Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:33:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2009-12-07Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:44:55Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 chiapetti_rjn_dr_rcla.pdf: 4356652 bytes, checksum: 4b04ded52f968c63653e46d0d0551ccc (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / O rio das Contas é o principal elemento de confluência e de convergência das relações sociais e da subjetividade humana no espaço geográfico da sua bacia hidrográfica, relações estas representadas nas paisagens dos lugares. Esta tese tem a proposição de compreender o significado do rio das Contas na vida das pessoas de Itacaré, município do sul do estado da Bahia, registrando os sentimentos e os olhares destes indivíduos de diversas idades e profissões que experienciam, vivenciam o espaço-lugar-rio das Contas. Como estratégia da pesquisa de campo optamos pela história oral e, para coleta das informações, utilizamos a entrevista aberta. Entrevistamos 41 sujeitos em três locais, quais sejam: cidade de Itacaré, distrito de Taboquinhas e ao longo do rio. A partir das entrevistas, elaboramos quatro categorias, com a intenção de reunir os significados dados ao rio, pelos sujeitos da pesquisa: trabalho, subsistência, pertença e alegria. A água do rio provoca reflexões, não meramente geográficas... mas, carregadas de afetos... emoções... sentimentos... que, no dia-a-dia, constroem vínculos hidrotopofílicos entre as pessoas e o rio e, ainda, promovem a construção da identidade do riolugar. O rio das Contas é um lugar e um elemento da paisagem itacareense, percebido e vivenciado pelas pessoas que vivem próximas a ele, através de uma intensa relação afetiva... uma geograficidade... que se realiza na existência humana. / Rio das Contas is the main confluence and convergence element of the social relations and the human subjectivity in the geographic space of its hydrographic basin, relations which are represented in the landscapes of the places. This thesis has the proposition of understanding what Rio das Contas means to the people from Itacare, a city in the south of Bahia state, registering the feelings and the views of these individuals of varied ages and occupations, people who experience the space-place-Rio das Contas. We have chosen the oral history as field research strategy and used open interview for information collection. We interviewed 41 subjects in three places, namely: Itacaré city, Taboquinhas district and along the river. Based on the interviews we elaborated four categories, with the intention of gathering the meanings given to the river by the subjects of the research: work, subsistence, belongness and happiness. The water of the river provokes reflections which are not merely geographic… but filled with affection... emotions... feelings... which day by day build hydrotopophilic bonds between the people and the river and, still, promote the construction of the identity of the river-place. Rio das Contas is a place and an element from the landscape of Itacaré, perceived and experienced by the people that live nearby through an intense affective relation... a geographicity which manifests itself in the human existence.

Le poids des déchets de toutes sorte augmente inéluctablement d’autant plus que la population mondiale s’urbanise et que les initiatives visant à les considérer comme ressources ou en réduire leur quantité se multiplient. D’abord, nous cherchons à démontrer en quoi les déchets constituent un objet géographique et social complet, non seulement parce qu'il révèle le fonctionnement de la relation entre l'Homme et la Terre, mais aussi parce que l’analyse spatiale des activités liées à la collecte, à l'élimination et à la valorisation des déchets nous indique leur manière de s’insérer dans les territoires. Ainsi, en France comme au Brésil, un nouveau système de gouvernance émerge à partir des années 1970, accordant aux déchets un traitement particulier dans les coopérations municipales, appliquant en concertation des solutions techniques, mais également sociales comme l’intégration du travail des Catadores dans le recyclage. Cependant, les efforts réalisés par les agents publics, privés et associatifs sont souvent insuffisants pour limiter les impacts et valoriser correctement les ordures ménagères produites par les villes ? Nous cherchons, avec les outils de la géographie, à faire le point sur des solutions mises en pratique dans trois cas d'étude (à Rio de Janeiro et à Paris) afin de voir comment s'organisent les acteurs dans les territoires pour faire face aux défis environnementaux, économiques et sociaux posés par l’élimination des déchets urbains, sachant que les circuits formels et informels continuent de coexister. Enfin, les éléments de géographicité de cet objet ressortent de forme évidente à la fois par le traitement des temporalités et l’emboîtement des échelles, mais aussi par l’accroissement des responsabilités dans l’espace public, à tous les niveaux depuis les échelons individuels jusqu’aux superstructures institutionnelles. / The impact of all kinds of waste inevitably increases as the world's population becomes more urbanized, and as initiatives to consider it as a resource or to reduce its quantity multiply. First, we seek to demonstrate that waste constitutes a complete geographic and social object, not only because it reveals how the relationship between Man and Earth functions, but also because spatial analysis of related activities linked to waste collection, disposal, and recovery, indicates how this object enters territories. Thus, in France and in Brazil, a new system of governance emerged in the 1970s, placing waste treatment in a particular treatment in municipal cooperation, applying both technical and social solutions, such as the integration of wastepickers work in recycling. However, efforts by public, private, and associative agents are generally insufficient to limit impacts and to value correctly the garbage produced in cities. Using Geography tools, we seek to evaluate solutions put into practice in three case studies (in Rio de Janeiro and Paris) in order to understand how the actors are organized in their territories to face environmental, economic, and social challenges put forth by the disposal of urban waste, since formal and informal circuits continue to coexist. Finally, the geographicity elements of this object stand out clearly in terms the treatment of temporalities and the interweaving of scales, but also by the expansion of responsibilities in the public space, at all levels, from individual scales to institutional superstructures. / O peso dos resíduos de todo tipo aumenta inevitavelmente quanto mais a população mundial se urbaniza e que as iniciativas visando a lhes considerar como um recurso ou a diminuir sua quantidade se multiplicam. Em um primeiro momento, nós buscamos demonstrar em que os resíduos constituem um objeto geográfico e social completo, não apenas porquê ele revela o funcionamento da relação entre o Homem e a Terra, mas também por que a análise espacial das atividades ligadas a coleta, a eliminação e a valorização dos resíduos nos indica sua maneira de inserir-se nos territórios. Assim, tanto na França como no Brasil, um novo sistema de governança emerge a partir dos anos 1970, acordando aos resíduos um tratamento particular nas cooperações municipais, aplicando em concertação soluções técnicas, mas igualmente sociais, como a integração do trabalho dos Catadores na reciclagem. Entretanto, os esforços realizados pelos agentes públicos, privados e associativos são geralmente insuficientes para limitar os impactos e valorizar corretamente o lixo produzido pelas cidades. Nós buscamos, com as ferramentas da Geografia, fazer um balanço das soluções colocadas em prática em três estudos de caso (no Rio de Janeiro e em Paris) afim de compreender como se organizam os atores nos territórios para fazer face aos desafios ambientais, econômicos e sociais impostos pela eliminação dos resíduos urbanos, tendo em vista que os circuitos formais e informais continuam a coexistir. Enfim, os elementos de geograficidade desse objeto destacam-se de forma evidente tanto pelo tratamento das temporalidades e entrelaçamento das escalas, mas também pela ampliação das responsabilidades no espaço público, a todos os níveis, desde as escalas individuais até as superestruturas institucionais.

Le travail de cette thèse s’articule autour des pratiques artistiques et urbaines à travers quatre métropoles situées en Australie et en Nouvelle-Zélande. Sydney, Melbourne, Auckland et Wellington, territoires artistiques majeurs dans ce continent, sont ici le socle d’une étude empirique et théorique. L’enjeu premier sera de situer chronologiquement et de comprendre, à partir de l’art occidental et de son évolution, quelles sont les problématiques artistiques inhérentes à l’in situ. Nous verrons comment un art produit extra-muros, tel que formulé aux Etats-Unis et en Europe (1960-1970), a mis en avant une prise en compte multiple du lieu par les artistes, mettant à contribution différentes données : spatiales, géomorphologiques, historiques, humaines et bien sûr contextuelles. Les appréhender nous amènera à mettre en valeur le premier tournant spatial, voire géospatial de l’art, soit sa propension, à un moment donné, de sortir de ses cadres traditionnels – dont le musée – pour conquérir de nouveaux territoires d’inscription. Pour mieux aborder ces villes postcoloniales océaniennes et les espaces qu’elles consacrent à la création artistique, nous verrons comment ces deux jeunes nations ont bâti et continuent à construire leur identité. Au regard du biculturalisme néo-zélandais, de la culture maorie et de la place de ce peuple, nous nous sommes attaché à saisir comment l’art extra muros existe à Wellington et dans des zones plus rurales autour d’Auckland. En Australie, les faits historiques sont venus renforcer un sentiment identitaire au travers de certaines formes de création urbaines tandis que d’autres restent à l’écart de ces problématiques locales – c’est le cas de l’évènement Sculpture by the Sea. Dans quelle mesure un territoire, au travers de ses quatre premières villes, peut-il par le biais de l’in situ dégager une géo-esthétique? Cette étude fondée sur l’observation et le croisement pluridisciplinaire des approches théoriques a montré et argumenté la tendance des villes-mondes à se réinventer, se régénérer par l’art jusqu’à devenir, à certains égards, un véritable outil territorial. J’ai proposé différentes clés de lecture pour faire comprendre comment se dégage des formes d’esthétique singulières dans le cadre d’un urbanisme volontariste quant à redessiner le visage de la ville (Sydney, Opera House). Puis, il s’agira de montrer à travers les démarches exemplaires, comment l’art, dans les villes océaniennes, évolue spatialement, souligne l’histoire et s’en détache. Le corpus d’œuvres, pertinent au vu de la priorité identitaire, multiculturelle et spatiale fera jour sur l’expression d’une géo-esthétique urbaine spécifique. Les connexions interculturelles entre indices vernaculaires (motifs, gestes, formes) et médiums contemporains attestent d’une géographicité de l’art, entre interprétation narrative des lieux, symbole et émancipation. / The work of this thesis revolves around the artistic and urban practices in four cities, in Australia and New Zealand. Those cities, Sydney, Melbourne, Auckland and Wellington are major artistic hubs in Oceania, and form the basis of a theoretical and empirical study. The first challenge is to locate and understand chronologically, through a Western artistic lens and its evolution, what are the inherent nuances of the in situ art. We will see how art produced extramurally, as represented in the United States and Europe (1960-1970), and noted on multiple accounts by artists, relied on various data: spatial, geomorphological, historical, human and contextual course. This understanding will lead us to the first example of space turning or geospatial art or propensity, which can be viewed as out of its traditional frameworks – which is to the museum, to conquer new territories of registration. To address these postcolonial Pacific cities and the culture they devote to artistic creation, we will see how these two young nations have built and continue to build their identity. In light of the New Zealand biculturalism, the value of Maori culture and the place of the people, we are committed to see how extramural art is represented in Wellington and in more rural areas around Auckland. In Australia, in some examples, the historical facts have reinforced a sense of identity through specific examples of urban creation while in other areas the historical contexts lead to politically charged issues; such is the case of the event Sculpture by the Sea. To what extent can a region, through its first four cities, lead us to rethink the in situ expression and geo-aesthetic that emerges? This study based on observation and cross disciplinary theoretical approaches and argues that the tendency of cities to reinvent worlds, regenerate through art until, is in some respects, a true territorial tool. I propose different readings to further understand how singular forms of aesthetics emerge as part of a proactive planning on redesigning the face of the city. Then it will show through best practices, how art, in the Pacific cities, changes space and emphasizes history and can become detached of context. This body of work is pertinent given the historical identity priority of Pacific cultures, and the contemporary multiculturalism and use of space will shed light on the expression of a specific urban geo-aesthetics. Intercultural connections between vernacular indices (patterns, gestures, shapes) and contemporary mediums attest to a geographicity art between narrative interpretation of places, symbol and emancipation.