered through group formation and aquaculture activities. This work also analyses the dynamic gender relations that exist in resource ownership, access and use in Uganda and the implications thereof to aquaculture growth and expansion. Included are the possible options vulnerable people especially women undertake to sustain their livelihoods and those of their families and the community as a whole. The information in this work is discussed in line with the Sustainable Livelihoods Framework. It therefore aims at providing an additional reference text on the subject and in the context of aquaculture. Details about certain concepts, policies and principles, nature of the sector and supportive literature on various issues are discussed.

The current debate about environment and climate change has contributed to more andmore investment in alternative energy sources such as wind, solar and biogas. The Swedish Parliament has set the target that wind power should supply 10 TWh in 2015.In Sweden, wind power establishment began in the early 1980s. Since then the development has gained a tremendous momentum. The purpose of this study was to find out what problems wind power brings and what power relations that exists in connection with wind power establishment and how the landscape is affected by windpower construction, focusing on some cases in Falkenberg and Varberg. This study shows that wind power establishment is a very complicated process. The wind power's impact on the landscape is evident in both municipalities and can be viewed in terms of physical and visual impact, such as shadows and noise. Wind power projects can also affect wildlife, particularly birds, in an area. Most wind farms are located along the coast, but lately establishments have begun inland and offshore. In both municipalities, there are many people who see wind power as disturbing as it has resulted in changed views, noise, shadows or that the economic value of their property falls. Although windpower generates clean, green, low-emissions energy with little impact on natural resources, there are many people who oppose wind power development. A major reason for this is the location of wind power installations and an inadequate communication between government agencies, politicians, businesses, local residents and all others involved in setting up wind power mills in a municipality. This can be linked to government power and its exercise which can create the basis for various power groupings and conflicts between stakeholders. Group authority and instrumental power are the two authority categories most often associated with wind power establishment.This study also shows that despite public protests responsible authorities grants expansion of wind turbine developments in some enviromentally sensitive areas in both Falkenberg and Varbergs municipalities. Another result this study shows is that windpower astabilishment in Falkenberg municiplity has developed furher than in Varbergs municipality. The reason for this coluld be seen as that Falkenbrg’s municipality has alonger tradition of wind power sources than Varberg’s municipality has. / Dagens miljödebatt kring klimatförändringar har bidragit till att man satsar mer och mer på nya förnyelsebara energikällor som vindkraft, sol och biogas. Riksdagen har satt upp målet att vindkraft ska producera 10 TWh år 2015. I Sverige började man med vindkraftsetableringen i början av 1980 –talet. Sedan dess har utvecklingen fått en enormfart. Syftet med denna uppsats var att ta reda på vilka problem och vilka maktrelationer som förekommer i samband med vindkraftsetableringen och hur landskapet påverkas av vindkraftsetableringen med fokus på vissa fall i Falkenbergs och Varbergs kommuner. Denna  studie visar att vindkraftsetableringen är en mycket komplicerad process. Vindkraftenspåverkan på landskapet är påtaglig i båda kommunerna och kan ses i form av fysisk och visuell påverkan. Dit räknas också skuggor och buller. Vindkraftsetableringen kan också påverka djurlivet, särskilt fåglar, i ett område. De flesta vindkraftsparker är placerade utmed kusten men på sistone har man också börjat med vindkraftsetableringen i inlandet och till havs. I båda kommunerna finns det många människor som upplever vindkraft som störande på grund av ändrad utsikt, buller, skuggor eller att deras egendom tappar i ekonomiskt värde. Trots att vindkraft genererar ren och miljövänlig energi, med litet utsläpp och påverkan på naturresurser, är det många människor som motsätter sig vindkraftsutbyggnad. En viktig anledning till detta är placering av vindkraft och otillräcklig kommunikation mellan myndigheter, politiker, företag, närboende och alla andra inblandade i vindkraftsetableringeni en kommun. Detta kan kopplas ihop med myndigheternas makt och dess bruk som kan skapa grund till olika maktgrupperingar och konflikter mellan berörda intressenter. Gruppmakt och instrumental makt är de två maktkategorier som oftast förekommer i samband med vindkraftsetableringen. Denna studie visar också att, trots allmänna protester beviljar ansvariga myndigheter både i Falkenbergs och Varbergs kommuner utbyggnad av vindsnurror i en del miljökänsliga områden. Ett annat resultat som denna studie visar är att vindkraftsetableringen i Falkenbergs kommun har kommit längre än i Varbergs kommun. Orsaken till detta kan ses i att Falkenbergs kommun har en längre tradition än Varbergskommun.

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Uppsatsen omfattas av enläroboksanalys av sex geografiläroböcker för mellanstadiet därsyftet är att ur ett maktperspektiv studerabeskrivningar av svarta och vita amerikaner. Metoden somanvänds är kritisk diskursanalys och analysmaterialet består av både text och bild. Analysen präglas av ettpoststrukturalistisktsamt konstruktionistisktperspektivpå etnicitetvilket stämmer väl överens med analysmetoden. Resultatet från analysen visaratt läroböckerna lyckas olika bra med att förmedla nyanserade ochobjektiva beskrivningar avsvarta och vita amerikaner. Några böcker problematiserarexempelvis européernasfördrivning av indianer i Amerika och beskrivereuropéer och indianer som lika delaktiga i stridigheterna. Det eurocentriska perspektivet lyserdock igenom i andra läroböcker där exempelvis slavhandeln skildrades ur ett majoritetsperspektiv då européerna, som låg bakom slavhandeln, inte skrevs ut som de skyldiga