Ce travail traite de deux problèmes de grande importances en géodésie physique. Le premier porte sur la détermination du géoïde sur une zone terrestre donnée. Si la terre était une sphère homogène, la gravitation en un point, serait entièrement déterminée à partir de sa distance au centre de la terre, ou de manière équivalente, en fonction de son altitude. Comme la terre n'est ni sphérique ni homogène, il faut calculer en tout point la gravitation. A partir d'un ellipsoïde de référence, on cherche la correction à apporter à une première approximation du champ de gravitation afin d'obtenir un géoïde, c'est-à-dire une surface sur laquelle la gravitation est constante. En fait, la méthode utilisée est la méthode de collocation par moindres carrés qui sert à résoudre des grands problèmes aux moindres carrés généralisés. Le seconde partie de cette thèse concerne un problème inverse géodésique qui consiste à trouver une répartition de masses ponctuelles (caractérisées par leurs intensités et positions), de sorte que le potentiel généré par eux, se rapproche au maximum d'un potentiel donné. Sur la terre entière une fonction potentielle est généralement exprimée en termes d'harmoniques sphériques qui sont des fonctions de base à support global la sphère. L'identification du potentiel cherché se fait en résolvant un problème aux moindres carrés. Lorsque seulement une zone limitée de la Terre est étudiée, l'estimation des paramètres des points masses à l'aide des harmoniques sphériques est sujette à l'erreur, car ces fonctions de base ne sont plus orthogonales sur un domaine partiel de la sphère. Le problème de la détermination des points masses sur une zone limitée est traitée par la construction d'une base de Slepian qui est orthogonale sur le domaine limité spécifié de la sphère. Nous proposons un algorithme itératif pour la résolution numérique du problème local de détermination des masses ponctuelles et nous donnons quelques résultats sur la robustesse de ce processus de reconstruction. Nous étudions également la stabilité de ce problème relativement au bruit ajouté. Nous présentons quelques résultats numériques ainsi que leurs interprétations. / This work focuses on the study of two well-known problems in physical geodesy. The first problem concerns the determination of the geoid on a given area on the earth. If the Earth were a homogeneous sphere, the gravity at a point would be entirely determined from its distance to the center of the earth or in terms of its altitude. As the earth is neither spherical nor homogeneous, we must calculate gravity at any point. From a reference ellipsoid, we search to find the correction to a mathematical approximation of the gravitational field in order to obtain a geoid, i.e. A surface on which gravitational potential is constant. The method used is the method of least squares collocation which is the best for solving large generalized least squares problems. In the second problem, We are interested in a geodetic inverse problem that consists in finding a distribution of point masses (characterized by their intensities and positions), such that the potential generated by them best approximates a given potential field. On the whole Earth a potential function is usually expressed in terms of spherical harmonics which are basis functions with global support. The identification of the two potentials is done by solving a least-squares problem. When only a limited area of the Earth is studied, the estimation of the point-mass parameters by means of spherical harmonics is prone to error, since they are no longer orthogonal over a partial domain of the sphere. The point-mass determination problem on a limited region is treated by the construction of a Slepian basis that is orthogonal over the specified limited domain of the sphere. We propose an iterative algorithm for the numerical solution of the local point mass determination problem and give some results on the robustness of this reconstruction process. We also study the stability of this problem against added noise. Some numerical tests are presented and commented.

Neste trabalho foram abordados dois temas geofísicos visando o avanço no conhecimento da litosfera do sul do cráton São Francisco. O primeiro tema teve como objetivo a proposição de um método alternativo para a definição de bordas de placas litosféricas, utilizando dados gravimétricos. Utilizou-se o mapa da primeira derivada vertical da anomalia gravimétrica Bouguer continuada para cima à altura de 100 km. Resultados crustais, ao longo de um perfil de sísmica de refração profunda, localizado no estado de Goiás e a modelagem gravimétrica 2-D de um perfil localizado entre os estados de São Paulo e Minas Gerais foram utilizados para calibrar os resultados da derivada vertical. Recentes dados geoquímicos, petrológicos e de tomografia sísmica reforçam o resultado de que, nas bordas sul e oeste, a placa São Franciscana estende-se sob a Faixa Brasília e parte da bacia do Paraná. O segundo tema foi a interpretação de uma anomalia gravimétrica Bouguer positiva, aproximadamente circular com amplitude da ordem de 25 mGal. Nesta mesma região existe uma anomalia positiva do geóide, também circular, com raio de aproximadamente 250 km e uma amplitude de +7 m. O método sísmico da função do receptor não mostra a existência de afinamento crustal, eliminando assim, uma das possíveis causas da anomalia gravimétrica. Perfis magnetotelúricos radiais à anomalia gravimétrica indicam a presença de uma região no manto com resistividade elétrica mais baixa (< 100 .m), com origem a 200 km de profundidade e estendendo até a crosta inferior. Os resultados da inversão gravimétrica 3-D do alto gravimétrico indicam que a crosta inferior mais densa atinge uma espessura de 12 km, se assumirmos um contraste de densidade de +50 kg/m3. Coincidentemente com a região de crosta inferior mais densa, as sondagens magnetotelúricas indicam uma crosta eletricamente mais condutora, reforçando a existência de um underplating magmático. A impregnação de material derivado do manto, na base da crosta, é evidenciado em superfície, pela presença de diversos diques de basaltos toleíticos de composição similar aos basaltos da parte norte da Bacia do Paraná (alto TiO2) de idades do Cretáceo Inferior. Os diques toleíticos estão distribuídos por toda região sul do cráton. O manto litosférico com menor resistividade elétrica estende-se até profundidade de 200 km, sugerindo que o manto litosférico do sul do cráton São Francisco sofreu um rejuvenescimento composicional e leve aumento de densidade (50 a 70 kg/m3), responsável pelo alto do geóide. A diminuição de resistividade elétrica no manto, abaixo de profundidade de 100 km, é mais facilmente explicada pela presença de fundidos carbonatíticos no manto superior, provenientes de partes mais profundas do manto e resultantes de um menor grau de fusão. O magmatismo carbonatítico foi anterior ao magmatismo toleítico, uma vez que dados petrológicos e geoquímicos mostram que os diques toleíticos do Cretáceo Inferior na região do Espinhaço apresentam de 5% a 10% de carbonatitos em sua composição. A forma semi-circular do limite sul erosional do Grupo Bambuí deve ser resultado da erosão dos sedimentos mais antigos, devido ao soerguimento da litosfera, durante o magmatismo carbonatítico. / This thesis comprises of two parts in which two geophysical studies are described improving the knowledge of the lithosphere of the south São Francisco craton. In the first part, we propose an alternative method for defining the limits of lithosphere plate using gravity data. We used the first vertical derivative of Bouguer anomaly upwarded to 100 km height. Crustal results along a deep refraction seismic profile in the Goiás state together with a 2-D gravity model along a profile between Minas Gerais and São Paulo states were used to calibrate the vertical derivative results. Recent geochemical, petrological data and seismic topography data reinforce the gravity results that the southern and western parts of the São Francisco plate extends under parts the Brasília Belt and parts of the Paraná basin. In the second part, the interpretation of a positive Bouguer gravity anomaly, circular shaped and + 25 mGal amplitude gravity anomaly is presented. This gravity anomaly coincides with a positive, circular shaped, 7 m amplitude geoid anomaly with 250 km of radius. Receiver function results do not show a crustal thinning, excluding this possibility as the cause of gravity high. Deep magnetotelluric soundings along two profiles radial to gravity anomaly indicate a region in the mantle with lower electrical resistivity (< 100 .m) from the depth of 200 km and extending upward and reaching the lower crust. The residual Bouguer anomalies are inverted using a 3-D algorithm and indicate that the denser lower crust reaches 12 km of thickness for + 50 kg/m3 of density contrast. Coincident with a denser lower crust, magnetotelluric soundings reveal a low electrical resistivity crust, reinforcing the presence of magmatic underplating. At the surface, the contamination of magmatic material in the lower crust is supported by the presence of basaltic tholeiitic dike swarms similar, in composition, to the basalts of northern Paraná basin (high TiO2) of Early Cretaceous age. Tholeiitic dikes swarms are distributed throughout the southern region of the craton. Lithospheric mantle with lower electrical resistivity reaches 200 km of depth, indicating that the lithospheric mantle in the southern São Francisco craton underwent compositional rejuvenation accompanied by a mild increase in density (+ 50 to + 70 kg/m3) responsible for the positive geoid anomaly. The decrease of electrical resistivity in the mantle at depths beyond 100 km is easier explained by the presence of carbonatitic melts in the upper mantle, derived from a low degree of partial melt of a metasomatized deeper mantle. The carbonatitic magmatism was prior to tholeiitic magmatism since petrological and geochemical data show that the Early Cretaceous Espinhaço tholeiitic dikes contain 5 to 10% of carbonatites in their composition. The circular shaped erosional limit of the Bambui Group may have been produced by lithosphere uplift at the time of carbonatitic magmatism.

Neste trabalho foram abordados dois temas geofísicos visando o avanço no conhecimento da litosfera do sul do cráton São Francisco. O primeiro tema teve como objetivo a proposição de um método alternativo para a definição de bordas de placas litosféricas, utilizando dados gravimétricos. Utilizou-se o mapa da primeira derivada vertical da anomalia gravimétrica Bouguer continuada para cima à altura de 100 km. Resultados crustais, ao longo de um perfil de sísmica de refração profunda, localizado no estado de Goiás e a modelagem gravimétrica 2-D de um perfil localizado entre os estados de São Paulo e Minas Gerais foram utilizados para calibrar os resultados da derivada vertical. Recentes dados geoquímicos, petrológicos e de tomografia sísmica reforçam o resultado de que, nas bordas sul e oeste, a placa São Franciscana estende-se sob a Faixa Brasília e parte da bacia do Paraná. O segundo tema foi a interpretação de uma anomalia gravimétrica Bouguer positiva, aproximadamente circular com amplitude da ordem de 25 mGal. Nesta mesma região existe uma anomalia positiva do geóide, também circular, com raio de aproximadamente 250 km e uma amplitude de +7 m. O método sísmico da função do receptor não mostra a existência de afinamento crustal, eliminando assim, uma das possíveis causas da anomalia gravimétrica. Perfis magnetotelúricos radiais à anomalia gravimétrica indicam a presença de uma região no manto com resistividade elétrica mais baixa (< 100 .m), com origem a 200 km de profundidade e estendendo até a crosta inferior. Os resultados da inversão gravimétrica 3-D do alto gravimétrico indicam que a crosta inferior mais densa atinge uma espessura de 12 km, se assumirmos um contraste de densidade de +50 kg/m3. Coincidentemente com a região de crosta inferior mais densa, as sondagens magnetotelúricas indicam uma crosta eletricamente mais condutora, reforçando a existência de um underplating magmático. A impregnação de material derivado do manto, na base da crosta, é evidenciado em superfície, pela presença de diversos diques de basaltos toleíticos de composição similar aos basaltos da parte norte da Bacia do Paraná (alto TiO2) de idades do Cretáceo Inferior. Os diques toleíticos estão distribuídos por toda região sul do cráton. O manto litosférico com menor resistividade elétrica estende-se até profundidade de 200 km, sugerindo que o manto litosférico do sul do cráton São Francisco sofreu um rejuvenescimento composicional e leve aumento de densidade (50 a 70 kg/m3), responsável pelo alto do geóide. A diminuição de resistividade elétrica no manto, abaixo de profundidade de 100 km, é mais facilmente explicada pela presença de fundidos carbonatíticos no manto superior, provenientes de partes mais profundas do manto e resultantes de um menor grau de fusão. O magmatismo carbonatítico foi anterior ao magmatismo toleítico, uma vez que dados petrológicos e geoquímicos mostram que os diques toleíticos do Cretáceo Inferior na região do Espinhaço apresentam de 5% a 10% de carbonatitos em sua composição. A forma semi-circular do limite sul erosional do Grupo Bambuí deve ser resultado da erosão dos sedimentos mais antigos, devido ao soerguimento da litosfera, durante o magmatismo carbonatítico. / This thesis comprises of two parts in which two geophysical studies are described improving the knowledge of the lithosphere of the south São Francisco craton. In the first part, we propose an alternative method for defining the limits of lithosphere plate using gravity data. We used the first vertical derivative of Bouguer anomaly upwarded to 100 km height. Crustal results along a deep refraction seismic profile in the Goiás state together with a 2-D gravity model along a profile between Minas Gerais and São Paulo states were used to calibrate the vertical derivative results. Recent geochemical, petrological data and seismic topography data reinforce the gravity results that the southern and western parts of the São Francisco plate extends under parts the Brasília Belt and parts of the Paraná basin. In the second part, the interpretation of a positive Bouguer gravity anomaly, circular shaped and + 25 mGal amplitude gravity anomaly is presented. This gravity anomaly coincides with a positive, circular shaped, 7 m amplitude geoid anomaly with 250 km of radius. Receiver function results do not show a crustal thinning, excluding this possibility as the cause of gravity high. Deep magnetotelluric soundings along two profiles radial to gravity anomaly indicate a region in the mantle with lower electrical resistivity (< 100 .m) from the depth of 200 km and extending upward and reaching the lower crust. The residual Bouguer anomalies are inverted using a 3-D algorithm and indicate that the denser lower crust reaches 12 km of thickness for + 50 kg/m3 of density contrast. Coincident with a denser lower crust, magnetotelluric soundings reveal a low electrical resistivity crust, reinforcing the presence of magmatic underplating. At the surface, the contamination of magmatic material in the lower crust is supported by the presence of basaltic tholeiitic dike swarms similar, in composition, to the basalts of northern Paraná basin (high TiO2) of Early Cretaceous age. Tholeiitic dikes swarms are distributed throughout the southern region of the craton. Lithospheric mantle with lower electrical resistivity reaches 200 km of depth, indicating that the lithospheric mantle in the southern São Francisco craton underwent compositional rejuvenation accompanied by a mild increase in density (+ 50 to + 70 kg/m3) responsible for the positive geoid anomaly. The decrease of electrical resistivity in the mantle at depths beyond 100 km is easier explained by the presence of carbonatitic melts in the upper mantle, derived from a low degree of partial melt of a metasomatized deeper mantle. The carbonatitic magmatism was prior to tholeiitic magmatism since petrological and geochemical data show that the Early Cretaceous Espinhaço tholeiitic dikes contain 5 to 10% of carbonatites in their composition. The circular shaped erosional limit of the Bambui Group may have been produced by lithosphere uplift at the time of carbonatitic magmatism.

<p>It is the purpose of this thesis to investigate different regional geoid determination methods with respect to their feasibility for use with a future GOCE satellite-only Earth Gravity Model (EGM). This includes investigations of various techniques, which involve different approximations, as well as the expected accuracy. Many, but not all, of these tasks are tested by means of Synthetic Earth Gravity Models (SEGMs). The study is limited to remove-compute-restore methods using Helmert condensation and to Sjöberg's combined approach (method with additive corrections).</p><p>First, a number of modifications of Stokes' formula are tested with respect to their compatibility with a GOCE EGM having negligible commission error. It is concluded that the least squares modification method should be preferred.</p><p>Next, two new point-mass SEGMs are constructed in such a way that the resulting models have degree variances representative for the full and topographically reduced gravity fields, respectively. These SEGMs are then used to test different methods for modified Stokes' integration and downward continuation. It is concluded that the combined method requires dense observations, obtained from the given surface anomalies by interpolation using a reduction for all known density anomalies, most notably the topography. Examples of other conclusions are that the downward continuation method of Sjöberg (2003a) performs well numerically.</p><p>To be able to test topographic corrections, another SEGM is constructed starting from the reduced point-mass model, to which the topography, bathymetry and isostatic compensation are added. This model, which is called the Nordic SEGM, is then applied to test one strict and one more approximate approach to Helmert's condensation. One conclusion here is that Helmert's 1st method with the condensation layer 21 km below sea level should be preferred to Helmert's 2nd condensation strategy.</p><p>The thesis ends with a number of investigations of Sjöberg's combined approach to geoid determination, which include tests using the Nordic SEGM. It is concluded that the method works well in practice for a region like Scandinavia. It is finally shown how the combined strategy may preferably be used to estimate height anomalies directly.</p>

Orientador: Jorge Luiz Alves Trabanco / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Civil, Arquitetura e Urbanismo / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-11T18:04:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Innocente_EricoFrancisco_M.pdf: 11372115 bytes, checksum: b9b472d335b6c8e71df724c39ded054a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007 / Resumo: A procura por soluções de problemas referentes à aquisição de dados cadastrais, dentro da malha urbana de uma cidade, com posicionamento GPS relativo, tem se intensificado nos últimos anos. Quando uma nova tecnologia é introduzida em determinada atividade de uma organização, seja ela pública ou privada, percebe-se que sua utilização fica aquém das reais possibilidades de aproveitamento das funções disponibilizadas pelo fabricante. Essa subutilização da tecnologia/equipamento é, na maioria dos casos, devido à falta de infra-estrutura básica existente no local de atuação e a falta de preparo dos usuários. Está constatado que as determinações altimétricas, utilizando tecnologia GPS, não tem todas as suas funções exploradas devido, primordialmente, a falta de uma carta geoidal que possibilite a correção da ondulação geoidal, diferença entre as altitudes geométricas e as correspondentes ortométricas, sendo esta última a altitude utilizada em obras de engenharia. A comunidade científica, empresas de engenharia e órgãos públicos sabem da necessidade desta carta geoidal, onde é possível contribuir com a melhoria da acurácia das altitudes e aplicação direta nos levantamentos planialtimétricos cadastrais dentro do perímetro urbano da cidade. Portanto a motivação deste trabalho é obter um modelo geoidal para a Cidade de Campinas, melhorando a acurácia da ondulação do geóide e proporcionando o emprego do GPS na determinação de altitude ortométrica que, é fator primordial aos projetos e obras inerentes ao dia a dia da Administração Pública, do saneamento básico e das empresas de engenharia / Abstract: The search for solutions of problems concerning the acquisition of cadastral data, in the urban mesh of a city, with GPS relative positioning, has intensified in the last years. When a new technology is introduced in certain activity of an organization, public or private, one notice its utilization is below the real possibilities of use of the functions available by the manufacturer. This sub technology/equipment use is, in most of the cases, due to the lack of basic infrastructure existing in the actuating place and the lack of the users preparation. It has been verified that the altimetric determinations, using GPS technology, don't have all the possible functions explored due to the lack of a geoid map that makes the geoidal height correction possible, difference between the geometric height and the correspondent orthometrics, being this last one the altitude used in engineering works. The scientific community, engineering companies and public organs know the need of this geoid map, where it is possible to contribute with the accuracy improvement of the height and direct application in the cadastral surveying inside the urban perimeter. Therefore the motivation of this work is to obtain a geoid model for Campinas City, improving the accuracy of the geoidal height and providing the GPS use in the determination of orthometric height that is fundamental factor for the projects and inherent to the daily works to the of the Public Administration, basic sanitation and engineering companies / Mestrado / Transportes / Mestre em Engenharia Civil

In this thesis work the accuracy of the spherical harmonic synthesis and analysis are investigated, by simulated numerical studies.The main idea is to investigate the loss of accuracy, in the geopotential coeffcients, by the following testing method. We start with a synthesis calculation, using the coefficients(EGM2008), to calculate geoid heights on a regular grid. Those geoid heights are then used in an analysis calculation to obtain a new set of coeffcients, which are in turn used to derive a new set of geoid heights. The difference between those two sets of geoid heights will be analyzed to assess the accuracy of the synthesis and analysis calculations.The tests will be conducted with both point-values and area-means in the blocks in the grid. The area-means are constructed in some different ways and will also be compared to the mean value from 10000 point values as separate tests. Numerical results from this investigation show there are signifi…cant systematic errors in the geoid heights computed by spherical harmonic synthesis and analysis, sometimes reaching as high as several meters. Those big errors are most common at the polar regions and at the mid-latitude regions.

This study work deals with the determination of the gravimetric geoid model for Kazakhstan by using the KTH-method. A number of data sets were collected for this work, such as the gravity anomalies, high-resolution Digital Elevation Model (DEM), Global Geopotential Models (GGMs) and GPS/Levelling data. These data has been optimally combined through the KTH approach, developed at the Royal Institute of Technology (KTH) in Stockholm. According to this stochastic method, Stokes’ formula is being used with the original surface gravity anomaly, which combine with a GGM yields approximate geoid heights. The corrected geoid heights are then obtained by adding the topographic, downward continuation, atmospheric and ellipsoidal corrections to the approximate geoid heights. To compute the geoid model for Kazakhstan as accurately as possible with available data set different numerical tests have been performed: Choice of the best fit geopotential model in the computation area Investigations for the best choice of the initial condition for determination of the least-squares parameters Selection of the best parametric model for reducing the effect of the systematic error and data inconsistencies between computed geoid heights and GPS/Levelling heights.  Finally, 5'x5' Kazakh gravimetric geoid (KazGM2010) has been modelled.

The main aim of this thesis is to gain new knowledge about the lithospherical structure and tectonics of the Carpathian-Pannonian Basin region. We applied three different methods: 1Dautomatic modelling, 2D integrated geophysical modelling and 3D inversion to achieve this goal.These methods are similar concerning the used databases but differ by used processing andinterpretation. At first we apply 1D automatic modelling to get a very first overview of thestudied region. Secondly, we apply 2D integrated modelling of the lithosphere which combines the interpretation of surface heat flow, geoid, gravity, and topography data in the Carpathian-Pannonian Basin region and surrounding areas. This approach is able to constrain the complicated lithospheric structures of the studied region better than interpreting each data set onits own. We present four 2D integrated models of the lithosphere in the Carpathian-PannonianBasin region and surrounding areas. Finally, based on the 3D Inversion algorithm, we present the geophysical models of the lithosphere in the Carpathian-Pannonian region. The algorithm returns the density structure of the lithosphere from joint inversion of free air gravity, geoid andtopography data based on a Bayesian approach. The models are based on different input data sets and constrained by different a priori data. Based on our modelling we cannot confirm theextreme thinning (less than 70 km) of the Pannonian Basin lithosphere proposed by other authors.On the other hand, the results show the increasing trend of the lithospherical thickness of theCarpathian Arc from the Western Carpathians toward the Eastern Carpathians which confirms theprevious theories about the propagation of subduction process. We got some controversial resultsin the area of the Southern Carpathians. The results based on 3D inversion show extremely thinlithosphere in the area; on the other hand, the results based on 2D integrated modelling do notsupport such thinning. However both methods indicate that it is probable that the MoesianPlatform is bend and underthrusted underneath the Southern Carpathians. The south-eastern edge of the Pannonian Basin based on 3D inversion shows unexpected and surprisingly thinlithosphere. Since the area is quite large, we could exclude an effect of flexure, therefore this area might be potentially interesting for further investigation.

Iran is one of the most complicated areas in the world from the view of rough topography, tectonic activity, large lateral density and geoidal height variations. The computation of a regional gravimetric geoid model with high accuracy in mountainous regions, especially with sparse data, is a difficult task that needs a special attention to obtain reliable results which can meet the needs of the today geodetic community. In this research different heterogeneous data has been used, which includes gravity anomalies, the high-resolution SRTM Digital Elevation Model (DEM), recently published GRACE Global Geopotential Models (GGMs), geological maps and GPS/levelling data. The above data has been optimally combined through the least-squares modification of Stokes formula with additive corrections. Regarding the data evaluation and refinement, the cross-validation technique has been used for detection of outliers. Also, several GGMs and DEMs are evaluated with GPS/levelling data. The impact of utilizing a high resolution SRTM DEM to improve the accuracy of the geoid model has been studied. Also, a density variation model has been established, and its effect on the accuracy of the geoid was investigated. Thereafter a new height datum for Iran was established based on the corrective surface idea. Finally, it was found that there is a significant correlation between the lateral geoid slope and the tectonic activities in Iran. We show that our hybrid gravimetric geoid model IRG04 agrees considerably better with GPS/levelling than any of the other recent local geoid models in the area. Its RMS fit with GPS/levelling is 27 cm and 3.8 ppm in the absolute and relative senses, respectively. Moreover, the relative accuracy of the IRG04 geoid model is at least 4 times better than any of the previously published global and regional geoid models in the area. Also, the RMS fit of the combined surface model (IRG04C) versus independent precise GPS/levelling is almost 4 times better compared to the original gravimetric geoid model (IRG04). These achievements clearly show the effect of the new gravity database and the SRTM data for the regional geoid determination in Iran based on the least-squares modification of Stokes’ formula. / <p>QC 20100906</p>

A partir de dados obtidos do modelo do geopotencial EGM96, da gravimetria, do GPS e do nivelamento geométrico, e aplicando harmônicos esféricos e FFT como técnicas de determinação geoidal, foram utilizadas neste trabalho redes neurais artificiais como ferramenta alternativa na determinação de um modelo geoidal. Procurou-se uma determinação geoidal de forma mais rápida, com precisão adequada e com menor esforço na determinação de parâmetros importantes na obtenção da referida superfície. Foram utilizados modelos de redes neurais do tipo MLP, algoritmo de treinamento backpropagation, variando o número de camadas, o número de neurônios, a função de ativação, a taxa de aprendizado e o termo momento. Os dados dos modelos mencionados foram tratados de forma a serem utilizados pelos modelos de redes neurais. Foram executadas a normalização, a análise de componentes principais e a definição dos atributos de entrada e saída para treinamento do modelo de rede neural. Foram Realizadas comparações entre os modelos geoidais existentes, os quais foram utilizados nesta pesquisa, com os resultados obtidos pelo modelo de rede neural. Tais comparações resultaram na obtenção dos erros entre as superfícies, justificando dessa forma a possibilidade de uso do referido método, com a conseqüente demonstração de suas vantagens e desvantagens. / Applying data from EGM96 geopotential model, gravimetric, GPS and geometric leveling data and using spherical harmonics and FFT as techniques of geoidal determination, this thesis has the goal to find a fast alternative tool to define a geoidal undulation model considering precision and a small effort to estimate important parameters to obtain the mentioned model. MLP neural networks, backpropagation algorithm changing the numbers of layers, neurons numbers, activation function, learning rate and momentum term have been applied. The data of the mentioned models were handling aiming to be used by the neural networks models. Normalization, analysis of the main components, definition of the input and output attributes to training the neural network model, have been also used. Comparison among existing models and the models used in this research with results obtained by the neural network have been done, showing the errors between the created surfaces. At the end, it is presented a positive argument to use the MLP neural network to generate a geoidal model with advantages and disadvantages.