Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Washington, 2003. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 210-224).

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This essay examines the relationship between national consciousness and the Communist Revolution in China between the years 1921 and 1928. / In tracing the trajectory of the national consciousness in our stipulated time period we can discern three distinct phases in its manifestation. Up until 1919 national consciousness was confined primarily to an intellectual elite whose primary concern was the decadence of the Imperial and Confucian state. Following the May Fourth movement (1919), these concerns came to be diffused amongst the urban population. / After the formation of the Chinese Communist Party, the Party addressed nationalist concerns by focusing on the role of imperialists and warlords. This continued following the alliance with the Nationalist Party, the Guomindang, under the United Front. / By 1925 there was the growth of populist movements with distinctly anti-imperialist overtones. The same time also saw a growing interest in the potential of the peasantry as the vanguard for the nationalist revolution. After the April 12, 1927 coup, the Party focused exclusively on the peasantry to carry on with the Nationalist Revolution.

A queda em idosos é um problema significativo em saúde pública, já que este tipo de acidente pode resultar em fraturas, diminuição da mobilidade e aumento da mortalidade. Neste contexto, o Tai Chi Chuan (TCC) pode ser visto como uma prática corporal promissora na Atenção Primária à Saúde (APS). Nesta dissertação, foram produzidos dois artigos. No primeiro, avaliamos a relação entre a prática de TCC, como atividade de grupo em uma Unidade de Saúde, no equilíbrio estático e dinâmico de idosos. Para isto, 80 idosos da comunidade (≥ 60 anos) foram convidados a realizar entrevista e avaliação de equilíbrio e a participar de um grupo de TCC (amostra por conveniência). Os participantes foram avaliados antes e seis meses após o treinamento da “Sequência Simplificada de TCC de 24 Movimentos” (baseada no estilo Yang), 1x/semana. As 19 pessoas que frequentaram ≥8 aulas foram consideradas praticantes. Foram realizadas 26 aulas durante o estudo, com uma média de 18 participantes. Ocorreu uma melhora de aproximadamente dois pontos na Escala de Equilíbrio Funcional de Berg (p<0,001) no grupo de praticantes sendo que 100% destes, ou melhoraram ou mantiveram os escores anteriores. Tratase de uma das primeiras avaliações da prática de TCC realizada no âmbito da APS, no Brasil. No segundo artigo, (um relato de experiência) descrevemos as condições necessárias para a prática do TCC e o programa de treinamento de forma detalhada. Concluindo, o TCC é uma prática corporal utilizada para a promoção da saúde. Acreditamos ser possível sua inserção na APS trazendo, desta forma, benefícios na melhora do equilíbrio de idosos da comunidade. / Falls in the elderly is a significant problem in public health, since this type of accident can result in fractures, decreased mobility and increased mortality. In this context, the Tai Chi Chuan (TCC) can be seen as a promising body practice in Primary Health Care (PHC). In this dissertation, two articles have been produced. In the first article, we evaluated the relationship between the practice of TCC, as a group activity in a Health Unit in static and dynamic balance in elderly people. In order for this to happen, 80 community elderly (≥ 60 years) were invited to participate in interviews and evaluations of balance and as well as in a TCC group (convenience sample). Participants were evaluated before and six months after the training of “24 simplified TCC forms” (based on Yang style), 1x/week. The 19 people who attended ≥ 8 classes were considered practitioners. During the study, 26 lessons were conducted, with an average of 18 participants. There was an improvement of approximately two points on the Berg scale of balance performance (p <0.001) in the group of practitioners and 100% of these, either maintained or improved their previous scores. This is one of the first evaluations of the practice of TCC within the PHC, in Brazil. In the second article (an experience report) we described the necessary conditions for the practice of TCC and the training program in detail. In conclusion, TCC is a body practice that is used to promote health. We believe it is possible its insertion into the PHC bringing thus benefits in improving balance of older adults.

A queda em idosos é um problema significativo em saúde pública, já que este tipo de acidente pode resultar em fraturas, diminuição da mobilidade e aumento da mortalidade. Neste contexto, o Tai Chi Chuan (TCC) pode ser visto como uma prática corporal promissora na Atenção Primária à Saúde (APS). Nesta dissertação, foram produzidos dois artigos. No primeiro, avaliamos a relação entre a prática de TCC, como atividade de grupo em uma Unidade de Saúde, no equilíbrio estático e dinâmico de idosos. Para isto, 80 idosos da comunidade (≥ 60 anos) foram convidados a realizar entrevista e avaliação de equilíbrio e a participar de um grupo de TCC (amostra por conveniência). Os participantes foram avaliados antes e seis meses após o treinamento da “Sequência Simplificada de TCC de 24 Movimentos” (baseada no estilo Yang), 1x/semana. As 19 pessoas que frequentaram ≥8 aulas foram consideradas praticantes. Foram realizadas 26 aulas durante o estudo, com uma média de 18 participantes. Ocorreu uma melhora de aproximadamente dois pontos na Escala de Equilíbrio Funcional de Berg (p<0,001) no grupo de praticantes sendo que 100% destes, ou melhoraram ou mantiveram os escores anteriores. Tratase de uma das primeiras avaliações da prática de TCC realizada no âmbito da APS, no Brasil. No segundo artigo, (um relato de experiência) descrevemos as condições necessárias para a prática do TCC e o programa de treinamento de forma detalhada. Concluindo, o TCC é uma prática corporal utilizada para a promoção da saúde. Acreditamos ser possível sua inserção na APS trazendo, desta forma, benefícios na melhora do equilíbrio de idosos da comunidade. / Falls in the elderly is a significant problem in public health, since this type of accident can result in fractures, decreased mobility and increased mortality. In this context, the Tai Chi Chuan (TCC) can be seen as a promising body practice in Primary Health Care (PHC). In this dissertation, two articles have been produced. In the first article, we evaluated the relationship between the practice of TCC, as a group activity in a Health Unit in static and dynamic balance in elderly people. In order for this to happen, 80 community elderly (≥ 60 years) were invited to participate in interviews and evaluations of balance and as well as in a TCC group (convenience sample). Participants were evaluated before and six months after the training of “24 simplified TCC forms” (based on Yang style), 1x/week. The 19 people who attended ≥ 8 classes were considered practitioners. During the study, 26 lessons were conducted, with an average of 18 participants. There was an improvement of approximately two points on the Berg scale of balance performance (p <0.001) in the group of practitioners and 100% of these, either maintained or improved their previous scores. This is one of the first evaluations of the practice of TCC within the PHC, in Brazil. In the second article (an experience report) we described the necessary conditions for the practice of TCC and the training program in detail. In conclusion, TCC is a body practice that is used to promote health. We believe it is possible its insertion into the PHC bringing thus benefits in improving balance of older adults.

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本篇論文主要以二結王公廟為研究對象，藉此探討台灣古公三王信仰的發展。透過長期於二結王公廟的田野調查，釐清大二結社區不同階段的社會發展與歷史脈絡，進而理解二結王公廟的建廟歷程及在地互動，以此為中心向外討論目前台灣各古公三王廟的分布情形、發展概況等，從深入訪談及參與觀察所蒐集之材料，探究二結王公廟在古公三王信仰中的角色、傳播上的重要性及其各項祭儀之特色。 　　二結王公廟作為大二結地區的信仰中心，除了原有的宗教功能外，也因王公廟與古公三王對在地人的特殊意義，故在二結王公廟重建工程上做出不一樣的選擇，激發社區居民對公共事務的關心及參與，成為大二結社區營造的一個起點，更從往後的二結王公文化節、大二結王公藝術研究所、二結庄生活文化館等，清楚看見大二結社區如何在原有的古公三王信仰基礎上，運用社區營造的概念，讓宗教活動添增創新的元素，以現代的手法保存及宣揚廟宇文化，並在過程中再次拉近社區居民之間的關係，加深對社區的認同及情感。 　　王公廟最為人知的宗教祭儀為每年農曆十一月十五日的王公生，其中的抓乩童及過炭火儀式更獲選為十大民俗祭典，並被登錄為無形文化資產，使王公生儼然成為二結王公廟的特色。除了王公生慶典外，王公廟的濟世類祭儀保留了傳統關輦出字方式，替信徒解決各項疑難雜症，即使在醫學、科技發達的今日，仍有許多信徒至王公廟問事尋求協助。至於歲時祭儀與公事類祭儀，雖與一般廟宇未有太多不同，但依舊可從儀式進行上的些微差異，進而理解二結王公廟的發展背景與經營情形。 　　根據內政部宗教團體登記與中華道教古公三王弘道協會會員名單，目前台灣共有二十四間古公三王廟，其中十七間寺廟為直接或間接自二結王公廟分香，顯示出二結王公廟在古公三王信仰傳播上的重要性。若以地區進行區分，宜蘭縣以外的九間古公三王廟，傳播原因多與二結人、宜蘭人向外遷徙移居有關，呈現古公三王作為宜蘭人地方神的特色。民國九十年（2001），中華道教古公三王弘道協會成立，並透過至中國大陸重修祖廟、恭迎中國大陸王公神像來台祀奉以及組團進香謁祖等計畫，建立與加深在台古公三王廟對中國大陸祖廟的認同，開始讓分香廟對二結王公廟在台祖廟的認同造成影響，使以二結王公廟為中心的廟際網絡逐漸產生變化。 關鍵字：古公三王、二結王公廟、宗教祭儀、民間信仰、輦轎過火 / This thesis mainly focuses on Erjie Wanggong Temple and the development of Gu Gong San Wang Belief in Taiwan. Through the long-term fieldwork in Erjie, this study aims to clarify social development and historical contexts of Great Erjie in different eras and thereby get further understanding of the establishment and interaction with local communities of Erjie Wanggong Temple, in order to discuss the spreading and current situation of Gu Gong San Wang temples in Taiwan. By in-depth interviews and participant observation, this study attempts to explain the role of Erjie Wanggong Temple in Gu Gong San Wang Belief, its importance in spreading process and the characteristics of its rituals. As the most important religious site in Great Erjie, Erjie Wang Gong Temple’s rebuilding plan aroused local residents to participate in public affairs and has become the starting point of community development of Great Erjie. The following Erjie Wanggong Cultural Festival, Great Erjie Art Research and Erjie Cultural Museum show that how the Great Erjie community preserve and promote temple culture in modern ways. In the process, the relationship among community members has been strengthened. The birthday of Wanggong (ông-kong senn) on the 15th day of the 11th month of the lunar calendar is the most well-known religious festival of Erjie Wanggong Temple. The ritual of "catching spirit medium" (liap tâng-ki) and "fire-walking" (kuè-hué) of the festival was elected as one of the top 10 festivals by the General Association of National Culture in 2007 and was registered as intangible cultural heritage by the Bureau of Cultural Heritage in 2011. In addition, Jishi rituals of the temple still preserve traditional resolutions to solve the problems in followers' modern daily life. According to the Ministry of Interior and Chinese Taoism Gu Gong San Wang Promote Association, there are 24 Gu Gong San Wang temples in Taiwan. 17 of them are branches of Erjie Wanggong Temple, which implies the significance of Erjie Wanggong Temple in the spreading process. The establishment of 9 Gu Gong San Wang temples located outside Yilan County was mostly related to the emigration of people from Erjie and Yilan, representing the role of Gu Gong San Wang as the Local God of Yilan people. In 2001, Chinese Taoism Gu Gong San Wang Promote Association was established. It started to construct and deepen the recognition of original temple in Mainland China from Gu Gong San Wang temples in Taiwan. Therefore, the recognition of Erjie Wanggon Temple as the original temple in Taiwan from branches has been influenced and the Erjie-centered network has been gradually changed. Keywords: Gu Gong San Wang, Erjie Wanggong Temple, religious rituals, folk beliefs, ambrosial palankeen and fire-walking

歷史，是人生經驗的總合；史學，則是萃取其中菁華加以會通，意圖有補於人世的大 業；資治通鑑，更可以視為此中最典型的標的。但是，由於若干偏見和卷帙浩繁的局 限，使這一代鉅著往往束諸高閣。本篇即在嘗試撥開層層障礙，直指司馬光潛心構建 的理相國。 一、研究方法：針對上述目的，循此直接而明確的脈絡，逼近上述理想。所以，本篇 的工作流程也因而畫分為六：（一）蒐羅材料、（二）閱讀分析、（三）製作檢索、 （四）分疏章節、（五）詳訂敘例、（六）正式撰述。 二、研究文獻：以啟業書局六六年台版的點校本資治通鑑、商務印書館五四年二月台 初版的萬有文庫薈要本司馬文正公傳家集為基礎，網羅了近百種相關的書籍、期刊、 論文。 三、研究內容：本篇歸納四大課題，共分九章、廿六節－－ （一）背景分析：研究動機暨方法、編年史傳統回顧、時代背景；通鑑的編纂成員、 準備、成書；體例、羽翼以及臣光曰概況。計三章。 （二）主題推演：臣光曰的君、臣道；取才、行政；立法、司法、監察及其他理念的 脈絡呈現。計三章。 （三）批判：臣光曰的思想特色、得失；司馬光的文學觀以及臣光曰的題旨趨勢、文 章手法。計二章。 （四）歸結：計一章。 四、研究結果：集中於第九章－－ （一）提示特徵：春秋之意、左傳之法、儒家之旨、本朝背景、個人創獲。 （二）平議爭端：疏通歷來攻擊最厲的因襲、保守、主觀論點。 （三）略述影響：穩定型政治觀的承先啟後。