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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
161

Elektrophysiologische Untersuchungen zur glutamatergen und GABAergen Informationsübertragung an neocorticalen Pyramidenneuronen mit Hilfe Infrarot-gelenkter Photostimulation

Eder, Matthias G. January 2000 (has links) (PDF)
München, Techn. Univ., Diss., 2000.
162

Untersuchungen zur Fettsäure- und Zellwandsynthese sowie zur Glutamatbildung mit Corynebacterium glutamicum

Radmacher, Eva. Unknown Date (has links)
Universiẗat, Diss., 2004--Düsseldorf.
163

Visualizing the dynamics of ionotropic glutamate receptors using atomic force microscopy

Kadir, Mohammad Fahim January 2017 (has links)
Glutamate is the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the mammalian brain. It binds to three different subclasses of ionotropic glutamate receptors (iGluRs): AMPA, kainate and NMDA receptors, and triggers a cation influx that generates synaptic currents crucial to brain function. Significantly, iGluRs are implicated in various neurological disorders, such as depression, schizophrenia, Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases, autism, seizure, and stroke. Several crystal structures for intact iGluRs in various functional states (i.e. closed, activated and desensitized) have now been reported. The receptors have also been studied using single-particle cryo-electron microscopy. Together, these studies provide fascinating ‘snap-shots’ of the receptors as they transition between different states. What is lacking, so far, is information about the kinetics underlying these structural transitions, because the techniques used lack time resolution. I have used fast-scan atomic force microscopy (AFM), in some cases in combination with UV photolysis of caged L-glutamate, to study activation-induced structural changes in GluK2 kainate receptors and GluA2 AMPA receptors. AFM provides single-molecule resolution under fluid, permitting the imaging of proteins ‘in action’. Receptors were purified from transfected cells by immunoaffinity chromatography and imaged after integration into supported lipid bilayers. Activation of both receptors caused a rapid ~1-nm vertical compression of the receptor. In both cases, the height reduction did not occur in the presence of receptor antagonists. Further, the D776K mutant of the kainate receptor, which does not desensitize, did not undergo the height change, and cyclothiazide, which blocks desensitization of the AMPA receptor, also blocked the height change. I conclude, therefore, that the vertical compression is associated with receptor desensitization, and suggest that it may reflect a weakening of the interaction between receptor subunits at the LBD dimer interface. When imaged from the ‘top’ by AFM, the receptors appeared as double-blob structures, with each blob representing a pair of ATDs. By measuring the distance between the centres of the blobs in successive AFM images, I was able to monitor the mobility of the ATDs relative to each other before and during receptor stimulation. I found that for both kainate and AMPA receptors, the relative mobility of the ATDs became greater after stimulation. Further, at low glutamate concentrations, the ATDs of the (rapidly desensitizing) flop splice variant of the AMPA receptor were more mobile than those of the (more slowly desensitizing) flip splice variant. I suggest that the greater mobility of the flop splice variant might be connected with its more short-lived functional response to activation. In a final series of experiments, in collaboration with two other groups, I used AFM to measure conformational changes induced by allosterically-bound halide ions. We found that anion substitution (i.e. chloride to bromide, or chloride to iodide) produced vertical compression of AMPA receptors prior to agonist binding, and also (in electrophysiological experiments conducted by collaborators) altered the duration of agonist-evoked channel activity. The anion binding site was identified (in X-ray crystal structures obtained by collaborators) within the ligand binding domain, where flip-flop alternative splicing occurs. Interestingly both anion effects were isoform-dependent.
164

Magnetic resonance spectroscopy as part of a comprehensive neuroimaging assessment tool

Sanaei Nezhad, Faezeh January 2018 (has links)
Magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) allows the non-invasive measurement of selected biological compounds in vivo. Despite MRS proven potential it is not yet a routine clinical tool operated by clinicians. This is mainly due to the complex procedure of MRS acquisition, lack of standardisation in both acquisition and analysis protocols along with lack of a standard quality control. This thesis intended to address these issues with the focus on four metabolites glutathione, glutamate, glutamine and GABA using MEGA-PRESS pulse sequence. Recommendations on acquisition and spectra analysis is made for the MRS protocol MEGA-PRESS aiming to detect glutathione in vivo. This is based on an investigation of glutathione acquisition in vivo and in vitro and was aimed to answer the question: can glutathione be measured reliably using conventional pulse sequence PRESS or does it require editing? The results showed strong evidence of using editing in order to have a reliable glutathione concentration measurement. An analysis along with a quality control method is also presented to enable the extraction of glutamate and glutamine from a GABA-optimised MEGA-PRESS pulse sequence. This enables simultaneous measurements of GABA, glutamate and glutamine in a single acquisition. A criterion of NAA linewidth < 8 Hz and Glx CRLB < 16% were defined as optimum features in the GABA-edited spectrum for a reliable glutamate and glutamine quantification. Finally, due to the increasing interest in functional MRS of GABA using MEGAPRESS an investigation on the feasibility of measuring GABA in a functional-MRS setting was performed with recommendations on study designs and subject size. Power calculations suggest that detecting a 40% change in GABA using a 4'30" acquisition requires 9-93 subjects per group in a between-group study design and 13- 68 participants in a within-session design, depending on the region of interest. This thesis is set out in the Journal format thesis. Three introductory chapters, with each experimental study presented as a chapter and a final chapter that summarizes and discusses the work. Results in this thesis provide a basis for a standard and reliable MRS pipeline to reliably measure glutathione, glutamate, glutamine and GABA using MEGA-PRESS pulse sequence at 3 Tesla.
165

Explicando Ab Initio a Intensidade de AtivaÃÃo e Antagonismo do Receptor GlutamatÃrgico GluR2 / Explaining Ab Initio the Intensity of Agonism and Antagonism of Glutamatergic Receptor GluR2

Ana Caroline Vasconcelos Martins 24 May 2012 (has links)
CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / A transmissÃo de impulsos nervosos à feita por meio das sinapses, envolvendo neurotransmissores e receptores. Os receptores ionotrÃpicos glutamatÃrgicos (GluRs) sÃo importantes canais iÃnicos do sistema nervoso central, encontrados em sinapses de excitaÃÃo rÃpida, e estÃo relacionados a funÃÃes cerebrais importantes como aprendizado e memÃria. AlÃm disso, os GluRs tambÃm estÃo associados com certas doenÃas neurolÃgicas e psiquiÃtricas, como por exemplo: a doenÃa de Alzheimer, o mal de Parkinson, a epilepsia, o acidente vascular cerebral, a esclerose lateral amiotrÃfica e a esquizofrenia. Neste trabalho, tiramos vantagem dos dados disponÃveis na literatura da co-cristalizaÃÃo dos seguintes agonistas glutamato (C5H9NO4) e AMPA (C7H10N2O4), do agonista parcial cainato (C10H15NO4) e do antagonista DNQX (C8H2N4O6) com o receptor GluR2 com resoluÃÃo de 1,9 Ã, 1,7 Ã, 1,9 à e 1,8 Ã, respectivamente, para estudar a interaÃÃo destes quatro ligantes com a GluR2 por meio de mÃtodos computacionais ab initio. Os hidrogÃnios ausentes dos dados de difraÃÃo de raios-X foram colocados atravÃs de um processo semi-clÃssico de minimizaÃÃo da energia total GluR2-ligante. A seguir, as simulaÃÃes foram feitas usando a Teoria do Funcional da Densidade (DFT), tanto ao nÃvel da aproximaÃÃo da densidade local (LDA), como da aproximaÃÃo do gradiente generalizado (GGA), para descriÃÃo dos efeitos de troca e correlaÃÃo. A utilizaÃÃo do mÃtodo de fragmentaÃÃo molecular com capas conjugadas (MFCC) tornou possÃvel analisar a interaÃÃo dos ligantes com cada um dos resÃduos prÃximos e pÃs-prÃximos do GluR2. Considerou-se tambÃm a relevÃncia da blindagem dos resÃduos pÃs-prÃximos que interagem com os ligantes, bem como se fez uma anÃlise da energia de interaÃÃo dos resÃduos (prÃximos e pÃs-prÃximos) considerados com os Ãtomos dos ligantes (resultados apresentados nos grÃficos BIRD), sem e com mediaÃÃo das molÃculas de Ãgua existentes no sÃtio de ligaÃÃo (o que permite se determinar ab initio a relevÃncia da Ãgua na energÃtica da interaÃÃo ligante-GluR2). Obteve-se a energia total de interaÃÃo GluR2-ligante em funÃÃo da distÃncia dos centroides dos ligantes aos resÃduos, o que permitiu correlacionÃ-la à intensidade de ativaÃÃo e antagonismo dos neurotransmissores em questÃo. Demonstrou-se que ela segue a ordem AMPA > glutamato > cainato > DNQX somente quando um raio do sÃtio de ligaÃÃo suficientemente grande à considerado, o que explica dados experimentais publicados sobre a ativaÃÃo e antagonismo do receptor glutamatÃrgico GluR2, sugerindo que os resÃduos pÃs-prÃximos podem ser importantes para determinar o funcionamento do receptor. Para o glutamato, os resultados obtidos indicam que os resÃduos atrativos mais relevantes sÃo: Arg485, Lys730 (mediado pela Ãgua W39), Ser654, Leu650 mediado por W69, e Lys656 mediado por W22; os resÃduos repulsivos mais relevantes para o glutamato sÃo Glu402 (pÃs-prÃximo) mediado por W36, Glu657 e Asp651 (pÃs-prÃximos). Para o AMPA os resÃduos atrativos mais relevantes sÃo: Arg485, Thr655 mediado por W134, Lys730 mediado por W137, Lys656 mediado por W138, Lys449 e Arg684 (pÃs-prÃximos); os resÃduos repulsivos mais relevantes para o AMPA sÃo Glu402 mediado por W3, Asp651 mediado por W96 e W139 (pÃs-prÃximo), e Glu657 (pÃs-prÃximo) mediado por W140. Para o cainato os resÃduos atrativos mais relevantes sÃo Arg485, Ser654, Thr655 e Arg684 (pÃs-prÃximo); os resÃduos repulsivos mais relevantes para o Cainato sÃo Glu402, Glu657 mediado por W78 (pÃs-prÃximo) e Asp651. Para o DNQX os resÃduos atrativos mais relevantes sÃo Arg485, Glu705 e Tyr450 mediado por W26 e W137; o resÃduo repulsivo mais relevante para o DNQX à Leu498. Uma plÃiade de perspectivas relacionadas aos resultados obtidos reluz e dentre elas podemos destacar a possibilidade do desenvolvimento de agonistas e antagonistas glutamatÃrgicos com especificidades voltadas à diminuiÃÃo de efeitos colaterais quando utilizados no tratamento de doenÃas relacionadas à neurotransmissÃo glutamatÃrgica. / The transmission of nerve impulses occurs through the synapses, involving neurotransmitters and receptors. The ionotropic glutamate receptors GluRs are important ionic channels of the central nervous system, founded in rapid excitation synapses, and related to important cerebral functions like learning and memory. Besides this, GluRs are also associated with important neurological and psychiatric diseases like Alzheimer, Parkinson, epilepsy, cerebral ischemia, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and schizophrenia. In this work, we take advantage of the available data in the literature of co-crystallization of the following full agonists glutamate (C5H9NO4) and AMPA (C7H10N2O4), the partial agonist kainate (C10H15NO4) and the antagonist DNQX (C8H2N4O6) with the GluR2 receptor with resolution of 1.9 Ã, 1.7 Ã, 1.9 à and 1.8 Ã, respectively to study the interaction of these four ligands with GluR2 by means of ab initio computational methods. The absent hydrogens in the GluR2-ligand X-ray diffraction data were inserted through a semi-classical total energy minimization process. Next, the simulations were performed within the scope of the Density Functional Theory (DFT), both in the local density approximation (LDA) as generalized gradient approximation (GGA) for the description of exchange-correlation effects. The use of the molecular fragmentation method with conjugated caps (MFCC) allowed to analyze the interaction between the ligands with each one close and next-closed GluR2 residues. It was also considered the relevance of the screening of the next-closed residues with interact with the ligands, and it was performed an analysis of the interaction energy between the focused residues (close and next-closed) with the atoms of the ligands (results depicted in the BIRD panels), without and with the mediation of water molecules existing in the binding pocket (which allows to determine ab initio the relevance of water in the GluR2-ligands energetic). It was obtained the GluR2-ligand total energy interaction as a function of the distance between the ligand centroid and the residues, which allowed to correlate it to the activation strength and antagonism of the ligands focused. It was demonstrated that it follows the order AMPA > glutamate > kainite > DNQX only when a large enough binding pocket radius is taken into account, explaining the experimental data published on the activation and antagonism of the glutamatergic receptor GluR2 and suggesting the next-closed residues can be important to determine the receptor functioning. For the glutamate, the obtained results point that the most important attractive residues are Arg485, Lys730 (water W39 mediated), Ser654, Leu650 (water W69 mediated), and Lys656 (water W22 mediated); the most important repulsive residues for the glutamate are Glu402 (next-closed water W36 mediated), Glu657 and Asp651 (nex-closed). For AMPA, the most important attractive residues are Arg485, Thr655 (water W134 mediated), Lys730 (water W137 mediated), Lys656 (water W138 mediated), Lys449 and Arg684 (next-closed); the most important repulsive residues for AMPA are Glu402 (water W3 mediated), Asp651 (next-closed, water W96 and W139 mediated), and Glu657 (next-closed, water W140 mediated). For kainate the most important attractive residues are Arg485, Ser654, Thr655 and Arg684 (next-closed); the most important repulsive residues for kainite are Glu402, Glu657 (next-closed, water W78 mediated) and Asp651. For DNQX, the most important attractive residues are Arg485, Glu705 and Tyr450 (water W26 and W137 mediated); the most important repulsive residue for DNQX is Leu498. A pleiade of perspectives related with the obtained results shines, among which one can highlight the possibility to develop glutamatergic agonists and antagonists with specificities related to decrease side effects when used in the treatment of maladies related with the glutamatergic neurotransmission.
166

Retina de aves como sistema circadiano e sua modulação por luz e glutamato / Avian retina as a circadian system and its modulation by light and glutamate

Leonardo Henrique Ribeiro Graciani de Lima 13 October 2009 (has links)
O sistema circadiano das aves é composto pela retina, a região homóloga aos núcleos supraquiasmáticos de mamíferos (NSQ) e a glândula pineal. A retina apresenta muitos eventos fisiológicos rítmicos, como por exemplo os movimentos das células fotorreceptoras em vertebrados não mamíferos, a expressão de opsinas, regeneração do cromóforo visual e produção e liberação de melatonina e dopamina. Todos estes eventos rítmicos são coordenados para prever alterações nas condições luminosas que ocorrem durante o dia, otimizando a função retiniana. Neste trabalho foi investigada a expressão de componentes chave de um sistema circadiano, incluindo os dois genes de melanopsina, Opn4x e Opn4m, os genes de relógio Clock e Per2, e os genes das enzimas chave da síntese de melatonina, N-Acetiltransferase, e de dopamina, Tirosina Hidroxilase, em células da retina de embriões de galinha. Culturas primárias de retina de embriões de galinha com 8 dias foram preparadas no ZT0 (quando as luz é acesa) e semeadas na densidade de 107 células por frasco de 25 cm2 . As células foram mantidas em ambiente úmido, com 5% CO2, a 40o C, em escuro constante, fotoperíodo 12C:12E, fotoperíodo 12C:12E seguido de escuro constante, ou em escuro constante na presença e na ausência de glutamato 100 &#956;M por 12 h. A extração de RNA total foi feita ao longo de 24 horas com intervalo de três horas tendo início no ZT0 do sexto dia. As amostras foram submetidas a RT-PCR seguido de PCR quantitativo para a quantificação de RNAm. Para confirmar a expressão da proteína OPN4x foi realizado ensaio imunohistoquímico com anticorpos anti-melanopsina de galinha desenvolvidos em coelho. Também foi feita a quantificação da concentração das proteínas OPN4x, CLOCK e TIROSINA HIDROXILASE através da técnica de Western Blot. A quantificação do RNAm em escuro constante não apresentou ritmos de transcrição para nenhum gene. Já as células mantidas em fotoperíodo 12C:12E apresentaram padrões rítmicos de transcrição para Clock, Per2, Opn4m, N-Acetiltransferase e Tirosina Hidroxilase. Glutamato 100 &#956;M foi eficaz em induzir ritmo em Clock, e inibiu drasticamente a expressão de Tirosina Hidroxilase e, apenas mais pontualmente, de Opn4x e Opn4m. Ensaios de viabilidade celular e fragmentação de DNA por citometria de fluxo demonstraram que essa inibição não foi resultante de ação tóxica ou apoptótica do glutamato. O neurotransmissor não teve qualquer efeito sobre a transcrição de Per2 e de N-Acetiltransferase. A quantificação protéica não indicou a presença de ritmo para CLOCK, OPN4x ou TIROSINA HIDROXILASE. A grande variabilidade inter-ensaios nos resultados de quantificação protéica sugere uma menor sensibilidade e precisão para esse método, quando comparado a PCR quantitativo. Nossos resultados indicam que as células de retina de embrião de 8 dias de galinha em cultura já contêm um relógio funcional, porém, este necessita do ciclo claro-escuro ou glutamato para sua sincronização. / The avian circadian system is composed by the retina, the mammalian homolog region of the supra-chiasmatic nucleus (SNC) and the pineal gland. The retina itself shows many rhythmic physiological events, such as movements of photoreceptor cells, opsin expression, retinaldehyde re-isomerization, melatonin and dopamine production and release. Altogether these rhythmic events are coordinated to predict environmental changes in light conditions during the day, optimizing retina function. In this work we investigated the expression of key components of a circadian system, including the two melanopsin genes, Opn4x, Opn4m, as well as the Clock, Per2, N-Acetyltransferase and Tyrosine Hidroxylase genes in chick embryo retinal cells. Primary cultures of chicken retina from 8-day-old embryos were prepared at ZT0 (lights on) and seeded at the density of 107 cells per 25 cm2 culture flask. The cells were kept in a humidified incubator in a 5% CO2 atmosphere at 40o C in constant dark, in 12L:12D, in 12L:12D followed by constant dark, or in constant dark in the absence or presence of 100 &#956;M glutamate for 12 h starting at ZT0 of the fifth day in vitro. Total RNA extraction was performed along 24 hours every three hours starting at ZT0 of the sixth day. The samples were submitted to RT-PCR followed by quantitative PCR for mRNA quantification. To analyze the Opn4x expression in these cells we performed an immunocytochemistry analysis with antibodies anti-chicken melanopsin developed in rabbit. We also quantified the protein levels of OPN4x, CLOCK AND TYROSINE HYDROXYLASE by Western Blot. The mRNA quantification showed no rhythm of transcription for any gene in cells kept in constant dark. However under a light-dark cycle, Clock, Per2, Opn4m, N-Acetyltransferase and Tyrosine Hydroxylase presented rhythm patterns of transcription. 100 &#956;M glutamate was able to induce rhythmic expression of Clock, and strongly inhibited the expression of Tyrosine Hydroxylase and, just punctually, of Opn4x and Opn4m. Assays of cell viability and DNA fragmentation using flow cytometry demonstrated that the inhibition did not result of glutamate toxic or apoptotic actions. The neurotransmitter had no effect on Per2 and N-Acetyltransferase transcription. Protein quantification by Western Blot showed no rhythmic oscillation of CLOCK, OPN4x or TYROSINE HYDROXYLASE. The great variability inter-assays seen in the results of protein quantification suggests that this method is less precise and sensitive than quantitative PCR. The present data show evidences that chicken embryonic retinal cells contain a functional circadian Clock. However light-dark cycle or glutamate stimuli are needed to its synchronization.
167

Estudo do paladar para diferentes aminoácidos no rato saudável e no rato desnutrido / Study of taste for different amino acids in rat healthy and malnourished rat

Allan Fernando de Paula 01 February 2010 (has links)
Introdução: existe evidencia de que o sabor umami detecta os alimentos ricos em proteínas e aminoácidos, o que presumivelmente interfere na ingestão destes alimentos. Há experimentos publicados que relacionam quadros de desnutrição ou alimentação deficiente de determinados aminoácidos, com o consumo voluntário de soluções ou ração contendo tais aminoácidos. Objetivos: os objetivos deste trabalho foram: a caracterização das preferências gustativas para diferentes aminoácidos no rato normal e o efeito da desnutrição protéica sobre essas preferências. Metodologia: o estudo compreendeu duas fases distintas: na primeira foram feitas comparações de consumo de soluções de aminoácidos isolados (10 gramas por litro de água) em um período curto (5 dias). As comparações foram realizadas em 4 grupos distintos, e cada grupo foi composto de 20 animais: 10 controles e 10 desnutridos. A desnutrição foi induzida pelo oferecimento de ração hipoprotéica (5% de caseína na primeira fase e 7,5% de caseína na segunda fase). As soluções de aminoácidos comparadas em cada grupo foram: glutamato e glicina, glutamato e valina, triptofano e glicina e triptofano e valina, todas na concentração de 10g/ L. Na segunda fase foram realizadas comparações de consumo de soluções contendo glutamato mais um aminoácido não essencial (glicina) e glutamato mais um aminoácido essencial (lisina ou triptofano) por um período de 42 dias. Esta segunda fase foi composta de 3 grupos de animais, sendo um formado por 10 animais controles e 10 desnutridos que não receberam soluções, outro grupo com a mesma divisão de animais, mas que receberam soluções de glutamato mais glicina e glutamato mais lisina, e o último grupo recebeu soluções de glutamato mais glicina e glutamato mais triptofano. Resultados, discussão e conclusão: observou-se, tanto na fase 1 como na fase 2, que: a glicina e o glutamato em solução são muito atrativos; a de lisina é atrativa 4 mas em menor intensidade do que as anteriores; a de valina é pouco atraente; o consumo da solução de triptofano foi tão pequena que esta é possivelmente aversiva. Os resultados da fase 1 indicaram que o consumo de soluções de glutamato e de valina de animais desnutridos foi significativamente maior do que o de animais controles. Entretanto, no subgrupo de ratos desnutridos, o consumo da solução de glutamato correlacionou-se positivamente com o peso do animal. Na fase 2 os animais desnutridos, nas duas últimas semanas experimentais, mas não nas anteriores, apresentaram consumo significativamente maior de lisina e triptofano; a comparação do consumo de solução de glicina foi impossibilitada pelo consumo excessivo e esgotamento dos frascos. Também se constatou que os animais da segunda fase apresentaram esteatose hepática. Entre os desnutridos, o consumo de solução de lisina foi inversamente correlacionado com o peso corporal / Umami is the taste quality associated with several amino acids, especially the amino acid L-glutamate, and evidence exists that umami indicates the presence of amino acids, peptides and related structures in foodstuffs, which may bear relevant nutritional implications. The objectives of the study were to establish the normal rat preferences among a set of amino acids (glycine, glutamate, lysine, valine and tryptophan), and determine wether the rat protein malnutrition modifies the preferences and/or the avidity for these amino acids. In a initial set of experiments, bottles containing 50 ml of the amino acid solutions whose palatability were to be compared were presented to each animal for a 5-day period, and volumes consumed during the last 3 days were measured, and the bottles were refilled to their original levels. The left-right positions of the bottles were reversed every day. At the termination of the testing periods, the volumes of test solutions remaining in each bottle were measured, and the consumed volumes calculated. In a second set of experiments, solutions of glutamate plus glycine, glutamate plus lysine or glutamate plus tryptophan were presented to the animals for 8 weeks; after that , for 2 weeks, the glutamate was removed so that solutions of glycine, lysine or tryptophan only were presented to the animals. The volumes remaining in the bottles were measured and the volumes consumed calculated at termination of each testing period. On the basis of the ratios of volume of solutions consumed/ body weight the avidity for the amino acid were inferred. Protein malnutrition was induced by a diet with 5% -7.5 % casein as the only protein source; malnutrition was consistently induced as demonstrated by severe reduction in weight gain and increase in liver fat content. Normal rats demonstrated great avidities for glycine and glutamate, moderate avidity for lysine, low avidity for valine and no avidity for tryptophan. Rats with protein malnutrition a similar profile of avidities, however they significantly grater avidities for 6 glutamate, lysine, valine, and tryptophan, but not for glycine than normal rats. Among the rats with with protein malnutrition, greater the body weight, the greater the glutamate solution comsumed/body weight and the lower the body weight, the greater the lysine solution consumed /body weight. Conclusions: Avidity for amino acid solutions is widely variable, and protein malnutrition enhances the avidity for glutamate, valine, lysine, and tryptophan solutions but not for glycine solution
168

Ação modulatória do glutamato sobre o sistema catecolaminérgico em cultura de células do bulbo de ratos neonatos / Modulatory action of glutamate over the catecholaminergic system in cell culture of the medulla oblongata of newborn rats

Sergio Marinho da Silva 23 February 2010 (has links)
Encontramos no bulbo diversos núcleos, assim como diversos neurotransmissores, relacionados com a manutenção da pressão arterial. Dentre os núcleos, o núcleo do trato solitário se destaca por ser um dos principais moduladores do sistema nervoso autônomo, sendo o primeiro a receber aferências dos barorreceptores e encaminhá-los para diversos outros núcleos. Dentre estes neurotransmissores, encontramos o glutamato e as catecolaminas, sendo ambos essenciais para a manutenção da pressão arterial. É sabido que a atuação de transmissores em células do sistema nervoso pode levar a alterações em outras vias de neurotransmissão, alterando assim a resposta das células a estímulos. Levando em consideração a importância do glutamato e das catecolaminas na modulação da pressão arterial, e que tanto os receptores glutamatérgicos quanto catecolaminérgicos podem interferir no metabolismo celular e gerar mudanças estruturais nos neurônios, cogitamos que a atuação do sistema glutamatérgico poderia modular o sistema catecolaminérgico. Neste trabalho, avaliamos se o sistema glutamatérgico e catecolaminérgico podem interagir em culturas de células do bulbo de ratos neonatos, a partir de tratamentos das culturas com glutamato ou noradrenalina. Observamos que o tratamento destas culturas com glutamato leva a uma redução nos níveis de proteína e de mRNA da enzima tirosina hidroxilase e do receptor _2 adrenérgico. A modulação do sistema glutamatérgico a partir de tratamentos com noradrenalina não mostrou variações significativas. Concluímos que o sistema glutamatérgico pode modular o sistema catecolaminérgico em células do bulbo de ratos neonatos, e que esta modulação pode ser importante na regulação da pressão arterial pelos núcleos bulbares. / It is found in the medulla oblongata several nuclei, as well as several neurotransmitters, related with the maintenance of the arterial pressure. Among these nuclei, the nucleus of the solitary tract stands aside for being one of the main modulators of the autonomic nervous system, being the first to receive afferences from baroreceptors and to send their stimuli to other nuclei. Among these neurotransmitters, glutamate and the catecholamines are both essentials to the maintenance of the arterial pressure. It is known that the stimulation of brain cells by neurotransmitters can result in changes in other neurotransmitter pathways, changing the cell response to certain stimuli. Taking in consideration the importance of glutamate and the catecholamines in the modulation of the arterial pressure, and that both of them can interfere in the cellular metabolism and create structural changes in neurons, we have speculated that the stimulation of the glutamatergic system could modulate the catecholaminergic system. In this work, it was evaluated if the glutamatergic and catecholaminergic systems could interact in cell cultures of the medulla oblongata of newborn rats, from treatments of the cultures with glutamate or noradrenaline. It was found that the treatment of these cultures with glutamate leads to a reduction in the protein and mRNA levels of the enzyme tyrosine hydroxylase and the receptor _2 adrenergic. The modulation of the glutamatergic system from treatments with noradrenaline did not show significative variation. We concluded that the glutamatergic system can modulate the catecholaminergic system in medulla oblongata cell cultures, and that this modulation can be important in the regulation of the arterial pressure by nuclei present in the medulla oblongata.
169

Caracterização de crianças portadoras de câncer segundo sensibilidade ao umami e consumo alimentar / Characterization of children with cancer according to sensitivity to umami and food consumption

Ilana Elman Grinberg 03 February 2011 (has links)
Introdução: A Leucemia Linfóide Aguda (LLA) e o Linfoma não-Hodgkin (LNH) são os tipos de câncer mais incidentes em crianças e a ingestão alimentar pode ser diminuída pela quimioterapia. A sensação do gosto é resultante da detecção e resposta ao estímulo doce, salgado, azedo, amargo e umami. Esse último, identificado pelo glutamato monossódico (MSG), é relacionado ao aumento da palatabilidade, o que pode colaborar para a melhora da aceitação alimentar em crianças com câncer. Objetivo: Identificar os limiares de detecção do gosto umami e a qualidade da alimentação em crianças portadoras de LLA e LNH. Metodologia: Foi aplicado teste de sensibilidade de Threshold para determinar o limiar do gosto umami, com 6 concentrações crescentes de água deionizada e MSG. Aplicou-se recordatório 24 horas e questionário de frequência alimentar para avaliar o consumo alimentar. O peso e altura foram mensurados e IMC utilizados para classificação do estado nutricional, segundo o National Center for Health Statistics (2000). Caracterizou-se a amostra através da distribuição de frequência das variáveis, com auxílio do pacote estatístico Epinfo Versão 6.0. As análises estatísticas e gráficas foram feitas no software R, versão 2.6.2. Foi realizado teste de Cluster para caracterizar a amostra. Resultados: Dos 102 pacientes, 94 eram sensíveis ao umami. 54,3 por cento do sexo masculino e 45,7 por cento do feminino. 78,4 por cento portadores de LLA e 21,6 por cento de LNH. 91,0 por cento em fase de manutenção. Quanto à idade, 38,3 por cento entre 6 e 7 anos; 20,6 por cento entre 8 e 9; 15,7 por cento entre 10 e 11; 15,7 por cento entre 12 e 13 e 9,8 por cento 14 anos. 8,5 por cento apresentaram baixo peso, 66,0 por cento eutrofia e 25,5 por cento sobrepeso ou obesidade. O produto rico em glutamato monossódico mais consumido foi macarrão instantâneo. O molho inglês e de soja foram os menos consumidos. Os alimentos preferidos foram salgadinhos e macarrão instantâneo, e o que menos gostavam era a mostarda. Não houve diferença estatisticamente significante entre os limiares de sensibilidade ao umami e as variáveis em estudo. O agrupamento da amostra caracterizou 4 grupos: Grupo 1, composto por crianças mais sensíveis ao umami, mais jovens, maioria eutrófica e do sexo masculino; Grupo 2, maioria eutrófica, do sexo feminino, com menor consumo de carboidrato e maior de proteína e lipídeo; Grupo 3, composto por crianças mais velhas, maioria eutrófica e do sexo masculino, com maior consumo calórico e de carboidrato; Grupo 4, com crianças menos sensíveis ao umami, eutróficas e com sobrepeso, maioria do sexo masculino e com ingestão calórica mais baixa. Conclusão: As crianças são sensíveis ao gosto umami e essa característica independe do sexo, idade, estado nutricional, fase de tratamento, ingestão calórica e de macronutrientes. A qualidade da alimentação e a idade foram variáveis determinantes das similiradades entre os grupos. O teste de sensibilidade para detecção do gosto umami é de grande interesse para conhecer o comportamento alimentar e auxiliar na melhora da aceitação dos alimentos / Introduction: The Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL) and non-Hodgkin Lymphoma (NHL) are the most frequent cancers in children and food intake can be reduced by chemotherapy. The sense of taste is a result of the detection and response to the sweet, salty, sour, bitter and umami stimulus. The latter is identified by monosodium glutamate (MSG) and is related to the increase of palatability, which may contribute to improve food acceptance in children with cancer. Objective: identification of the thresholds of detection of umami taste and food quality in children with LLA and LNH. Methodology: the threshold sensitivity test was applied in order to determine the threshold of the umami taste using six increasing concentrations of deionized water and MSG. A 24-hour recall and food frequency questionnaire were applied to check food intake. Weight and height were measured and the BMI was used to determine the nutritional status, according to the National Center of Health Statistics (2000). The sample was characterized by the distribution of the frequency of the variables, with the help of the Epinfo Version 6.0 statistical package. The statistical and graphical analyses were done using the R statistical software, version 2.6.2. The Cluster test was applied to characterize the sample. Results: from the 102 patients, 94 were sensitive to umami taste. 54,3 per cent were male and 45,7 per cent were female. 78,4 per cent had ALL and 21,6 per cent had NHL. 91 per cent were in the maintenance stage. Regarding age, 38,3 per cent were between 6 and 7 years old; 20,6 per cent were between 8 and 9 years old; 15,7 per cent were between 10 and 11 years old; 15,7 per cent were between 12 and 13 years old and 9,8 per cent were 14 years old. 8,5 per cent were underweight, 66 per cent were eutrophic and 25,5 per cent were overweight or had obesity. The most consumed product was instant noodles, rich in monosodium glutamate. The tabasco and soy sauces were the least consumed. The favorite food was snacks and instant noodles and mustard was the food they liked the least. There was no statistically significant difference between the thresholds of sensitivity to umami and the variables in study. The gathering of the sample characterized four groups: Group 1 formed by younger children, most male and eutrophic, more sensitive to the umami taste; Group 2 formed by most eutrophic and female children, showing lower intake of carbohydrates and higher intake of proteins and lipids; Group 3 formed by older children, most eutrophic and male, showing higher caloric and carbohydrate intake; Group 4 formed by eutrophic and overweight children, most male and with lower caloric intake, less sensitive to the umami taste. Conclusion: children are sensitive to the umami taste and this characteristic does not depend on the sex, age, nutritional status, treatment stage, caloric and macronutrients intake. The food quality and age were determinant variables of the similarities among the groups. The test of sensitivity for the detection of the umami taste is of great interest in the knowledge of food intake behavior and in the increase of food acceptance
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Structural and functional characterization of reconstituted alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid receptors

Baranovic, Jelena January 2011 (has links)
This thesis describes a novel reconstitution of &alpha;-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid receptors (AMPARs) for the purposes of structural characterization by atomic force microscopy (AFM) and functional characterization by electrical recordings of lipid bilayers. AMPARs are glutamate gated ion channels, ubiquitous in the vertebrate central nervous system where they mediate fast excitatory neurotransmission. In a healthy brain, AMPARs are involved in memory formation and learning and their dysfunction has been related to numerous neurological disorders such as Alzheimer's disease, epilepsy, schizophrenia and many others. AMPARs were reconstituted at high and low densities. Densely reconstituted samples contained &GT;100 receptors per &mu;m2, a value comparable to the AMPAR density at synapses. This allowed, for the first time, the imaging of full length tetrameric AMPARs in native-like conditions and with clearly assigned domains: the extracellular domains extended 14 nm above the membrane in agreement with electron microscopy (EM) and X-ray crystallography data. Lipid-protein interactions were studied in samples with low protein density with the receptors showing preference for lipids in the liquid crystalline phase. The activity of the reconstituted receptors was confirmed through single-channel recordings. This is the first case in which an AMPAR has been reconstituted and given (a) single-channel recordings with (b) physiologically plausible conductance levels and (c) pharmacological and no-protein controls and (d) structure. As a result, previously reported biochemistry and EM are now for the first time available in concert with AFM and single-channel recordings for a purified AMPAR of known composition.

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