Planners and managers often rely on coarse population distribution data from the census for addressing various social, economic, and environmental problems. In the analysis of physical vulnerabilities to sea-level rise, census units such as blocks or block groups are coarse relative to the required decision-making application. This study explores the benefits offered from integrating image classification and dasymetric mapping at the household level to provide detailed small area population estimates at the scale of residential buildings. In a case study of Boca Raton, FL, a sea-level rise inundation grid based on mapping methods by NOAA is overlaid on the highly detailed population distribution data to identify vulnerable residences and estimate population displacement. The enhanced spatial detail offered through this method has the potential to better guide targeted strategies for future development, mitigation, and adaptation efforts. / Includes bibliography. / Thesis (M.A.)--Florida Atlantic University, 2016. / FAU Electronic Theses and Dissertations Collection

In the past 25 years, Palm Beach County has acquired more than 31 million acres of public preserves consisting of numerous native habitats that are home to threatened and endangered flora and fauna. Both endemic habitats and plant species benefit from expansion and connectivity through the adoption of native plants in surrounding areas. The next step in conserving these protected, larger areas is to identify ways to connect them in order to reduce their isolation and improve their likelihood of continued ecosystem health. This study aims to perform an analysis using a GIS database of Palm Beach County's Eastern urban areas to determine additional vegetation that currently exists on public lands and private preserves and to analyze and classify the vegetation for its potential conservation role, either as ; preserves, buffers, corridors or clusters connecting and enhancing existing natural areas. / by Corrie Rainyn. / Thesis (M.A.)--Florida Atlantic University, 2012. / Includes bibliography. / Mode of access: World Wide Web. / System requirements: Adobe Reader.

by Shu-Pan Yu. / Thesis submitted in: November 2001. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2002. / Includes bibliographical references. / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / ABSTRACT --- p.I / ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS --- p.V / TABLE OF CONTENTS --- p.VI / LIST OF FIGURES --- p.IX / LIST OF TABLES --- p.X / LIST OF PLATES --- p.X / ABBREVIATIONS --- p.XI / Chapter CHAPTER 1. --- INTRODUCTION --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- Objective --- p.2 / Chapter 1.3 --- Environmental Impact Assessment of Roads --- p.3 / Chapter CHAPTER 2. --- BACKGROUND TO STUDY --- p.8 / Chapter 2.1. --- Introduction --- p.8 / Chapter 2.2. --- Road SEA VIS-A-VIZ Project EIA --- p.8 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Introduction and Definition of SEA of Road Network --- p.8 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- SEA as an Improvement on EIA system --- p.9 / Chapter 2.2.3. --- The Environmental Indicators of Road Project EIA and SEA --- p.13 / Chapter 2.2.4. --- SEA Approaches --- p.15 / Chapter 2.2.5. --- The SEA Process --- p.15 / Chapter 2.3. --- Methodologies and Tools for SEA --- p.18 / Chapter 2.3.1. --- Needs for Tailor-made SEA Tools --- p.19 / Chapter 2.3.2 --- Desirable Attributes of SEA Assessment Tools --- p.20 / Chapter 2.4. --- Difficulties and Constraints of Road Building in Hong Kong --- p.21 / Chapter 2.4.1. --- Traffic Noise Problems in Hong Kong --- p.22 / Chapter 2.4.2. --- Noise Emission vs Noise Immission Assessment --- p.23 / Chapter 2.4.3. --- Ecological Resources in Hong Kong --- p.26 / Chapter 2.5. --- Environmental Assessment Systems in Hong Kong --- p.28 / Chapter 2.5.1 --- Noise Assessment in Project EIAs --- p.28 / Chapter 2.5.2 --- Difficulties in Transposing Project EIA Noise Prediction Methodology to SEA --- p.29 / Chapter 2.5.3 --- Road Project Ecological Assessment --- p.30 / Chapter 2.5.4 --- Need for Proactive Nature Conservation --- p.30 / Chapter 2.5.5 --- SEA Systems in Hong Kong --- p.31 / Chapter 2.6. --- Use of Geographical Information System (GIS) as a Platform --- p.35 / Chapter 2.6.1 --- Potentials and Advantages of GIS Approach --- p.36 / Chapter 2.6.2 --- Limitations of GIS --- p.40 / Chapter 2.7. --- Summary --- p.42 / Chapter CHAPTER 3. --- ASSESSMENT METHODOLOGY --- p.44 / Chapter 3.1. --- Introduction --- p.44 / Chapter 3.2. --- Noise Impacts --- p.44 / Chapter 3.2.1. --- Previous Overseas Experience of Strategic Noise Assessment Using GIS --- p.44 / Chapter 3.2.2. --- Development of An Appropriate Assessment Methodology for Hong Kong --- p.48 / Chapter 3.3. --- Ecological Impacts --- p.68 / Chapter 3.3.1. --- Past Experience of Strategic Ecological Assessment (SEcA) Using GIS --- p.70 / Chapter 3.3.2. --- Assessment Methodology of Strategic Ecological Assessment --- p.72 / Chapter 3.4. --- Land Acquisition Assessment --- p.78 / Chapter 3.4.1. --- Assessment Method --- p.79 / Chapter 3.5. --- Summary --- p.79 / Chapter CHAPTER 4. --- SYSTEM DESIGN --- p.81 / Chapter 4.1 --- Introduction --- p.81 / Chapter 4.2 --- System Overview --- p.81 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- Functions of the System --- p.84 / Chapter 4.2.2 --- Design Features of the System --- p.84 / Chapter 4.3 --- System Software --- p.87 / Chapter 4.4 --- System Structure --- p.88 / Chapter 4.4.1 --- Base Maps Insertion --- p.88 / Chapter 4.4.2 --- Traffic Data Input --- p.92 / Chapter 4.4.3 --- Noise Assessment --- p.93 / Chapter 4.4.4 --- Ecological Assessment --- p.105 / Chapter 4.4.5 --- Land Acquisition Assessment --- p.111 / Chapter 4.4.6 --- Summary of Overall Impacts --- p.113 / Chapter 4.4.7 --- Comparison of Options --- p.114 / Chapter 4.5 --- Summary --- p.115 / Chapter CHAPTER 5. --- APPLICATION OF THE SYSTEM : A PILOT STUDY --- p.116 / Chapter 5.1. --- Introduction --- p.116 / Chapter 5.2. --- The Crosslinks Project --- p.116 / Chapter 5.2.1. --- The Project Area - North-west New Territories --- p.117 / Chapter 5.2.1.1. --- Urban Development in the NWNT --- p.118 / Chapter 5.2.1.2. --- Ecological Habitats of the NWNT --- p.119 / Chapter 5.3. --- Execution of the Pilot Study --- p.119 / Chapter 5.4. --- Results and Discussions --- p.125 / Chapter 5.4.1. --- Environmental Assessment of the Crosslinks Project --- p.125 / Chapter 5.4.2. --- Assessment of Alternative Options --- p.133 / Chapter 5.4.3. --- Experience Learned from the Pilot Study --- p.147 / Chapter 5.5. --- Summary --- p.148 / Chapter CHAPTER 6. --- CONCLUSION --- p.149 / Chapter 6.1. --- Design Concepts and Features --- p.149 / Chapter 6.2. --- Limitations of the System --- p.153 / Chapter 6.3. --- Further Research --- p.154 / REFERENCES --- p.156 / APPENDICES --- p.166 / APPEMDIXI NOISE ASSESSMENT METHODOLOGY --- p.167 / "APPENDIX II R(A), R(B), R(C) NOISE ATTENUATION PATTERNS" --- p.171 / APPENDIX III PUBLICAHONS --- p.175

by Kai-Hang Choi. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1998. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 217-232). / Abstract also in Chinese. / ABSTRACT --- p.i / ACKNOWLEDGMENT --- p.iv / TABLE OF CONTENTS --- p.v / LIST OF FIGURES --- p.viii / LIST OF TABLES --- p.xiii / Chapter CHAPTER I --- INTRODUCTION --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Background --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- Role of GIS in Health Studies --- p.4 / Chapter 1.3 --- Research Objectives --- p.5 / Chapter 1.4 --- Organization of the Thesis --- p.6 / Chapter CHAPTER II --- LITERATURE REVIEW --- p.8 / Chapter 2.1 --- Introduction --- p.8 / Chapter 2.2 --- Human cancer --- p.8 / Chapter 2.3 --- Environment and Cancer --- p.10 / Chapter 2.4 --- Cancer Etiology and Epidemiology --- p.13 / Chapter 2.5 --- Observational Cancer Epidemiology --- p.15 / Chapter 2.6 --- Geography of Cancer --- p.17 / Chapter 2.7 --- Geographical Epidemiology of Cancer --- p.19 / Chapter 2.7.1 --- Geographical Variation in Cancer Occurrence --- p.21 / Chapter 2.7.1.1 --- Cancer Mapping --- p.24 / Chapter 2.7.1.2 --- Spatial Autocorrelation --- p.26 / Chapter 2.7.2 --- Identifying Causal Association --- p.29 / Chapter 2.7.3 --- Environmental Factors of Cancer --- p.31 / Chapter 2.8 --- Geographical Information Systems --- p.40 / Chapter 2.9 --- GIS and Health --- p.41 / Chapter 2.9.1 --- GIS Applications in Health Planning --- p.42 / Chapter 2.9.2 --- GIS Applications in Health Research --- p.43 / Chapter 2.10 --- Cancer Studies with GIS --- p.45 / Chapter 2.11 --- Conclusion --- p.47 / Chapter CHAPTER III --- THE STUDY AREA AND RESEARCH METHODOLOGY --- p.49 / Chapter 3.1 --- Introduction --- p.49 / Chapter 3.2 --- Disease Transition in Hong Kong --- p.49 / Chapter 3.3 --- Cancer in Contemporary Hong Kong --- p.52 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- Trends of Cancer Mortality and Incidence --- p.52 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- The Common Types of Cancer --- p.55 / Chapter 3.3.3 --- Geographical Variation of Cancer in Hong Kong --- p.58 / Chapter 3.4 --- The Research --- p.61 / Chapter 3.4.1 --- Cartographic Analysis --- p.62 / Chapter 3.4.2 --- Statistical Analyses --- p.63 / Chapter 3.4.3 --- Cancer Variables --- p.67 / Chapter 3.4.4 --- Environmental Variables --- p.70 / Chapter 3.5 --- Conclusion --- p.71 / Chapter CHAPTER IV --- DATABASE CONSTRUCTION --- p.73 / Chapter 4.1 --- Introduction --- p.73 / Chapter 4.2 --- Data Collection --- p.73 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- Base Maps --- p.73 / Chapter 4.2.2 --- Cancer Data --- p.74 / Chapter 4.2.3 --- Socio-demographic Data --- p.75 / Chapter 4.2.4 --- Air Pollution --- p.76 / Chapter 4.2.5 --- ELF EMFs --- p.77 / Chapter 4.3 --- Data Input --- p.77 / Chapter 4.3.1 --- Spatial Data --- p.77 / Chapter 4.3.1.1 --- Base Maps --- p.78 / Chapter 4.3.1.2 --- Point Data --- p.78 / Chapter 4.3.1.3 --- Line Data --- p.79 / Chapter 4.3.2 --- Attribute Data --- p.79 / Chapter 4.4 --- Data Editing and Conversions --- p.80 / Chapter 4.4.1 --- Spatial Data --- p.80 / Chapter 4.4.1.1 --- Standard Coverage Editing Procedures --- p.80 / Chapter 4.4.1.2 --- Specific Coverage Editing Procedures --- p.81 / Chapter 4.4.2 --- Attribute Data --- p.83 / Chapter 4.4.2.1 --- Cancer Rates --- p.83 / Chapter 4.4.2.2 --- Socio-economic Status --- p.85 / Chapter 4.5 --- Data Pre-processing and Manipulation --- p.86 / Chapter 4.5.1 --- Socio-economic Variables --- p.86 / Chapter 4.5.1.1 --- Interpretation of Factor Scores --- p.97 / Chapter 4.5.2 --- Compromised Traffic Index --- p.99 / Chapter 4.5.3 --- ELFEMFs --- p.104 / Chapter 4.6 --- Conclusion --- p.106 / Chapter CHAPTER V --- RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS --- p.111 / Chapter 5.1 --- Introduction --- p.111 / Chapter 5.2 --- Geographical Analysis of Cancer Patterns --- p.111 / Chapter 5.2.1 --- Results --- p.112 / Chapter 5.2.1.1 --- Total Cancer --- p.113 / Chapter 5.2.1.2 --- Cancer of the Female Breast --- p.118 / Chapter 5.2.1.3 --- Cancer of the Cervix Uteri (Cervical Cancer) --- p.121 / Chapter 5.2.1.4 --- Cancer of the Colon and Rectum (Colorectal Cancer) --- p.124 / Chapter 5.2.1.5 --- Cancer of the Stomach (Gastric Cancer) --- p.129 / Chapter 5.2.1.6 --- Leukaemia --- p.129 / Chapter 5.2.1.7 --- Cancer of the Liver --- p.134 / Chapter 5.2.1.8 --- Cancer of the Lung --- p.143 / Chapter 5.2.1.9 --- Cancer of the Nasopharynx (NPC) --- p.149 / Chapter 5.2.1.10 --- Cancer of the Oesophagus --- p.154 / Chapter 5.3 --- Correlation among Cancer Variables --- p.160 / Chapter 5.3.1 --- Correlation among Cancer types --- p.160 / Chapter 5.3.2 --- Temporal Correlation among Cancers --- p.168 / Chapter 5.3.3 --- Correlation between Cancer Mortality and Incidence --- p.170 / Chapter 5.4 --- Correlation between Cancer and Environmental Variables --- p.172 / Chapter 5.4.1 --- Results --- p.174 / Chapter 5.5 --- Weighted Stepwise Regression Modeling --- p.182 / Chapter 5.5.1 --- Results --- p.183 / Chapter 5.5.1.1 --- Total Cancer --- p.184 / Chapter 5.5.1.2 --- Cancer of the Female Breast --- p.186 / Chapter 5.5.1.3 --- Cancer of the Cervix Uteri (Cervical Cancer) --- p.188 / Chapter 5.5.1.4 --- Cancer of the Colon and Rectum --- p.189 / Chapter 5.5.1.5 --- Cancer of the Stomach (Gastric Cancer) --- p.191 / Chapter 5.5.1.6 --- Leukaemia --- p.193 / Chapter 5.5.1.7 --- Cancer of the Liver --- p.195 / Chapter 5.5.1.8 --- Cancer of the Lung --- p.197 / Chapter 5.5.1.9 --- Cancer of the Nasopharynx (NPC) --- p.199 / Chapter 5.5.1.10 --- Cancer of the Oesophagus --- p.201 / Chapter 5.6 --- Interpretations of Results --- p.203 / Chapter CHAPTER VI --- CONCLUSION --- p.207 / Chapter 6.1 --- Summary of Findings --- p.207 / Chapter 6.1.1 --- Summary on Geographical Analysis of Cancer Patterns --- p.207 / Chapter 6.1.2 --- Summary on Statistical Analysis of Cancer Variables --- p.209 / Chapter 6.1.3 --- Summary on Associations between Cancers and Environment --- p.211 / Chapter 6.2 --- Research Limitations --- p.212 / Chapter 6.3 --- Implications for Future Studies --- p.215 / BIBLIOGRAPHY --- p.217 / APPENDICES --- p.233 / Appendix I Community Map of hong Kong --- p.234 / Appendix II List of Communities and their Components --- p.236 / Appendix III Tertiary Planning Units (TPUs) - Community Conversion Lists --- p.240 / Appendix IV BASIC Program for Calculating Moran and Geary Indices --- p.244

自上世紀90年代以來，中國城市空間伴隨經濟的高速增長不斷擴展，迄今為止已經產生了五個巨型城市，高居世界榜首。遺憾的是，中國傳統城市規劃面對高速增長帶來的城市問題和挑戰捉襟見肘。當前的成果著重基於遙感資料的城市外延式空間拓展研究，而對傳統內城的內延式空間增長缺乏考察，而傳統內城恰恰是聚集經濟和城市問題高度集中的地區。外延式拓展往往是內城聚集經濟外溢的結果，故很大程度上是內城空間強度和密度溢出的外在表現。本人通過大量文獻回顧發現，當前中國城市規劃領域在兩個方面的實證研究幾乎是空白：其一是客觀定量考察內城空間增長現象及其機制，其二是科學評估法定規劃在引導城市增長過程中的空間績效。本文力圖通過廣州實證研究，從空間經濟交互的角度實現上述研究空白領域的突破。 / 該研究充分挖掘現行城市土地和建設管理資料、勘測地圖和社會經濟統計的空間-經濟資訊並建立海量資料庫，採用GIS 技術和GWR 空間統計方法，對廣州內城垂直空間強度和水準空間密度的增長進行了定量觀察，科學分析了增長現象背後的空間經濟機制，並籍此對廣州城市規劃管理單元控制導則進行了客觀評估。觀察發現，聚集經濟力量始終支配著空間強度和密度的梯級分佈。地方政府土地供應成為刺激空間強度增長的中堅力量，而地方政府財政支援是空間密度增長的核心動力。同時，空間強度的形成對經濟全球化水準顯示出明顯依賴。分析表明，城市規劃干預雖然對空間增長起到明顯作用，但廣州內城的增長規模遠遠超出了規劃預期，規劃自由裁量權成為規劃適應實際增長需求的關鍵手段，由此可見，實際空間強度和密度的增長並不是規劃控制的成果，而是政府與市場博弈的結果。研究認為，城市中心持續聚集並逐漸溢出蔓延有其必然規律，增長雖然無法有效遏制，但可以通過合理的增長管理實現有效的空間組織，其中城市邊緣地區是增長管理的關鍵。值得注意的是，任何一種管理手段都有正面和負面的影響，有效的增長管理必須基於客觀的空間經濟增長機制，並需建立長效的規劃監控和動態管理機制，而定期的現象觀察和空間規劃績效評估應成為核心內容。 / 該研究強調本國立場，通過設定科學度量方法和建立海量資料庫，對內城空間強度和密度的增長進行了精細觀察和量化分析，並在此基礎上實現了空間規劃績效的客觀評估和科學判斷。這是在我國城市規劃領域的首次嘗試和突破，以期幫助城市規劃和管理者更深入的理解城市增長客觀現象和規律，為中國傳統城市規劃的理念更新和方法創新提供有價值的參考和借鑒，並期待由此引發該領域更深入的思考和探討。 / Urban economic growth has hastened urban spatial expansion since the 1990s in China, and five megacities such as Guangzhou emerged by 2011. The evidence indicates that this growth shows few signs of stopping in the foreseeable future. The ontology and epistemology of Chinese-style urban planning are unfortunately overstretched in terms of the challenges resulting from rapid growth. Urban growth studies have focused on the present achievements of spatial expansion to non-urban areas based on remote sensing data while ignoring the maturely urbanized areas emphasized by urban planning. However, both agglomeration economies and serious urban problems are centralized within the downtown area. Urban sprawl to the non-urban area is a physical consequence of agglomeration economy spillover, and is hence a consequence of spatial intensification and densification spillover. Two kinds of studies have been nearly absent in the realm of Chinese urban planning. The first comprises objective observations on spatial intensification and densification growth patterns and mechanisms in urbanized area. The second comprises reviews and evaluations of planning performance in the urban growth process at the day-to-day administrative level based on objective observations and real-world quantitative evidence. Both types of studies draw forth the objectives of this research. / With an emphasis on the national and local contexts, this dissertation analyzes the spatio-economic mechanisms of urban growth and planning performances in the rapidly growing Guangzhou megacity of the PRD. It is the first exploration targeted at a maturely urbanized inner-city to use a combination of urban construction administration documents, survey maps, socioeconomic statistics, GIS and GWR to observe the spatio-economic mechanisms of urban growth in the vertical and horizontal dimensions for the frantic growth years between 2000 and 2010. Defining the sub-district as a spatial analysis unit, it is also the first study to use massive amounts of digital data to evaluate spatial planning performance at the Zoning level, which is the statutory platform of day-to-day planning administration. This study observed a substantial variety of spatio-economic mechanisms in terms of both vertical and horizontal urban growth across the space. Agglomeration economies dominated the gradient distribution of urban growth no matter what kinds of interventions were imposed according to the planning. Whereas the horizontal growth exhibited significant dependence on government budgetary expenditure, the vertical growth was mainly driven by land supply and greatly dependent on the economic globalization level. The spatial performances of Zoning were effective at protecting historical/ecological interests and guiding the direction of spatial expansion in the city fringe. However, it performed poorly in terms of old town evacuation and new town development. It is surprising that the administration uses planning discretion to shape growth based on a Zoning that has proved impossible to achieve in reality. This study reveals that the traditional Chinese-style planning systems risk urban growth in sustainable development. / This dissertation sheds light on the objective observation and investigation of urban growth mechanisms and planning performances. Its findings could help us better understand urban behavior and make inferences on how socioeconomic processes influence urban growth in different dimensions, which in turn could have considerable effects on planning implementation and spatial performance. Its research achievements could aid in the scientific goal-setting, planning formulation and implementation for better growth management in China’s cities. In particular, this dissertation is expected to trigger cross-disciplinary studies on urban behavior and quantitative planning evaluations based on objective observations. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Huang, Zhen. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2013. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 193-203). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstracts also in Chinese. / Chapter CHAPTER I --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Background --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1.1 --- International Perspective of China's Megacities --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1.2 --- National and Local Context of Guangzhou --- p.4 / Chapter 1.1.3 --- Urban Growth in Guangzhou --- p.5 / Chapter 1.1.4 --- Urban Planning of Guangzhou --- p.8 / Chapter 1.2 --- Research Objectives and Questions --- p.11 / Chapter 1.2.1 --- Research Objectives and Subject --- p.11 / Chapter 1.2.2 --- Research Questions and Hypotheses --- p.14 / Chapter 1.3 --- Research Framework and Dissertation Structure --- p.15 / Chapter CHAPTER II --- Literature Review --- p.18 / Chapter 2.1 --- Urban Planning Paradigm and Methodology --- p.18 / Chapter 2.1.1 --- Planning Paradigm shifts with Urban Growth --- p.18 / Chapter 2.1.2 --- Planning Theories Dealing with Urban Growth --- p.19 / Chapter 2.1.3 --- Planning Methodology based on the Socioeconomic Context --- p.20 / Chapter 2.1.4 --- Chinese-style Urban Planning --- p.23 / Chapter 2.2 --- Detecting and Understanding Urban Growth --- p.26 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Detecting Urban Growth --- p.26 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Growth Pattern Identification --- p.27 / Chapter 2.2.3 --- Exploring the Driving Force of Urban Growth --- p.28 / Chapter 2.3 --- Planning Review and Evaluation for Managing Urban Growth --- p.29 / Chapter 2.3.1 --- International Experiences --- p.29 / Chapter 2.3.2 --- National Experiences --- p.30 / Chapter 2.4 --- Sub-summary --- p.31 / Chapter CHAPTER III --- Theory and Methodology --- p.34 / Chapter 3.1 --- Theoretical Framework and Technical Supports --- p.34 / Chapter 3.1.1 --- Interdisciplinary Theories and Techniques --- p.34 / Chapter 3.1.2 --- Link between Disciplines and Techniques --- p.35 / Chapter 3.2 --- Measurement Methods and Data Acquisition --- p.37 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- Measures of Urban Growth --- p.37 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- Measures of Planning Performance --- p.39 / Chapter 3.2.3 --- Measures of Urban Economy --- p.42 / Chapter 3.3 --- Research Methodology --- p.42 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- Methodology of Phenomena Observation --- p.43 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- Methodology of Correlations Investigation (CIM) --- p.45 / Chapter 3.3.3 --- Methodology of Planning Interpretation (PIM) --- p.52 / Chapter 3.4 --- Sub-summary --- p.54 / Chapter CHAPTER IV --- Detecting Urban Growth and Analyzing Planning Performance --- p.55 / Chapter 4.1 --- Database Establishment --- p.55 / Chapter 4.1.1 --- Data Collection and Processing --- p.55 / Chapter 4.1.2 --- Variables in the Database --- p.68 / Chapter 4.2 --- Detecting Urban Growth --- p.70 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- Overview of Urban Growth --- p.70 / Chapter 4.2.2 --- Distribution of Economic Growth in the Inner City --- p.71 / Chapter 4.2.3 --- Spillover of Urban Spatial Growth --- p.73 / Chapter 4.3 --- Detecting the Spatial Performances of Zoning --- p.76 / Chapter 4.3.1 --- Expected Urban Growth Pattern in Zoning --- p.77 / Chapter 4.3.2 --- Conformities between Reality and Expectations --- p.81 / Chapter 4.3.3 --- Contradictions between Reality and Expectations --- p.84 / Chapter 4.4 --- Detecting Planning Interventions --- p.87 / Chapter 4.4.1 --- Expectations of Spatial Development Potentials --- p.88 / Chapter 4.4.2 --- Expectations of Capital Agglomeration Potentials --- p.89 / Chapter 4.5 --- Sub-summary --- p.90 / Chapter CHAPTER V --- Examining Urban Growth Patterns and Planning Interventions --- p.95 / Chapter 5.1 --- Analyzing Urban Growth Patterns --- p.95 / Chapter 5.1.1 --- Vertical Urban Growth (VUG) Pattern --- p.95 / Chapter 5.1.2 --- Horizontal Urban Growth (HUG) Pattern --- p.96 / Chapter 5.1.3 --- Spatial Agglomeration Growth (SAG) Pattern --- p.97 / Chapter 5.1.4 --- Economic Growth Pattern --- p.99 / Chapter 5.2 --- Planning Effects on the VUG Pattern --- p.101 / Chapter 5.2.1 --- Model Specification --- p.101 / Chapter 5.2.2 --- Spatially Varying Mechanism --- p.103 / Chapter 5.3 --- Planning Effects on the HUG Pattern --- p.108 / Chapter 5.3.1 --- Model Specification --- p.108 / Chapter 5.3.2 --- Spatially Varying Mechanism --- p.110 / Chapter 5.4 --- Planning Effects on the Economic Growth Pattern --- p.113 / Chapter 5.4.1 --- Model Specification --- p.114 / Chapter 5.4.2 --- Spatially Varying Mechanism --- p.115 / Chapter 5.5 --- Sub-summary --- p.118 / Chapter CHAPTER VI --- Exploring the Spatio-economic Mechanisms (SEMs) of Urban Growth and Estimating Planning Failures --- p.123 / Chapter 6.1 --- SEMs and Planning Effects on VUG --- p.123 / Chapter 6.1.1 --- Model Specification --- p.123 / Chapter 6.1.2 --- Spatially Varying Mechanism --- p.125 / Chapter 6.2 --- SEMs and Planning Effects on HUG --- p.129 / Chapter 6.2.1 --- Model Specification --- p.129 / Chapter 6.2.2 --- Findings and Interpretation --- p.131 / Chapter 6.3 --- Spatial Dependence of Economic Elements Growth --- p.132 / Chapter 6.3.1 --- Model Specification --- p.132 / Chapter 6.3.2 --- Findings and Interpretation --- p.134 / Chapter 6.4 --- Government Intervention Mechanism of Spatial Shaping --- p.136 / Chapter 6.4.1 --- Model Specification --- p.136 / Chapter 6.4.2 --- Spatially Varying Mechanism --- p.138 / Chapter 6.5 --- Estimation of Planning Failures --- p.142 / Chapter 6.5.1 --- Estimation model Establishment --- p.142 / Chapter 6.5.2 --- Findings and Interpretation --- p.143 / Chapter 6.6 --- Sub-summary --- p.147 / Chapter CHAPTER VII --- Implications of Planning and Application for Growth Management --- p.153 / Chapter 7.1 --- Perfect Planning in an Imperfect World --- p.153 / Chapter 7.1.1 --- Large Gaps between Planning Wills and Reality --- p.153 / Chapter 7.1.2 --- Complex City System and Dynamic Urban Growth --- p.154 / Chapter 7.1.3 --- Limitations of Traditional Planning --- p.155 / Chapter 7.1.4 --- The Role of Urban Planning --- p.156 / Chapter 7.2 --- Concrete Planning Based on Local Knowledge --- p.157 / Chapter 7.2.1 --- Local Knowledge Learning from Histories --- p.157 / Chapter 7.2.2 --- Local Knowledge Emphasizing Introspection and Empirical Studies --- p.157 / Chapter 7.2.3 --- Local Knowledge Supported by Monitoring and Feedback --- p.158 / Chapter 7.3 --- Rationale Planning Adhering to Agglomeration Economies --- p.159 / Chapter 7.3.1 --- Agglomeration Economies: Positive or Negative --- p.159 / Chapter 7.3.2 --- Agglomeration Economies Center: Too Crowded or Not --- p.160 / Chapter 7.3.3 --- Agglomeration Economies: Spatial Diffusion Mechanisms --- p.162 / Chapter 7.4 --- The Paradoxes of Anti-sprawl Planning --- p.163 / Chapter 7.4.1 --- Centralization vs. Decentralization --- p.163 / Chapter 7.4.2 --- Growth Priority in the City Fringe --- p.164 / Chapter 7.5 --- Shaping Growth with Economic Thinking --- p.165 / Chapter 7.5.1 --- Basic Spatio-economic Mechanisms --- p.166 / Chapter 7.5.2 --- Driving a Compact New Town --- p.167 / Chapter 7.6 --- The Pros and Cons of Government Intervention --- p.167 / Chapter 7.6.1 --- Intervention Instruments for Growth Shaping --- p.168 / Chapter 7.6.2 --- Pros and Cons --- p.170 / Chapter 7.7 --- Growth Management Planning (GMP) as an Application --- p.171 / Chapter 7.7.1 --- Role of GMP in the Current Planning Systems --- p.172 / Chapter 7.7.2 --- Methodology of GMP --- p.173 / Chapter 7.8 --- Sub-summary --- p.175 / Chapter CHAPTER VIII --- Conclusion and Limitations --- p.179 / Chapter 8.1 --- Restating the Research Objectives and Questions --- p.180 / Chapter 8.2 --- Measurement and Data Acquisition Innovations --- p.181 / Chapter 8.3 --- Findings of Urban Growth Observation --- p.183 / Chapter 8.4 --- Findings of Planning Evaluation --- p.185 / Chapter 8.5 --- Planning Implications --- p.186 / Chapter 8.6 --- Potential Applications --- p.188 / Chapter 8.7 --- Key Contributions and Significance --- p.190 / Chapter 8.8 --- Limitations and Future Work --- p.191 / References --- p.193 / Appendix --- p.204

Yu Hongbo. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2001. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 130-138). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / ABSTRACT IN ENGLISH --- p.i-ii / ABSTRACT IN CHINESE --- p.iii / ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS --- p.iv-v / TABLE OF CONTENTS --- p.vi-viii / LIST OF TABLES --- p.ix / LIST OF FIGURES --- p.x-xi / Chapter CHAPTER I --- INTRODUCTION / Chapter 1.1 --- Problem Statement --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- Research Purpose --- p.5 / Chapter 1.3 --- Significance --- p.7 / Chapter 1.4 --- Methodology --- p.8 / Chapter 1.5 --- Outline of the Thesis --- p.9 / Chapter CHAPTER II --- LITERATURE REVIEW / Chapter 2.1 --- Introduction --- p.12 / Chapter 2.2 --- Origin of GIS --- p.12 / Chapter 2.3 --- Development of GIS-T --- p.15 / Chapter 2.4 --- Capabilities of GIS-T --- p.18 / Chapter 2.5 --- Structure of a GIS-T --- p.19 / Chapter 2.5.1 --- Data Models for GIS-T --- p.19 / Chapter 2.5.2 --- Relational DBMS and Dueker-Butler's Data Model for Transportation --- p.22 / Chapter 2.5.3 --- Objected-oriented Approach --- p.25 / Chapter 2.6 --- Main Techniques of GIS-T --- p.26 / Chapter 2.6.1 --- Linear Location Reference System --- p.26 / Chapter 2.6.2 --- Dynamic Segmentation --- p.27 / Chapter 2.6.3 --- Planar and Non-planar Networks --- p.28 / Chapter 2.6.4 --- Turn-table --- p.28 / Chapter 2.7 --- Algorithms for Finding Shortest Paths on a Network --- p.29 / Chapter 2.7.1 --- Overview of Routing Algorithms --- p.29 / Chapter 2.7.2 --- Dijkstra's Algorithm --- p.31 / Chapter 2.7.3 --- Routing Models for the Multi-modal Network --- p.32 / Chapter 2.8 --- Recent Researches on GIS Data Models for the Multi-modal Transportation System --- p.33 / Chapter 2.9 --- Main Software Packages for GIS-T --- p.36 / Chapter 2.10 --- Summary --- p.37 / Chapter CHAPTER III --- MODELING THE MULTI-MODAL PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM / Chapter 3.1 --- Introduction --- p.40 / Chapter 3.2 --- Elaborated Stages and Methods for GIS Modeling --- p.40 / Chapter 3.3 --- Application Domain: The Multi-modal Public Transportation System --- p.43 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- Definition of a Multi-modal Public Transportation System --- p.43 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- Descriptions of the Multi-modal Public transportation System --- p.44 / Chapter 3.3.3 --- Objective of the Modeling Work --- p.46 / Chapter 3.4 --- A Layer-cake Based Application Domain Model for the Multi- modal Public Transportation System --- p.46 / Chapter 3.5 --- A Conceptual Model for the Multi-modal Public Transportation System --- p.49 / Chapter 3.6 --- Logical and Physical Implementation of the Data Model for the Multi-modal Public Transportation System --- p.54 / Chapter 3.7 --- Criteria for Routing on the Multi-modal Public Transportation System --- p.57 / Chapter 3.7.1 --- Least-time Routing --- p.58 / Chapter 3.7.2 --- Least-fare Routing --- p.60 / Chapter 3.7.3 --- Least-transfer Routing --- p.60 / Chapter 3.8 --- Summary --- p.61 / Chapter CHAPTER IV --- DATA PREPARATION FOR THE STUDY AREA / Chapter 4.1 --- Introduction --- p.53 / Chapter 4.2 --- The Study Area: Hong Kong Island --- p.63 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- General Information of the Transportation System on Hong Kong Island --- p.63 / Chapter 4.2.2 --- Reasons for Choosing Hong Kong Island as the Study Area --- p.66 / Chapter 4.2.3 --- Mass Transit Routes Selected for the Prototype --- p.67 / Chapter 4.3 --- Data Source and Data Collection --- p.67 / Chapter 4.4 --- Geographical Data Preparation --- p.71 / Chapter 4.4.1 --- Data Conversion --- p.73 / Chapter 4.4.2 --- Geographical Data Input --- p.79 / Chapter 4.5 --- Attribute Data Input --- p.86 / Chapter 4.6 --- Summary --- p.88 / Chapter CHAPTER V --- IMPLEMENTATION OF THE PROTOTYPE / Chapter 5.1 --- Introduction --- p.89 / Chapter 5.2 --- Construction of the Route Service Network --- p.89 / Chapter 5.2.1 --- Generation of the Geographical Network --- p.90 / Chapter 5.2.2 --- Setting Attribute Data for the Route Service Network --- p.95 / Chapter 5.3 --- A GIS-T Prototype for the Study Area --- p.102 / Chapter 5.4 --- General GIS Functions of the Prototype --- p.104 / Chapter 5.4.1 --- Information Retrieve --- p.104 / Chapter 5.4.2 --- Display --- p.105 / Chapter 5.4.3 --- Data Query --- p.105 / Chapter 5.5 --- Routing in the Prototype --- p.105 / Chapter 5.5.1 --- Routing Procedure --- p.108 / Chapter 5.5.2 --- Examples and Results --- p.110 / Chapter 5.5.3 --- Comparison and Analysis --- p.113 / Chapter 5.6 --- Summary --- p.118 / Chapter CHAPTER VI --- CONCLUSION / Chapter 6.1 --- Research Findings --- p.123 / Chapter 6.2 --- Research Limitations --- p.126 / Chapter 6.3 --- Direction of Further Studies --- p.128 / BIBLIOGRAPHY --- p.130

Lesson plans were developed in order to address the inter-disciplinary nature inherent in environmental education by drawing on place-based learning approaches and relating natural and human made aspects of watershed dynamics.

Surface coal mining leads to inevitable changes and notable impact on the physical environment of the earth and engenders immense damage to the landscape and the ecological environment. The dramatic high-speed rock digging and disturbance unavoidably causes ecosystem degradation and destruction. Detecting how surface coal mining affects the environment on the process of land use/cover change is one of the primary concerns to preserve nature and minimize the environmental impacts. Therefore, monitoring and understanding the environmental impact processes in mining areas is critical for sustainable management of the Earth's environment. In this thesis, remote sensing and Geographic Information System (GIS) are applied to assess the spatial environmental impact caused by surface coal mining in southwestern Indiana. The goal of this research is to develop a methodology to classify the coal mining field using satellite imagery and to quantify and assess land use /cover changes using remote sensing and GIS. The specific methods include classification of Landsat Thermal Mapper (TM) data and comparison of the spatial patterns of the classification results in the study region. The results are presented with a 3-D model to better understand and visualize the coal mining effects on the landscape. Results obtained in this study indicate the change area of land use/cover and the potential area for planting crops in southwestern Indiana. Based on the observation of the data results, vegetation in the study area was found to have changed significantly over the study period. In particular, the developed areas have been increasing quickly and the areas of agriculture and forests have been decreasing appreciably. / Department of Geography

Esta pesquisa aborda o uso das Tecnologias da Informação e Comunicação (TIC), em especial a Internet, e dos Sistemas de Informação Geográfica (SIG) para a participação pública no planejamento urbano. Mais especificamente, investiga-se a Participação Pública com Sistema de Informação Geográfica (PPSIG), uma alternativa através da qual o público participa produzindo mapas e/ou dados espaciais que representam a sua percepção do espaço urbano em questão. O trabalho parte do pressuposto de que novas abordagens metodológicas, que façam uso das TIC e dos SIG, tais como a PPSIG, podem aperfeiçoar os processos participativos, pois permitem a criação de técnicas mais interativas, emancipatórias e colaborativas, que encurtam os laços entre o público e os técnicos, bem como entre a sociedade e o governo. A pesquisa se justifica, pois apesar de legislações terem ampliado os canais de participação, as críticas permanecem, evidenciando que existe uma demanda por novas abordagens metodológicas. Ao mesmo tempo, trata-se de entender que novas ferramentas estão disponíveis e precisam ser assimiladas, e, principalmente, de como fazê-lo de maneira adequada. Ainda, faz-se necessário avaliar se a expectativa de que a PPSIG pode ampliar o envolvimento do público no planejamento urbano procede no contexto brasileiro. Assim, com o objetivo de expandir o conhecimento empírico sobre o método PPSIG, ele foi aplicado em dois casos, numa situação prática em Jaguarão (RS), e numa situação simulada sobre a Orla do Guaíba em Porto Alegre (RS), e avaliado do ponto de vista de três grupos de atores: população, técnicos/especialistas, e gestores públicos. Para tal, utilizou-se três diferentes métodos de coleta de dados: a ferramenta PPSIG propriamente dita, questionários e entrevistas. Os resultados sugerem, por exemplo, que há uma boa aceitação ao uso de ferramentas digitais, tais como a PPSIG, por parte da população, técnico/especialistas e gestores públicos. Mais, que o método PPSIG se distingue de outros métodos participativos, pois a percepção da população é coletada de forma automatizada e georreferenciada, o que possibilita que estes dados sejam analisados em conjunto com as demais camadas de informação necessárias ao planejamento urbano, facilitando, assim, a incorporação do conhecimento local no planejamento urbano já na fase propositiva. / This research addresses the use of Information Technology and Communication (ICT), especially the Internet, and of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) for public participation in urban planning. More specifically, it investigates the Public Participation Geographic Information Systems (PPGIS), an alternative through which the public participates by producing maps and/or spatial data that represents their perception of the urban space. It assumes that new methodological approaches, that make use of ICT and of GIS, such as PPGIS can improve participatory processes, enabling to create more interactive, collaborative and emancipatory techniques that shorten the ties between the public and technicians as well as between the society and the government. The research is justified, because although laws have expanded the channels of participation, criticism remains, showing that there is a demand for new methodological approaches. At the same time, it is about to understand that new tools are available and need to be assimilated, and especially of how to do it properly. Also, it is necessary to evaluate whether the expectation that PPGIS can broaden public involvement in urban planning is confirmed in the Brazilian context. Thus, in order to expand the empirical knowledge about the PPGIS method, it was applied in two cases, a practical situation in Jaguarão (RS), and a simulated situation on the Guaíba waterfront in Porto Alegre (RS), and evaluated from the point of view of three groups of actors: the public, technicians/specialists, and public managers. To do this, three different methods of data collection were applied: the PPGIS tool itself, questionnaires and interviews. The results show, for instance, that there is a good acceptance of digital tools usage, such as the PPGIS, by the population, technician/specialist and public managers. Moreover, that the GIS method distinguishes itself from other participatory methods, because it collects the population's perception in an automated and georeferenced way, which enables these data to be analyzed together with other layers of information necessary for urban planning, thereby facilitating local knowledge incorporation in urban planning since the propositional phase.

Esta pesquisa aborda o uso das Tecnologias da Informação e Comunicação (TIC), em especial a Internet, e dos Sistemas de Informação Geográfica (SIG) para a participação pública no planejamento urbano. Mais especificamente, investiga-se a Participação Pública com Sistema de Informação Geográfica (PPSIG), uma alternativa através da qual o público participa produzindo mapas e/ou dados espaciais que representam a sua percepção do espaço urbano em questão. O trabalho parte do pressuposto de que novas abordagens metodológicas, que façam uso das TIC e dos SIG, tais como a PPSIG, podem aperfeiçoar os processos participativos, pois permitem a criação de técnicas mais interativas, emancipatórias e colaborativas, que encurtam os laços entre o público e os técnicos, bem como entre a sociedade e o governo. A pesquisa se justifica, pois apesar de legislações terem ampliado os canais de participação, as críticas permanecem, evidenciando que existe uma demanda por novas abordagens metodológicas. Ao mesmo tempo, trata-se de entender que novas ferramentas estão disponíveis e precisam ser assimiladas, e, principalmente, de como fazê-lo de maneira adequada. Ainda, faz-se necessário avaliar se a expectativa de que a PPSIG pode ampliar o envolvimento do público no planejamento urbano procede no contexto brasileiro. Assim, com o objetivo de expandir o conhecimento empírico sobre o método PPSIG, ele foi aplicado em dois casos, numa situação prática em Jaguarão (RS), e numa situação simulada sobre a Orla do Guaíba em Porto Alegre (RS), e avaliado do ponto de vista de três grupos de atores: população, técnicos/especialistas, e gestores públicos. Para tal, utilizou-se três diferentes métodos de coleta de dados: a ferramenta PPSIG propriamente dita, questionários e entrevistas. Os resultados sugerem, por exemplo, que há uma boa aceitação ao uso de ferramentas digitais, tais como a PPSIG, por parte da população, técnico/especialistas e gestores públicos. Mais, que o método PPSIG se distingue de outros métodos participativos, pois a percepção da população é coletada de forma automatizada e georreferenciada, o que possibilita que estes dados sejam analisados em conjunto com as demais camadas de informação necessárias ao planejamento urbano, facilitando, assim, a incorporação do conhecimento local no planejamento urbano já na fase propositiva. / This research addresses the use of Information Technology and Communication (ICT), especially the Internet, and of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) for public participation in urban planning. More specifically, it investigates the Public Participation Geographic Information Systems (PPGIS), an alternative through which the public participates by producing maps and/or spatial data that represents their perception of the urban space. It assumes that new methodological approaches, that make use of ICT and of GIS, such as PPGIS can improve participatory processes, enabling to create more interactive, collaborative and emancipatory techniques that shorten the ties between the public and technicians as well as between the society and the government. The research is justified, because although laws have expanded the channels of participation, criticism remains, showing that there is a demand for new methodological approaches. At the same time, it is about to understand that new tools are available and need to be assimilated, and especially of how to do it properly. Also, it is necessary to evaluate whether the expectation that PPGIS can broaden public involvement in urban planning is confirmed in the Brazilian context. Thus, in order to expand the empirical knowledge about the PPGIS method, it was applied in two cases, a practical situation in Jaguarão (RS), and a simulated situation on the Guaíba waterfront in Porto Alegre (RS), and evaluated from the point of view of three groups of actors: the public, technicians/specialists, and public managers. To do this, three different methods of data collection were applied: the PPGIS tool itself, questionnaires and interviews. The results show, for instance, that there is a good acceptance of digital tools usage, such as the PPGIS, by the population, technician/specialist and public managers. Moreover, that the GIS method distinguishes itself from other participatory methods, because it collects the population's perception in an automated and georeferenced way, which enables these data to be analyzed together with other layers of information necessary for urban planning, thereby facilitating local knowledge incorporation in urban planning since the propositional phase.