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Geoprocessamento aplicado na distribuição espacial da capacidade do uso na microbacia do Córrego dos Rochas, Avaré (SP)Galatti Filho, Francisco Antônio [UNESP] 22 August 2006 (has links) (PDF)
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galattifilho_fa_me_botfca.pdf: 786923 bytes, checksum: 136cd939700e544ad54c137640d7f4fb (MD5) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) / O objetivo, deste trabalho foi a espacialização da capacidade de uso das terras da microbacia do Córrego dos Rochas, Município de Avaré-SP, obtida através da utilização do Sistema de Informação Geográfica - Idrisi, visando contribuir para uma melhor organização territorial e planejamento de uma adequado da ocupação do solo. Os resultados obtidos a partir da metodologia utilizada permitiram mostrar que a maior parte das áreas de terras da microbacia dos Rochas são formadas por solos pertencentes às unidades: LATOSSOLOS VERMELHO-AMARELOS (LVA52) Distróficos (36,64%) e LATOSSOLO VERMELHOS (LV4) Eutroférricos e Distroférricos (30,30%), apresentando textura arenosa. Quanto à declividade, houve um predomínio de áreas com classes de declive de 0-12%, relevo plano a ondulado (61,37%) da área da microbacia, mostrando que essas terras são propícias para o cultivo de culturas anuais, com amplo uso da mecanização. A maior parte das terras foi classificada como sendo da classe IV (73,79 %) de capacidade de uso, porém, foram encontradas as seguintes subclasses de capacidade de uso das terras: IIe,s; IIIe; IVs; IVe; IVe,s, VIe e VIIe. As subclasses de capacidade IVe; IVe,s, IVs e VIe foram as mais representativas, mostrando tratar-se de terras que podem ser utilizadas para fins agrícolas, próprias para lavouras em geral, ressaltando-se que, quando cultivadas sem cuidados 2 especiais, ficam sujeitas a severos riscos de depauperamento, principalmente quando os solos são utilizadas culturas anuais. O Sistema de Informação Geográfica - Idrisi mostrou-se eficiente na determinação da capacidade de uso das terras da microbacia do Bairro dos Rochas, Município de Avaré-SP, demonstrando que a utilização de ferramentas de geoprocessamento facilita e agiliza os trabalhos dos cruzamento de dados, permitindo o armazenamento digital... . / In this context, the present work had a purpose the determination of the shart of land use capacity of the watershed of the Rochas in Municipal District of Avaré-SP, obtained through the use of Geographical Information System - Idrisi, looking for contribute to a better territorial organization and for the planning of a right occupation of the soil. The results obtained with the used methodology to show that the most of the areas of the watershed of the Rocha are organized by soil belonging to the units LVA52d (36, 54%) and LV4e (30, 30%) presenting textures that are sandy. About the declivity, had a predominance of areas with slope classes of 0-12%, plane relief to wavy (61, 37%) of the watershed showing that this lands are good to cultivate the annual cultures, with wide use of the mechanization. The biggest part of the lands of watershed were classified as being of the class IV of use capacity, but were found the following subclasses of capacity of land uses: IIe,s; IIIe; IVs; IVe; IVe,s, VIe e VIIe. The capacity subclasses IVe; IVe,s, e IVs (73,79%) e VIe (15,56%) were the most representatives, showing been about lands that can be used to agricultural ends, private to farming majority, jutting out that when cultivated without special cares, they stay in dangerous risks of impoverishment, mainly when the soils are cultivated with annual cultures. Information Geographical System - Idrisi show itself efficient in the determination of capacity in land uses of the wastershed of the Rochas in the Avaré-SP Municipal District, showing that the use of geoprocessing tools digital storage that will come to be used to another analyses, above all to future planning of the territories and environment areas studied already.
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[en] A SOFTWARE COMPARISON FOR VISUALIZATION OF THE SUBSOIL IN THE REGION OF MEIER, RIO DE JANEIRO / [es] EVALUACIÓN DE HERRAMIENTAS COMPUTACIONALES PARA VISUALIZACIÓN DEL SUBSUELO DE LA REGIÓN DE MÉIER, RIO DE JANEIRO / [pt] AVALIAÇÃO DE FERRAMENTAS COMPUTACIONAIS PARA VISUALIZAÇÃO DO SUBSOLO DA REGIÃO DO MÉIER, RIO DE JANEIROLUCIANA SALES CORREA 02 October 2001 (has links)
[pt] O presente trabalho visa elaborar o perfil de solo de uma
área na Zona Norte da cidade do Rio de Janeiro,
compreendendo os bairros Abolição, Água Santa, Benfica,
Bonsucesso, Cachambi, Del Castilho, Engenho de Dentro,
Encantado, Engenho Novo,Higienópolis, Inhaúma, Jacaré,
Jacarezinho, Lins de Vasconcelos, Manguinhos, Méier,
Maria da Graça, Piedade, Pilares, Quintino, Riachuelo,
Rocha, Sampaio, Tomás Coelho,Todos os Santos e Vila
Isabel,
numa área total aproximada de 33 km2 com base em
resultados de sondagens à percussão (SPT).A metodologia
para concepção do perfil de sedimentação/intemperismo
envolveu a recuperação e interpretações dos perfis
obtidos
em poços de sondagem, visitas de campo na região
selecionada, análise de mapas e imagem aérea, revisões
bibliográficas e extensa procura de dados em vários
arquivos público.
Um banco de dados foi criado no software ArcView, um
sistema para aplicação de informação geográfica
georeferenciada, a partir da base cartográfica digital na
escala 1:2000. As entidades gráficas que representam o
posicionamento dos poços sondados foram incorporadas no
sistema assim como, toda a informação de interesse
associada a interpretação dos respectivos boletins
baseada
no perfil de subsolo proposto.
Na visualização 3D em sub-região de 3,30 Km2, onde o
número
e distribuição de poços foram considerados satisfatórias
em
uma análise preliminar, foram empregados dados referentes
às sondagens SPT assim armazenadas (posição geográfica da
boca do furo, profundidade do lençol freático, valores do
número de golpes do ensaio SPT a cada metro de
profundidade, quota altimétrica, espessuras e descrição
qualitativa das camadas).
Aplicações baseadas em GIS quando associadas com métodos
de
Geoestatística podem ser de interesse e importância
fundamental em estudos regionais que envolvem
planejamento urbano e tomadas de decisões, para
elaboração
de mapas de risco,contaminação do subsolo entre muitas
outras aplicações no campo da Geotecnia e Geologia de
Engenharia. / [en] This research intends to elaborate a subsoil profile for
the region of the North Zone of the city of Rio de Janeiro,
Brazil, encompassing the districts of Abolição, Água Santa,
Benfica, Bonsucesso, Cachambi, Del Castilho, Engenho de
Dentro, Encantado, Engenho Novo, Higienópolis, Inhaúma,
Jacaré, Jacarezinho, Lins de Vasconcelos, Manguinhos,
Méier, Maria da Graça, Piedade, Pilares, Quintino,
Riachuelo, Rocha, Sampaio, Tomás Coelho, Todos os Santos
and Vila Isabel, in a total area of 33 km 2 . The
methodology aiming this objective involved the recovery and
interpretation of borehole logs, several field trips to the
selected region, analysis of maps and aerial images,
bibliographic reviews and extensive data search in several
public archives. A database was constructed using the
software ArcView, for geographical information system
applications, and a digital cartographic map on scale 1:
2,000. Graphical entities, representing the borehole
positions, were also incorporated as well as all other
information of interest drawn from the borehole logs, such
as depth of the groundwater level, number of recorded SPT
blows along the soil profile, a qualitative description of
the local stratigraphy, depth of the sound rock, date of
test execution, etc. A 3D visualization was also produced,
employing the data correspondign to a smaller subregion
(3.30 km 2 ), where both the number and distribution of
boreholes were considered satisfactory in a preliminary
analysis. GIS-based applications, possible associated with
geoestatiscal methods, may be of fundamental interest and
importance in regional studies involving urban planning,
decision-making strategies, elaboration of maps of risk,
subsoil and groundwater contamination, among many other
applications in the field of geotechnical and geological
engineering. / [es] EL presente trabajo tiene como objetivo elaborar el perfil
de suelo de una región de la Zona Norte de la ciudad de Rio
de Janeiro, que comprende los barrios Abolição, Agua Santa,
Benfica, Bomsuceso, Cachambi, Del Castilho, Engenho de
Dentro, Encantado, Engenho Nuevo,Higienópolis, Inhaúma,
Jacaré, Jacarezinho, Lins de Vasconcelos, Manguinhos,
Méier, María de la Graça, Piedad, Pilares, Quintino,
Riachuelo, Roca, Sampaio, Tomás Coelho,Todos los Santos y
Vila Isabel, para um total de 33 km2 con base en resultados
de sondaje a la percusión (SPT). LA metodología para la
concepción del perfil de sedimentación/intemperismo
considera la recuperación e interpretaciones de los
perfiles obtenidos em los pozos de sondage, visitas de
campo en la región seleccionada, análisis de mapas e imágen
aérea, revisiones bibliográficas y extensa búsqueda de
datos en varios archivos públicos. Un banco de datos fue
creado con el software ArcView, un sistema para aplicación
de información geográfica georeferenciada, a partir de la
base cartográfica digital en la escala 1:2000. Las
entidades gráficas que representan la posición de los pozos
sondados fueron incorporadas al sistema, así como toda la
información de interés asociada a la interpretación de los
respectivos boletines. En la visualización 3D en subregión
de 3,30 Km2, dondelnúmero y distribución de pozos fueron
considerados satisfactorias en un análisis preliminar, se
utilizaron datos referentes a las sondages SPT almacenadas
(posición geográfica de la boca del hueco, profundidad del
manto freático, valores del número de golpes del ensayo SPT
a cada metro de profundidad, cuota altimétrica, espesuras y
descripción cualitativa de las camadas). Las aplicaciones
baseadas en GIS asociadas con métodos de Geoestatística
pueden ser de interés e importancia fundamental en estudios
regionales que envuelven planificación urbana y toma de
decisiones, para la elaboración de mapas de
riesgo,contaminación del subsuelo entre muchas otras
aplicaciones en el campo de la Geotecnia y Geología de
Ingeniería.
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Application of Gis in Temporal and Spatial Analyses of Dengue Fever Outbreak : Case of Rio de Janeiro, BrazilAchu, Denis January 2009 (has links)
Since Dengue fever (DF) and its related forms, Dengue Hemorrhagic fever (DHF) and Dengue Shock Syndrome (DSS) have become important health concerns worldwide, it is also imperative to develop methods which will help in the analysis of the incidences. Dengue fever cases are growing in number as it also invades widely, affecting larger number of countries and crossing climatic boundaries. Considering that the disease as of now has neither an effective vaccine nor a cure, monitoring in order to prevent or control is the resorted alternative. GIS and its related technologies offer a wealth of interesting capabilities towards achieving this goal. The intention of this study was to develop methods to describe dengue fever outbreaks taking Rio de Janeiro, Brazil as a case study. Careful study of Census data with appropriate attributes was made to find out their potential influence on dengue fever incidence in the various regions or census districts. Dengue incidence data from year 2000 to year 2008 reported by the municipal secretariat of Rio was used to extract the necessary census districts. Base map files in MapInfo format were converted to shape files. Using ArcGIS it was possible to merge the dengue fever incidence data with the available base map file of the City of Rio according to corresponding census districts. Choropleth maps were then created using different attributes from which patterns and trends could be used to describe the characteristic of the outbreak with respect to the socio-economic conditions. Incidence data were also plotted in Excel to see temporal variations. Cluster analysis were performed with the Moran I technique on critical periods and years of dengue outbreak. Using the square root of dengue incidence from January to April 2002 and 2008, inverse distance was selected as the conceptualised spatial relationship, Euclidean distance as the distance method. More detailed analyses were then done on the selected critical years of dengue outbreak, (years 2002 and 2008), to investigate the influence of socio-economic variables on dengue incidence per census district. Dengue incidence rate appeared to be higher during the rainy and warmer months between December and May. Outbreaks of dengue occurred in years 2002 and 2008 over the study period of year 2000 to 2008. Some factors included in the census data were influential in the dengue prevalence according to districts. Satisfactory results can be achieved by using this strategy as a quick method for assessing potential dengue attack, spread and possible enabling conditions. The method has the advantage where there is limited access to field work, less financial means for acquisition of data and other vital resources. A number of difficulties were encountered during the study however and leaves areas where further work can be done for improvements. More variables would be required in order to make a complete and comprehensive description of influential conditions and factors. There is still a gap in the analytical tools required for multi-dimensional investigations as the ones encountered in this study. It is vital to integrate ‘GPS’ and ‘Remote Sensing’ in order to obtain a variety of up-to-date data with higher resolution.
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USO DE SISTEMAS DE INFORMAÇÕES GEOGRÁFICAS NA OPERAÇÃO DE SISTEMAS DISTRIBUIÇÃO DE ÁGUA / USE OF INFORMATION SYSTEMS GEOGRAPHICAL SYSTEMS IN OPERATION SUPPLYOLIVEIRA, Roberta Mara de 24 June 2009 (has links)
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Previous issue date: 2009-06-24 / Water companies have the duty to provide water to the growing demand, which requires a
larger quantity of active connections and, consequently, results in an increase of net extension
and a larger volume of produced water. This paper aims at presenting a tool for the support of
management of water distribution nets in a pilot area in the city of Goiânia GO. The
application of GIS tool integrated to the hydraulic model had sectors Parque Ateneu and
Jardim Mariliza as sceneries, with the purpose of evaluating the building difficulties of those
models (plural) and its use as a tool for this paper. Concerning the building of the models, we
used geoprocessing resources in order to integrate graphic databases and water system typical
alphanumerics, especially net technical registration, urban map reference, altimetry map, and
consumption profile, used as case study. The building process shows the EPANET DC Water
Design Extension at stages CAD, GIS, and finally in the integration procedure for the adopted
hydraulic simulation program. Finally, the model was used for the evaluation of the system
deployed. In this research chose to develop a method of semi-automatic connection of the
nodes of the units of consumption consuming, this method can avoid the duplicity of
associations, allowing only one connection in each unit, one of the advantages of this method
is the control that operator is at the link, node can determine which is closest to the consumer
unit. The results show that we can produce information for the improvement of general
knowledge of the delivery system because what occurs is large spread of information inside
the company in charge of the management / As companhias de água têm a complexa tarefa de fornecer água, atendendo a crescente
demanda, que exige maior quantidade de ligações ativas, que consequentemente acarreta em
um aumento na extensão da rede e um maior volume de água produzida. Esta dissertação
apresenta uma ferramenta no suporte ao gerenciamento das redes de distribuição de água de
uma área piloto na cidade de Goiânia-Go. A aplicação da ferramenta SIG integrada ao modelo
hidráulico, teve como cenário os bairros Parque Ateneu e Jardim Mariliza, com o objetivo de
avaliar as dificuldades de construção de tais modelos e seu uso como ferramenta para esse
trabalho. No tocante à construção dos modelos, utilizou-se recursos de geoprocessamento para
integrar bases de dados gráficas e alfanuméricas típicas de sistemas de água, em especial, o
cadastro técnico da rede, o mapa urbano de referência, o mapa de altimetria e o perfil de
consumo, usada como estudo de caso. Demonstra o processo de construção nas etapas CAD,
GIS e finalmente no procedimento de integração para o programa de simulação hidráulica
adotado, o EPANET extensão DC WATER. Por fim, o modelo foi empregado para a
avaliação do sistema implantado. Na presente pesquisa optou por desenvolver um método de
ligação semi-automática dos nós de consumo as unidades de consumidoras, neste método é
possível evitar a duplicidade de associações, permitindo apenas uma ligação em cada unidade,
uma das vantagens desse método é o controle que o operador tem no momento da ligação,
podendo definir qual nó está mais próximo da unidade consumidora.Os resultados
demonstraram que podem ser produzidas informações para melhoria do conhecimento geral
do sistema de abastecimento, pois o que ocorre é a grande dispersão de informação dentro da
empresa gestora
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Dinâmica do uso e cobertura da terra com a utilização de geotecnologias: estudo na Área de Proteção Ambiental da Margem Direita do Rio Negro, Setor Paduari-SolimõesMartins, Marcos Henrique Brainer 03 December 2012 (has links)
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Previous issue date: 2012-12-03 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This research main objective is to study the recent dynamics in the usage and coverage of the land in The Área de Proteção Ambiental da Margem Direita do Rio Negro; Setor Paduari - Solimões (Negro River Right Bank Environmental Protection Area; Sector Paduari - Solimões), with the use of remote sensing techniques and geographical information systems GIS. To achieve this, an updated cartographic base has been structured containing biophysical aspects of the area, followed by a multi-temporal mapping of all changes occurred to the land‟s usage and coverage during the years of 2005 and 2011, using images from the Landsat-5 satellite. Finally, all the aspects in the land‟s usage that go against the environmental legislation were identified. The area analyzed is a conservation unit for sustainable use, located in the interfluve of Rivers Negro and Solimões, in the state of Amazonas, Brazil. Its perimeter crosses part of the Iranduba, Manacapuru and Novo Airão cities, all belonging to the metropolitan area of Manaus. Maps were generated for each of the following topics: soil, geology, geomorphology, hypsometry, declivity, hydrography, drainage network, vegetation, deforestation and areas of permanent preservation. The soil class Yellow Podzolic Latosol is predominant in 79.22% of the area. The geological set named Formação Alter do Chão corresponds to 78.51% of the surface. The morphostructural unit Dissected Highlands of the Negro and Uatumã Rivers, dominates geomorphologically with 88.37%. 69.07% is the percentage of ground layers situated between 50 and 80 m of altitude. The relief is predominantly flat and mildly hilly in 81.27% of the surface. The total extension of river channels was calculated in 5,769.28 km that corresponds to a drainage density of 1.27 km/km². The dense ombrophilous forest represents 80.6% of the surface. The accumulated deforestation until 2005 was of 431.06 km² corresponding to 9.25% of the extension of environmental protection area. In the following 6 years the deforestation continued to grow on a yearly average of 3.04%. In 2011 the total deforestation has reached 515.83 km² that represents a growth of 19.66% of the deforested area in the period. The areas of permanent preservation, mainly riparian forests and springs, occupy 11.72% of the area and, of this total, 15.72% have a greater human impact and are considered to have a conflicted usage. The area shows a worrying and accelerated process of human impact influenced mainly by the red ceramics industries and roads. A better application of public policies, that helps arrange and discipline the land‟s occupation and usage, together with a change in the energy matrix adopted nowadays by the local ceramic industry can help to slow down the process of human impacts to forests in the future. / Essa pesquisa teve como objetivo estudar a dinâmica recente do processo de uso e cobertura da terra na Área de Proteção Ambiental da Margem Direita do Rio Negro, Setor Paduari - Solimões, com o uso de técnicas de sensoriamento remoto e Sistema de Informações Geográficas SIG. Para isso, foi estruturada uma base cartográfica atualizada com os aspectos biofísicos da área, seguido de mapeamento multitemporal das alterações ocorridas no uso e cobertura da terra entre os anos de 2005 a 2011 utilizando-se de imagens do satélite Landsat-5 e, por fim, foram identificados os conflitos de uso da terra frente a legislação ambiental. A área estudada trata-se de uma unidade de conservação estadual de uso sustentável, localizada no interflúvio dos rios Negro e Solimões, no estado do Amazonas. Seu perímetro alcança parte dos municípios de Iranduba, Manacapuru e Novo Airão, todos pertencentes a região metropolitana de Manaus. Foram gerados mapas com os temas: solos, geologia, geomorfologia, hipsometria, declividade, hidrografia, rede de drenagem, vegetação, desflorestamento e áreas de preservação permanentes. A classe de solos Latossolo Amarelo predomina em 79,22% da área. O conjunto geológico Formação Alter do Chão corresponde a 78,51% da superfície. A unidade morfoestrutural Planalto Dissecado dos rios Negro e Uatumã predomina geomorfologicamente com 88,37%. É de 69,07% o percentual de estratos do terreno situados entre 50 a 80 m de altitude. O relevo predominante vai de plano a suavemente ondulado em 81,27% da superfície. A extensão total dos canais fluviais calculada foi de 5.769,28 km que corresponde a uma densidade de drenagem de 1,27 km/km². As florestas ombrófilas densas recobrem 80,6% da superfície. O desflorestamento acumulado até o ano de 2005 foi de 431,06 km², correspondente a 9,25% da extensão da A.P.A.. Nos seis anos seguintes o desflorestamento avançou em média 3,04% ao ano, chegando ao ano de 2011 com total de 515,83 km² que representa um crescimento de 19,66% da área desflorestada no período. As áreas de preservação permanente, basicamente matas ciliares e nascentes, ocupam 11,72% da área desse total, 15,72% estão antropizadas e consideradas com uso conflituoso. A área apresenta um preocupante e acelerado processo de antropização influenciado principalmente pelo pólo oleiro e rodovias. Intensificar políticas públicas capazes de ordenar e disciplinar a ocupação e uso da terra aliada à mudança da matriz energética atualmente empregada nas indústrias de cerâmicas que operam localmente pode ajudar a desacelerar o avanço do processo antrópico sobre as áreas de floresta no futuro.
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Estudo da verticalização no bairro Jardim Anália Franco no município de São Paulo: o uso do SIG como apoio a análise espacial / Study of verticalization in Jardim Anália Franco in São Paulo: the use of GIS to support spatial analysesRodrigo Zichelle 15 February 2011 (has links)
O processo de verticalização do bairro Jardim Anália Franco apresenta-se como marco de modernidade da cidade, fruto do avanço técnico-científico e da capacidade de mobilização de vários atores sociais. No entanto, através da análise empírica de tal processo, verifica-se que sua materialidade no espaço pode se apresentar como vetor de fragmentação do território. O SIG, com seus modernos recursos de sensoriamento remoto, oferece possibilidade de estudo sistemático de tal fenômeno. Acredita-se que, a partir da cartografia, possa-se analisar configurações espaciais que apoiarão futuros estudos no campo da geografia urbana. / The verticalization process of Jardim Anália Franco neighborhood present itself as a mark of the modenity of the city, product from de technical advance and capacity of mobilization from many social actors. However, through the empirical analysis of that process, it appears that its materiality in space can be presented as vector of the territory. The GIS, with its modern resources of remote sensing, offers possibility of systematic study of this phenomenon. Its believed that, from the mapping, can be examined spatial configurations that will support future studies in the field of urban geography.
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Uso de analise emergetica e sistema de informações geograficas no estudo de pequenas propriedades agricolasAgostinho, Feni Dalano Roosevelt 04 June 2005 (has links)
Orientador: Enrique Ortega Rodriguez / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-04T04:16:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1
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Previous issue date: 2005 / Mestrado / Engenharia de Alimentos / Mestre em Engenharia de Alimentos
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GIS, data mining and wild land fire data within RäddningstjänstenSandell, Anna January 2001 (has links)
Geographical information systems (GIS), data mining and wild land fire would theoretically be suitable to use together. However, would data mining in reality bring out any useful information from wild land fire data stored within a GIS? In this report an investigation is done if GIS and data mining are used within Räddningstjänsten today in some municipalities of the former Skaraborg. The investigation shows that neither data mining nor GIS are used within the investigated municipalities. However, there is an interest in using GIS within the organisations in the future but also some kind of analysis tool, for example data mining. To show how GIS and data mining could be used in the future within Räddningstjänsten some examples on this were constructed.
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Planning the future expansion of solar installations in a distribution power gridAlmenar Molina, Irene January 2020 (has links)
This thesis provides a tool to determine the maximum capacity, of a given power grid, when connecting distributed photovoltaic parks including the optimal allocation of the parks taking the power grid configuration into account. This tool is based on a computational model that evaluates the hosting capacity of the given grid through power flow simulations. The tool also integrates a geographic information system that links suitable land areas to nearby substations that can host photovoltaic parks. The mathematical model was tested on different cases in the municipality of Herrljunga, Sweden, where it was determined to be possible to connect 47 photovoltaic parks of 1MWp to the power grid as well as the most appropriate substations to allocate them to without the need for grid reinforcements. Additionally, the concept of grid cost allocation is presented and briefly discussed while analysing the results in relation to national energy targets.
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Mesurer l'enclavement dans les espaces urbains à l'aide d'un système d'information géographique : application aux territoires de la Politique de la ville / Measurement of isolation in urban areas : application to the urban policies areasCristofol, Anna 18 December 2017 (has links)
L'enclavement des territoires de la Politique de la ville fait l'objet d'un débat. D'un côté, l'image des zones urbaines sensibles comme enclavées est forte dans les discours sur la ville et dans les représentations collectives. D'un autre côté, cet enclavement est nuancé, voire réfuté, par de nombreux chercheurs qui suggèrent de se concentrer sur les facteurs socio-économique de l'exclusion de leurs habitants. Positionnée à « l’entre-deux » entre sciences humaines et sociales et géomatique, cette thèse élabore une méthode générique de mesure de l'enclavement dans les espaces urbains à l'aide d'un système d'information géographique. Nous questionnons ainsi l'apport de la géomatique à une problématique relevant jusque-là de disciplines comme la géographie, la sociologie ou l'urbanisme. Nous entendons l'enclavement comme une situation de faible potentiel de contact avec l'altérité, qui réduit les échanges entre une entité et le reste du territoire, et provoque une mise à l'écart de ses habitants. Nous proposons de distinguer trois dimensions de l'enclavement : la Fermeture, l'Isolement et la Différenciation. Ces trois dimensions structurent notre méthode. Chacune renvoie à des axes de recherche différents – les coupures urbaines, les mobilités piétonnes, la caractérisation de la forme urbaine, l'accessibilité, la mesure de ségrégation – que nous mobilisons pour construire des indicateurs géographiques d'enclavement. Nous appliquons ensuite cette méthode aux zones urbaines sensibles. Cette application spécifique nous permet à la fois de valider notre méthode, en recoupant des résultats connus avec d'autres approches (urbanisme, sociologie), et à la fois de contribuer au débat sur l'enclavement des territoires de la Politique de la ville au moyen d'une approche quantitative / In France, there is a debate in Urban Policies: are the “zones urbaines sensibles”, underprivileged urban areas benefiting from specific public policies, suffering from geographical isolation ? On the one hand, these areas are perceived in collective representations as “enclaves” where inhabitants are blocked in their district. On the other hand, this isolation is nuanced, even refuted, by many researchers who suggest focusing on the socio-economic factors of exclusion.With an approach in between social sciences and geomatics, this PhD thesis develops a generic method of measuring geographical isolation in urban spaces by using a geographic information system. We aims to question the contribution of geomatics to a debate that until then belong to disciplines such as geography, sociology or planning.We define geographical isolation as a situation of weak potential for contact with otherness, which reduces the exchanges between an entity and the rest of the territory, and causes the severance of its inhabitants. We propose to distinguish three dimensions of geographical isolation: Enclosing, Remoteness and Differentiation. These three dimensions give a frame to our method. Each refers to different fields of research – “community severance” or “barrier effect”, pedestrian mobility, characterization of urban form, accessibility, segregation measure – that we mobilize to construct indicators of geographical isolation.We then apply this method to the “zones urbaines sensibles”. This specific application enables us both to validate our method, by combining known results with other approaches (planning, sociology), and both to contribute to the debate on the geographical isolation of the “zones urbaines sensibles” with a quantitative approach
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