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Health claims for barley β-glucan (BG) have prompted the development of more food products using barley. Some new products do not use any form of heat treatment which could become an issue as barley has been found to have high microbial contamination. The aim of this research was to evaluate current commercial barley products for microbial and BG quality and determine the effects of different heat treatments on the safety and physicochemical properties of BG of whole grain barley. Three heat treatments (micronization, roasting and conditioning) were performed on 3 cultivars of barley (CDC Rattan, CDC McGwire and CDC Fibar). The microbial quality was measured with standard plate count (SPC), yeast and mould (MYC), and coliforms/E. coli. Only 4 of the 17 commercial barley products tested met acceptable microbial limits used in this study. All 3 heat treatments reduced SPC, MYC and coliforms to acceptable levels. BG was extracted using an in vitro digestion method to determine its viscosity, molecular weight (MW) and solubility. Heat-treated barley increased the BG viscosity and MW compared to the untreated barley. The effect of heat treatment on starch pasting, particle size and colour were also evaluated. Overall, heat treatments improved the safety and potential health benefits of whole grain barley. / February 2016

The aim of this thesis was to find optimal therapy based on combination of membrane-anchored phagocytic ligands (mannose-(G)5-(K)10-STE, mannan-BAM, mannan-SMCC) with LPS (ligand of signal receptor)for treatment of murine melanoma B16-F10. Mixture of mannan-BAM with LPS applied in pulse regime proved to be the most effective, resulting in heigh reduction of tumor growth and significant prolongation of survival.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-03T14:03:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Sarah_DVM_DISSERT_PARCIAL.pdf: 746876 bytes, checksum: f638a2adc04ebb6e7a39258725abbfde (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-09-28 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / Uma glucana insol?vel foi isolada de fermento biol?gico (Saccharomyces cerevisiae), o qual foi submetido a um tratamento com base e o res?duo acidificado. An?lises qu?micas e resson?ncia magn?tica nuclear (NMR) em uma e duas dimens?es (1D e 2D) mostraram que uma ?-(1 3) glucana linear foi purificada, a qual n?o estava contaminada com outros carboidratos, prote?nas ou compostos fen?licos. Os efeitos desta glucana na cicatriza??o de feridas foi avaliado em ?lceras venosas humanas por an?lise histopatol?gica ap?s 30 dias de tratamento. A ?-(1 3) glucana favoreceu a cicatriza??o das ?lceras, promovendo o aumento da hiperplasia epitelial, das c?lulas inflamat?rias, angiog?nese e prolifera??o fibrobl?stica. Este foi o primeiro estudo que investigou o efeito da ?-(1 3) glucana na cicatriza??o de ?lceras venosas em humanos. Os achados sugerem que a glucana ? um potente modificador da resposta biol?gica na cicatriza??o de feridas

Orientadores: Marcia Regina Braga, Marcia Maria Camargo de Morais / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-26T04:21:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Galvao_DaianeFelbergAntunes_D.pdf: 15313845 bytes, checksum: aa218f685858df886eb7062bfe4337dc (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: Fruto-oligossacarídeos (FOS) são frutanos de baixo peso molecular produzidos por microorganismos. O interesse em FOS vem aumentando uma vez que eles são considerados ingredientes funcionais benéficos à saúde humana. Com o objetivo de analisar como a produção de FOS e a composição da parede celular de fungos filamentosos é afetada pela fonte de carbono, os fungos Fusarium solani (URM 3338) e Neocosmospora vasinfecta (URM 3329) foram cultivados em meios contendo cinco fontes de carbono diferentes (sacarose, inulina, glucose, frutose ou glucose mais frutose, todos a 1%) e coletas foram realizadas aos 5, 10 e 15 dias de crescimento. A partir do meio de cultivo filtrado foram analisados o pH, teores de açúcar total, açúcares redutores e proteínas, a presença de FOS e atividades enzimáticas invertásica e inulinásica. A partir do micélio, a biomassa foi quantificada e a parede celular foi isolada e sua composição em açúcares neutros, ácidos urônicos e quitina analisada. Foi avaliada também a expressão relativa de genes de síntese de parede celular b-1,3-glucano sintase e quitina sintases. Os dois fungos utilizaram todas as fontes de carbono crescendo nas diferentes condições. Atividade de hidrólise foi detectada no meio contendo sacarose ou inulina para o fungo F. solani, gerando glucose, frutose e fruto-oligossacarideos como produtos havendo utilização dos monossacarídeos. O micélio deste fungo apresentou alterações visíveis no crescimento em meio sólido apenas no meio com frutose, mas foi observada igual quantidade de quitina da parede celular deste fungo quando crescido por cinco dias em sacarose e inulina, mas em menor quantidade com relação aos demais meios. As análises de expressão relativa de genes mostraram indução do gene da b-1,3-glucano sintase e repressão do gene quitina sintase 5 em sacarose e inulina com relação a condição frutose. Estes dados sugerem que a alteração na composição da parede celular do F. solani pode ter relação com a secreção de enzimas nos meios sacarose e inulina. Para N. vasinfecta, quando crescido em sacarose foi observada atividade de transfrutosilação, com a liberação de glucose e síntese de 1-cestose (FOS) no meio. Transfrutosilação também foi observada no meio que teve inulina como fonte de carbono. O micélio deste fungo apresentou alterações visíveis em meio sólido nas condições frutose e inulina, sendo mais hialino do que nas demais condições. A quantidade de quitina na parede celular deste fungo crescido por cinco dias foi maior nas condições frutose e inulina com relação às demais. As análises de expressão relativa de genes mostraram indução dos genes de quitina sintase 4 e 5 nestas duas condições em relação à sacarose. A partir dos resultados, pode-se concluir que as fontes de carbono oferecidas foram utilizadas pelos fungos, que as mesmas afetaram a composição de açúcares da parede celular e a expressão de genes de síntese de componentes da parede e que estes fungos são promissores para a produção de FOS, pois possuem enzimas que hidrolisam a inulina, além de enzimas que sintetizam oligossacarídeos a partir de sacarose por transfrutosilação / Abstract: Fructooligosaccharides (FOS) are low molecular weight fructans produced by microbes and plants. Interest in FOS has been increasing since they are considered as functional food ingredients with benefical effects in human nutrition. With the aim of examining how the production of FOS and the composition of the cell wall of filamentous fungi are affected by the carbon source, Fusarium solani (URM 3338) and Neocosmospora vasinfecta (URM 3329) were cultured in media containing five different carbon sources (sucrose, inulin, glucose, fructose or glucose plus fructose) and samples were taken at 5, 10 and 15 days of growth. From the filtered culture medium, pH, total carbohydrates, reducing sugars and proteins, the presence of FOS and inulinase and invertase activities were analyzed. Mycelium biomass was measured and the cell wall was isolated and its composition in neutral sugars, uronic acids and chitin analyzed. The expression of b-1,3-glucan synthase and chitin synthase genes was also evaluated. Both fungi utilized all the carbon sources for growing. In sucrose- and inulin-containing media, hydrolytic activity was detected in F. solani generating glucose, fructose and FOS as products. When grown on solid culture media, visible changes were observed in mycelium of this fungus only in fructose, but the amount of chitin in the cell wall was higher in the sucrose and inulin-containing media when compared to other carbon sources. The expression b-1,3-glucan synthase gene was induced and chitin synthase 5 gene repressed on sucrose and inulin media. N. vasinfecta showed transfructosilation activity when was grown in sucrose, with release of glucose and synthesis of 1-kestose (FOS) in the culture medium. Transfructosilation was also observed in the inulin-containing medium. The mycelium showed visible changes when the fungus was cultured in solid medium with fructose or inulin as carbon sources. The amount of chitin in the cell wall of this fungus when grown for five days in inulin or fructose was higher in comparison to other carbon sources. The analysis of gene expression showed induction of chitin synthase 4 and 5 genes in these two conditions in relation to sucrose. From the results it can be concluded that the carbon sources affected growth, enzymic activity, composition of the cell wall and gene expression in F. solani and N. vasinfecta, and that these fungi are promising organisms for FOS production since they secrete enzymes that hydrolyze inulin or synthesize oligosaccharides from sucrose by transfructosylation / Doutorado / Biologia Celular / Doutora em Biologia Celular e Estrutural

Made available in DSpace on 2014-08-20T13:42:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Fernanda Aline de Moura.pdf: 8943050 bytes, checksum: 4538ab8064d9af12ebc27a8ec6edc77f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-12-21 / The growing attention to the health, the food industry and market look to provide foods with functional properties to the consumers. The soluble fibers, as beta-glucan, present this property and have been studied about yours physiologic and technologic effects. The beta-glucan produce a gel with high viscosity, and research with the objective of alter the viscosity and swelling power for facilitate your incorporation in the foods has been accomplished. However, these modifications can alter the physiologic effects. Besides, don t exist studies about effect of oxidative treatment on the beta-glucan properties. The objective of this study was evaluate the effect of oxidative treatment with hydrogen peroxide in different concentrations (0,3; 0,6; 0,9%) and two times of reaction, 30 and 60 minutes, on the beta-glucan from oat and, later, apply in cheese bread in 2, 3, 4% levels. the oxidative treatment increase the carbonyl and carboxyl groups, affected the swelling power and increase glucose release after chemic digestion. The oxidative treatment increase bile acid binding capacity, however, didn t alter the fat binding capacity. Has decrease in hardness, adhesiveness and gumminess, as well as viscosity of gel with the oxidative treatment. The oxidized beta-glucan decrease the expansion factor and increase the firmness of cheese bread, with exception of the treatment with native beta-glucan at 2% and oxidized with 0,9% of H2O2/30 min at 3%. / Em vista da crescente preocupação com a saúde, a indústria e o mercado de alimentos buscam proporcionar aos consumidores alimentos com propriedades funcionais. As fibras solúveis, como a beta-glicana, apresentam essa propriedade e estão sendo estudadas quanto a seus efeitos fisiológicos e tecnológicos. A betaglicana forma um gel de alta viscosidade e, para facilitar a sua incorporação aos alimentos, são realizadas pesquisas de modificação da beta-glicana, com o intuito de alterar as suas características como viscosidade e poder de intumescimento. No entanto, com essas modificações, os seus efeitos fisiológicos podem também ser alterados. Além disso, não há estudos sobre o efeito de tratamentos oxidativos sobre as propriedades da beta glicana. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito do tratamento oxidativo com peróxido de hidrogênio em diferentes concentrações (0,3; 0,6 e 0,9%) com dois tempos de reação, 30 e 60 minutos em beta-glicana extraída da aveia e, posteriormente, utilizá-la na formulação de pães de queijo nos níveis 2, 3 e 4%. O tratamento oxidativo promoveu aumento de grupos carbonila e carboxila, alterou o poder de intumescimento da beta-glicana e aumentou a liberação de glicose após digestão química. A capacidade de ligação com ácidos biliares aumentou com os tratamentos oxidativos, entretanto, não houve alteração da capacidade de ligação com gordura. Houve diminuição da dureza, adesividade e gomosidade, bem como da viscosidade do gel com os tratamentos oxidativos. A adição de beta-glicana oxidada promoveu diminuição do índice de expansão dos pães de queijo, e aumento da firmeza, com exceção dos tratamentos com betaglicana nativa a 2% e oxidada com 0,9% de H2O2/30 min a 3%.

L’immunothérapie anti-cancéreuse vise à éliminer les cellules tumorales en stimulant les propres cellules du système immunitaire du patient. Dans ce projet, nous avons développé une nouvelle stratégie d’immunothérapie visant à cibler directement des immunostimulants a la surface des cellules tumorales par ligation bio-orthogonale. Nous utilisons, pour marquer spécifiquement les cellules tumorales, leur métabolisme particulier et très actif qui permet d’intégrer à leur surface, dans leurs glycanes, des azido sucres capables de se lier en grand nombre avec divers immunostimulants portant des groupements réactifs adéquats (= glyco-ingénierie métabolique). Pour la ligation aux glycanes, nous employons la chimie bio-orthogonale qui est basée sur l’utilisation de 2 groupements mutuellement réactifs, tous 2 absents des milieux biologiques et qui peuvent se coupler rapidement très sélectivement et donc pratiquement sans réactions secondaires dans des conditions douces compatibles avec une application in vivo. Notre choix d’immunostimulants s’est porte sur les oligonucléotides de type CpG (puissants immunostimulants) et sur les β-glucanes qui, en combinaison avec des anticorps thérapeutiques, stimulent la phagocytose et n’entrainent pas une secretion importante de cytokines. Ainsi, après avoir determiné les meilleures conditions d’incorporation des azido sucres et mis au point le couplage des immunostimulants à différents groupements bioorthogonaux, nous sommes parvenus à montrer in vitro la fixation des immunostimulants à la surface de différentes lignées tumorales. Des tests immunologiques in vitro et une étude in vivo ont ensuite permis de valider l’effet des immunostimulants fixés à la surface des cellules tumorales. Nous avons ainsi observe sur une série de souris, un ralentissement de développement tumoral en présence d’un puissant immunostimulant fixé sur les cellules tumorales. / Cancer immunotherapy uses the patient's own immune system to fight cancer. In this research project, we propose a new strategy for immunotherapy: binding immunostimulants in situ to the tumor cell surface using bio-orthogonal chemistry. For that purpose we use the particular and active metabolism of tumor cells to introduce by metabolic glycoengineering into their cell surface glycans, azido sugars capable of binding many different immunostimulants carrying adequate reactive groups. The biorthogonal chemistry allowing this specific ligation is based on the use of two mutually reactive groups both naturally absent from biological systems and which can be coupled selectively and very quickly in conditions totally compatible with living organisms. Our choice of immunostimulants consists, on one hand, of CpG oligonucleotides (powerful general immunostimulants) and on the other hand of β-glucans (phagocytosis stimulants used in combination with therapeutic antibodies without causing strong cytokine secretion). We determined the best conditions for the introduction of azido sugars into cell glycans of different tumor models and tried different biorthogonal groups and reaction conditions to obtain the best immunostimulant coupling to the surface of various tumor cell lines. Then, we performed in vitro immunological tests and in vivo studies in mice in order to validate the effect of the association between immunostimulants and tumor cells on the immune response against tumors. Thereby, we observed on a group of mice, reduced tumor growth when the strong immunostimulant CpG was fixed onto tumor cell surface.

Les pathogènes respiratoires sont parmi les causes majeures de décès dans le monde entier. Déchiffrer les mécanismes d'évasion immune employés par les pathogènes est essentiel pour le développement de stratégies thérapeutiques contre les pathogènes respiratoires. Dans ce contexte, la vole de signalisation PDL-1 (programmed death ligand 1)-PD-1 (programmed death 1) a été impliquée dans l'évasion immune par les cellules tumorales et des virus. Par conséquent, j'ai voulu étudier le rôle de la voie PD-L1 dans la modulation de la réponse immunitaire contre le Mycobacterium tuberculosis et l'Aspergillus fumigatus. J'ai trouvé que l'α-(1,3)-glucan dérivé de l'A. fumigatus activait les cellules dendritiques (CDs) ; la maturation des CDs était partiellement dépendante du Toll like receptor (TLR)-2. L'analyse de la polarisation des cellules T CD4+ a révélé que les CDs éduquées par l'α-(1,3)-glucan induisent la génération de cellules T régulatrices (Treg) CD4+ CD25+FoxP3+, ceci étant en partie lié à l'expression de PD-L1 sur les CDs. De façon importante, le blocage de PD-L1 sur les CDs augmente la sécrétion d'IFN-γ sans moduler la réponse Th17. De manière similaire, PD-L1 induit par M. tuberculosis freine la réponse Th1 sans moduler la réponse Th17. L'analyse des voies de signalisation en aval a indiqué que la voie sonic hedgehog (SHH) en réponse au mycobacterium médiait l'induction de PD-L1 en inhibant des microARNs spécifiques, miR-324-5p et miR-338-5p qui ciblent PD-L1. De plus, SHH induit la cyclooxygénase (COX)-2 qui catalyse la synthèse de la prostaglandine E2 (PGE2) qui agit en synergie avec PD-L1 pour coordonner l'expansion des Treg. / SummaryPulmonary infections caused by respiratory pathogens are among the major causes of death worldwide. The outcome of infection depends on the ability of the host to respond to the challenge posed by the pathogens. Of note, the host needs to sense the pathogen, mount an efficient immune response and finally clear the ensuing inflammatory response to avoid tissue damage. In this context pathogens have adapted numerous strategies that hijack the host mechanisms to dampen the immune response and as a consequence causing infection. The programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) – programmed death 1 (PD-1) pathway is a key pathway involved in mediating self-tolerance thereby maintaining homeostasis. Elegant reports have demonstrated that the PD-L1 – PD-1 pathway is exploited by cancer cells and viruses as an immune evasion mechanism to suppress effector T cell responses. Thus, I aimed at investigating the role of PD-L1 pathway in modulating immune response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis a bacterial pathogen and Aspergillus fumigatus an opportunistic fungal pathogen. I found that A. fumigatus-derived α-(1,3)-glucan induces maturation of DCs and secretion of various immunoregulatory cytokines that was partially dependant on Toll like receptor (TLR)-2. Analysis of CD4+ T cell polarization revealed that α-(1,3)-glucan-educated DCs induced CD4+ CD25+FoxP3+ regulatory T cell (Treg) generation that was in part dependent on the PD-L1 expression on DCs. Importantly, blocking PD-L1 on DCs enhanced IFN-γ secretion without modulating Th17 response. Similarly, M. tuberculosis induced PD-L1 dampened Th1 response without modulating Th17 response. Analysis of downstream signalling pathways indicated that, mycobacterium-responsive sonic hedgehog (SHH) mediated PD-L1 induction by inhibiting specific microRNAs, miR-324-5p and miR-338-5p that target PD-L1. Additionally, SHH induced cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 catalysed the synthesis of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) that synergize with PD-L1 to coordinate the expansion of Tregs. My results thus demonstrate that respiratory pathogens either directly or by harbouring imuunoregulatory antigens highjack the PD-L1 pathway to suppress the protective Th1 response and orchestrate Treg generation without modulating Th17 response. Importantly, my results provide a rational for exploiting immunotherapeutic approaches that target PD-1 – PD-L1 co-stimulatory axis to restore effector T cell response to respiratory pathogens.

1 Abstract This doctoral thesis is focused on the synthesis and characterization of novel hybrid polysaccharide-based polymers applicable for biomedicine, specifically for a conceptually new bimodal cancer treatment - immunoradiotherapy. For this purpose, polysaccharides β-glucan from Auricularia auricula-judae and κ-carrageenan from Kappaphycus alvarezii, exhibiting immunostimulatory and anticancer activities, were chosen to be grafted with thermoresponsive poly(2-isopropyl-2-oxazoline-co-2-butyl-2-oxazoline)s (POXs) (with different graft lengths and grafting densities) that induced a lower critical solution temperature of the final polymers. The thermoresponsive behavior of resulting polymers was studied with temperature-dependent light scattering methods, fluorescence measurements and also nuclear magnetic spectroscopy to select a polymer material with the most suitable properties for the intended application, aiming at a polymer depot formation after the injection of a polymer solution into the body. The chosen polymer, β-glucan-graft-POX with graft length of 2500 Da, was then modified to bear 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10- tetraacetic acid and a fluorescent dye Dyomics-615 at the graft ends and tested first in vitro to investigate its immunostimulatory properties and also the cellular uptake....

Zymosan-induced peritonitis is a model commonly used to study systemic inflammatory response syndrome and multiple organ dysfunction syndrome. However, effects of zymosan on cardiac function have not been reported. We evaluated cardiac responses to zymosan in mice and the role of β-Glucan and dectin-1 in mediating these responses. Temperature and cardiac function were evaluated before and after intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of zymosan (100 or 500 mg/kg) or saline. Chronotropic and dromotropic functions were measured using electrocardiograms (ECGs) collected from conscious mice. Cardiac inotropic function was determined by echocardiography. High-dose zymosan caused a rapid and maintained hypothermia along with visual signs of illness. Baseline heart rate (HR) was unaffected but HR variability (HRV) increased, and there was a modest slowing of ventricular conduction. High-dose zymosan also caused prominent decreases in cardiac contractility at 4 and 24 h. Because zymosan is known to cause gastrointestinal tract pathology, peritoneal wash and blood samples were evaluated for bacteria at 24 h after zymosan or saline injection. Translocation of bacterial occurred in all zymosan-treated mice (n=3), and two had bacteremia. Purified β-Glucan (50 and 125 mg/kg, i.p.) had no effect on temperature or ECG parameters. However, deletion of dectin-1 modified the ECG responses to high-dose zymosan; slowing of ventricular conduction and the increase in HRV were eliminated but a marked bradycardia appeared at 24 h after zymosan treatment. Zymosan-treated dectin-1 knockout mice also showed hypothermia and visual signs of illness. Fecal samples from dectin-1 knockout mice contained more bacteria than wild types, but zymosan caused less translocation of bacteria. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that zymosan-induced systemic inflammation causes cardiac dysfunction in mice. The data suggest that dectin-1-dependent and -independent mechanisms are involved. Although zymosan treatment causes translocation of bacteria, this effect does not have a major role in the overall systemic response to zymosan.