D.Phil. / The fungus, Verticillium dahliae, is the causative agent of Verticillium wilt, which results in significant cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) crop losses worldwide. This study contributes to the elucidation of cotton defence responses against V. dahliae. The identification, cloning and characterization of three genes that were differentially expressed in response to elicitation with a cell wall-derived (CWD) V. dahliae elicitor are described. It was hypothesized that the molecular architectures of the three characterized genes are supportive of a role in cotton defence against V. dahliae. As one of these genes was present as two homoeologous copies, this study also reports on the molecular characterization of both homoeologs, thus providing further insight into the processes of genomic evolution between homoeologous loci in allotetraploid cotton. The three genes were initially represented as expressed sequence tags (ESTs), obtained from a previous differential display reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (DDRT-PCR) study by Zwiegelaar (2003), as part of an MSc project. These ESTs, designated C1B10, C4B5 and C4B4, were differentially induced upon elicitation with a CWD V. dahliae elicitor (Zwiegelaar, 2003). In the present study, the genes represented by the three ESTs were identified and characterized by genome walking and 5‘/3‘ rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE). Additionally, PCR and reverse-transcription PCR (RT-PCR) were utilized, where necessary, to obtain internal sequences, not covered by the genome walking and RACE reactions. Through the use of these molecular techniques, the full transcript and genomic sequences of each of the three genes was obtained, including their promoters. The promoter of each gene was analyzed for cis-elements driving gene transcription, through bioinformatic analysis. Furthermore, the copy number of each gene was determined through Southern blot analysis. The genes were translated to reveal their encoded protein sequences. The amino acid sequences were submitted to a basic local alignment (BLAST) search of the NCBI database to identify, and align them with, homologous proteins from other plant species (and those from G. hirsutum, if any). An in silico analysis of the encoded protein of each gene was also performed. This examination included domain architecture, post-translational modification, subcellular location and tertiary structure predictions. This study also involved the isolation of the elicitor from the cell walls of V. dahliae fungal cultures. The potency of the freshly-isolated elicitor was investigated with a triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) viability assay on cotton cell suspensions. Its potential to induce PR-proteins was also explored but these results were inconclusive. In addition, expression studies were performed with real-time PCR (q-PCR), to confirm the up- or down-regulation of each gene upon elicitation of cotton cell suspensions with the CWD V. dahliae elicitor, and to investigate the time frame/kinetics of induction. The gene corresponding to the C1B10 EST was designated GhLIPN as this study revealed that it encodes a lipin protein. Lipins are novel proteins with phosphatidate phosphatase 1 (PAP1) activity, exclusive to eukaryotes. They play a fundamental role in the lipid metabolism of organisms ranging in complexity from yeast to animals and plants. In plants, this role includes lipid membrane remodelling during phosphate (Pi) deficiency. During the study of the GhLIPN gene, it was discovered that it occurred as two distinct homoeologous copies from the A- and D-co-resident genomes of allopolyploid G. hirsutum. The GhLIPN homoeologs were named GhLIPN I and N for Insert present and No insert, respectively, based on the presence or absence of a 13 base pair (bp) insertion/deletion (indel) site in intron 6.

With new 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) tolerant crops, increases in off-target movement events are expected. New formulations may mitigate these events, but standard lab techniques are ineffective in identifying these 2,4-D formulations. Using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and machine learning algorithms, research was conducted to classify 2,4-D formulations in treated herbicide-tolerant soybeans and cotton and observe the influence of leaf treatment status and collection timing on classification accuracy. Pooled Classification models using k-nearest neighbor classified 2,4-D formulations with over 65% accuracy in cotton and soybean. Tissue collected 14 DAT and 21 DAT for cotton and soybean respectively produced higher accuracies than the pooled model. Tissue directly treated with 2,4-D also performed better than the pooled model. Lastly, models using timing and treatment status as factors resulted in higher accuracies, with cotton 14 DAT New Growth and Treated models and 28 DAT and 21 DAT Treated soybean models achieving the best accuracies.

Submitted by (lucia.rodrigues@ufrpe.br) on 2017-03-17T14:39:22Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Janaina Cortez de Oliveira.pdf: 616667 bytes, checksum: 9d56953508b1cd4518224b8966b15c92 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-03-17T14:39:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Janaina Cortez de Oliveira.pdf: 616667 bytes, checksum: 9d56953508b1cd4518224b8966b15c92 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-10-22 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The bacterial blight caused by Xanthomonas citri subsp. malvacearum (Xcm) is the most important bacterial disease of cotton in the Middle-West and Northeast Regions of Brazil. The variability of a population formed by 100 Xcm strains obtained from commercial fields in the states of Goiás, Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul and Bahia, Brazil, was analyzed based upon genetic and phenotypic characteristics. The enzymes amylase, lipase, cellulase and the polysaccharide levan were produced by all Xcm isolates while the caseinase was only produced by 20 strains. All strains induced hipersensitivity reaction in tomato leaves. The 100 strains were sensitive to copper oxychloride (1500 mg L-1), copper hidroxide (1614 mg L-1), oxytetracicline (600 mg L-1), oxytetracicline (90 mg L-1) + tribasic copper sulfate (1500 mg L-1) and oxytetracicline (76.6 mg L-1) + streptomycin sulfate (367.2 mg L-1), but resistant to kasugamycin (60 mg L-1). Among the eighteen tested antibiotics the strains presented variable reaction in relation to: nalidixic acid, amoxicillin, azithromycin, bacitracin, eritromicin, kanamycin, pefloxacin, tobramycin e vancomycin. Rep-PCR (REP, ERIC and BOX) showed the formation of five groups at 70% similarity level. Group I contained 98 strains, including the reference strain Xcm IBSBF1733, group II contained only two strains from Bahia and the other three groups included strains of Xanthomonas citri pv. anacardii, X. citri pv. mangiferaeindicae e X. axonopodis pv. spondiae used for comparison. This work also evaluated the effect of silicon (Si) on the bacterial blight of cotton control and the putative mechanisms involved in the resistance potentialized by this element were evaluated. Calcium silicate (CaSiO3) was incorporated into the soil at concentrations of 0.00, 0.25, 0.50, 1.50 and 3.00 g of SiO2 kg-1 soil 25 days before planting. Leaves of 33-day-old-plants were inoculated by infiltration with 0.5 mL suspension of Xcm (108 CFU ml-1). Components of resistance were evaluated every two days until 10 days after inoculation, at which point plant development and the accumulation of Si and Calcium (Ca) were also determined. H2O2 production and the activity of enzymes related to plant defenses were analyzed at 6, 12 and 24 hours after inoculation in plants +/-Si. In vitro inhibition of pathogen growth due to Si was also assessed. No significant difference was seen among the treatments regarding incubation period, disease incidence or inhibition of bacterial growth. However, with the application of 1.50 g of SiO2 kg-1 of soil, a reduction in severity (54.9%) was observed along with a reduction in the area under the disease progression curve (35.76%) and an increase in plant height (7.04%). There was no observable accumulation of Si in the cotton leaves. Levels of soluble proteins and H2O2 and activity of the enzymes SOD, APX, guaiacol peroxidase, PAL and b Glu were altered in the presence of Si (1.80 g SiO2 kg-1). Thus based on the genetic and phenotypic characteristics studied we conclude that the population of 100 Xcm strains presents low variability, and that the reduction of cotton bacterial blight severity mediated by Si is probably associated to the characteristic events of induced resistance observed. / A mancha-angular, causada por Xanthomonas citri subsp. malvacearum (Xcm), é a principal doença bacteriana do algodoeiro no Centro-Oeste e Nordeste do Brasil. A variabilidade de uma população de 100 isolados de Xcm, oriundos de plantas com sintomas típicos de mancha-angular em áreas produtoras de algodoeiro dos estados de Goiás, Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul e Bahia, Brasil, foi analisada com base em características fenotípicas e genéticas. As enzimas amilase, lipase e celulase e o polissacarídeo levana foram produzidos por todos os isolados de Xcm, enquanto a caseinase foi produzida apenas por 20 isolados. Todos os isolados induziram reação de hipersensibilidade em folhas de tomateiro. Os 100 isolados foram sensíveis a oxicloreto de cobre (1500 mg l-1), hidróxido de cobre (1614 mg l-1), oxitetraciclina (600 mg l-1), oxitetraciclina (90 mg l-1) + sulfato tribásico de cobre (1500 mg l-1) e oxitetraciclina (76,6 mg l-1) + sulfato de estreptomicina (367,2 mg l-1), e resistentes a casugamicina (60 mg l-1). Dentre os 18 antibióticos testados, os isolados bacterianos apresentaram reação variável a nove: ácido nalidíxico, amoxicilina, azitromicina, bacitracina, eritromicina, kanamicina, pefloxacina, tobramicina e vancomicina. Rep-PCR (REP, ERIC e BOX) revelou a formação de cinco grupos ao nível de 70% de similaridade, sendo o grupo I constituído de 98 isolados, incluindo o isolado referência de Xcm IBSBF1733, o grupo II, formado apenas por dois isolados oriundos da Bahia e os três outros grupos por isolados de X. citri pv. anacardii, X. citri pv. mangiferaeindicae e X. axonopodis pv. spondiae utilizados para comparação. Neste trabalho também foi avaliado o efeito do silício (Si) no controle da mancha-angular do algodoeiro, e os possíveis mecanismos envolvidos na resistência potencializada por este elemento. O silicato de cálcio (CaSiO3) foi incorporado ao solo nas doses de 0,00; 0,25; 0,50; 1,50 e 3,00 g de SiO2 kg-1 de solo 25 dias antes do plantio. Plantas com 33 dias tiveram as folhas inoculadas por infiltração com 0,5 mL de suspensão de Xcm (108 UFC ml-1). Os componentes da resistência foram avaliados a cada dois dias até 10 dias após a inoculação, quando o desenvolvimento da planta e o acúmulo de Si e Ca foram também determinados. Foram ainda analisadas a atividade de enzimas relacionadas à defesa vegetal e a produção de H2O2 às 6, 12 e 24 h após a inoculação em plantas +/-Si e a inibição in vitro do crescimento do patógeno. Não foi verificada diferença significativa entre os tratamentos quanto ao período de incubação, incidência da mancha-angular e inibição do crescimento da bactéria. Com a aplicação da dose 1,50 g SiO2 kg-1 de solo, observou-se redução da severidade (54,9%), da área abaixo da curva de progresso da doença (35,76%) e aumento na altura das plantas (7,04%). Não foi verificado acúmulo de Si nas folhas de algodoeiro. Níveis de proteínas solúveis e H2O2 e atividade das enzimas SOD, APX, POX, PAL e GLU foram alterados na presença do Si (1,80 g SiO2 kg-1). Com base nas características fenotípicas e genéticas analisadas, conclui-se que a população de 100 isolados de Xcm estudada apresenta baixa variabilidade e que a redução da severidade da mancha-angular do algodoeiro mediada por Si está provavelmente associada aos eventos característicos de indução de resistência observados.

Orientador: Enes Furlani Junior / Banca: Orivaldo Arf / Banca: Luiz Henrique Carvalho / Resumo: O objetivo desse presente trabalho foi desenvolver um método de recomendação de adubação nitrogenada com as leituras de clorofilômetro, para o campo, avaliando doses crescentes de N, em algodoeiro cv. DeltaOpal. Foi desenvolvido em dois anos, instalados na Fazenda de Ensino e Pesquisa (FEP), no município de Selvíria - MS, pertencente a Faculdade de Engenharia Campus de Ilha Solteira. Utilizando um delineamento em blocos ao acaso com 4 repetições, utilizando os fatores modo de aplicação (Única e Parcelada), doses de N em cobertura ( 0, 25, 50, 75, 100 kg de N ha-1, para o ano 2004/05) e ( 0, 25, 50, 75, 100 e 120 kg de N ha-1, para o ano 2005/6), a fonte de N foi uréia, a aplicação de N nos tratamentos, foram realizadas, de dois modos: única aos 30 d.a.e. com doses totais e os parcelados com metade da dose aplicada aos 30 d.a.e. e o restante aos 45 d.a.e. As leituras SPAD foram efetuadas na 5ª folha da haste principal e em toda a planta (2005/06), para que, no final do estudo houvesse uma recomendação de N, através das leituras. As doses crescentes de N, proporcionaram uma maior altura da planta, e afetaram positivamente os teores foliares de P, K, e para a produtividade somente houve diferença significativa no primeiro ano agrícola onde se aplicou N de forma parcelada. Com relação às leituras SPAD, houve eficiência em determinar o teor de N presente na planta, podendo ser adotado como metodologia ao determinar carência do N na planta. / Abstract: The objective of this work was to develop a method of nitrogen recommendation by chorophyll readings, in field conditions, using N levels in cotton cv. DeltaOpal. It was developed during two growth seasons, at the Experimental Station of the São Paulo State University/Unesp/Ilha Solteira Campus, at Selvíria - MS. The Trials have used the completely blocks design with four repetitions, using two factors: a- methods of N application (Single or split), N levels in covering (first year: 0, 25, 50, 75, 100 kg of N ha-1 , second year: 0, 25, 50, 75, 100 and 120 kg of N ha-1). The Nitrogen source was urea applied: a- 30 days after emergency (total amount) and b- 30 and 45 days after emergency (splited). The SPAD readings were realized in the fifth true leaf of the main monopodial branch and in all leaves of this plant. The plant height was affected by the nitrogen levels but the leaf level of P, K, were positively affected. The yield was affected by the nitrogen levels just in the first season. The chorophyll readings showed an useful key to evaluate the nitrogen deficiency in cotton. / Mestre

Submitted by Sara Ribeiro (sara.ribeiro@ucb.br) on 2017-04-20T13:03:58Z No. of bitstreams: 1 RaquelSampaiodeOliveiraTese2015.pdf: 10137790 bytes, checksum: c5825d13e8bc435cc264076585a21c29 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Sara Ribeiro (sara.ribeiro@ucb.br) on 2017-04-20T13:04:12Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 RaquelSampaiodeOliveiraTese2015.pdf: 10137790 bytes, checksum: c5825d13e8bc435cc264076585a21c29 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-04-20T13:04:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 RaquelSampaiodeOliveiraTese2015.pdf: 10137790 bytes, checksum: c5825d13e8bc435cc264076585a21c29 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-12-15 / Cotton is an economically important natural fiber produced in the world and it is highly affected by insect pests and pathogens. Several transgenic approaches have been developed to improve cotton???s resistance through the expression of different transgenes, including Cry toxins, hydrolytic proteinase inhibitors, toxic peptides, dsRNA, among others. However, transformation methods remain limited by cotton variety due to the difficulties imposed by tissue culture and the steps necessary in Agrobacterium-mediated transformation and/or particle bombardment. The pollen tube transformation technique involves the introduction of an exogenous DNA into the plant genome being independent of tissue culture. This method can be applied into different cotton cultivars and it has been used successfully in generation of Bt cotton. In Chapter 2, the pollen-tube pathway technique was used to transform a Brazilian cotton cultivar. The putative transgenic plants derived from boll seeds injected with a binary expression vector, harboring the cry1Ia12 gene were initially selected with kanamycin. Selected plants were characterized using PCR, Southern blot, Western blot and ELISA techniques to confirm the genetic transformation. Western blot and ELISA data showed variable protein expression among the transgenic plants varying from 1,?? ??g g-1 to ??,??6 ??g g-1. An insect bioassay using T1 plants revealed the entomotoxic effects of Cry1Ia12 on Spodoptera frugiperda, as evidenced by a decrease in the development of insects compared with untransformed controls. Entomotoxic effect with Anthonomus grandis was also demonstrated by a decrease in the number of emerging insect adults. In Chapter 3, the agrolistic transformation technique was used to transform the Coker 310 cultivar. The putative transgenic plants derived from transformed embryos with a vector harboring the cry8Ka5 and ??AI-C3 genes were selected in vitro, and acclimatized in a greenhouse. Acclimatized plants were characterized using PCR and ELISA techniques to confirm the genetic transformation. Collected seeds from positive plants were sown for T1 plants analysis, aiming the technique evaluation. It was observed the cry8Ka5 gene amplification, and the ELISA results showed variable protein expression between transgenic plants. It was possible to demonstrate with this work, the efficacy of GM cotton plants generation using alternative biotechnological approaches, efficiently applied to the lepidopterans and coleopterans control. / O algod??o ?? uma fonte de fibra natural de grande import??ncia econ??mica, sendo uma cultura altamente afetada por diferentes insetos-praga e pat??genos. Diversas estrat??gias de transgenia t??m sido desenvolvidas para melhorar a resist??ncia do algod??o, por meio da express??o de transgenes, incluindo toxinas Cry, inibidores de enzimas hidrol??ticas, pept??deos t??xicos, dsRNA, entre outros. No entanto, os m??todos de transforma????o ainda s??o limitados a algumas variedades de algod??o devido ??s dificuldades impostas pela cultura de tecidos e ??s etapas necess??rias de transforma????o, seja mediada por Agrobacterium e/ou bombardeamento de part??culas. A t??cnica de transforma????o via tubo pol??nico ?? uma t??cnica que envolve a introdu????o de DNA gen??mico ex??geno em plantas, sendo independente de cultura de tecidos. Este m??todo pode ser aplicado para diferentes cultivares de algod??o e tem sido utilizado com sucesso na gera????o de algod??o Bt. No Cap??tulo 2, a t??cnica de transforma????o via tubo pol??nico foi utilizada para transformar uma cultivar de algod??o brasileira. As potenciais plantas transg??nicas geradas, derivadas de sementes que tiveram o bot??o floral injetado com um vetor de express??o bin??rio, portador do gene cry1Ia12, foram inicialmente selecionadas com o antibi??tico canamicina. Plantas selecionadas foram caracterizadas por PCR, Southern blot, Western blot, e ensaio de ELISA, visando confirmar a transforma????o gen??tica. Os dados de Western blot e de ELISA mostraram uma express??o vari??vel da prote??na entre as plantas transg??nicas, com concentra????es variando de 1,?? ??g g-1 a ??,??6 ??g g-1. Ensaios biol??gicos com o inseto alvo utilizando plantas T1 revelaram os efeitos entomot??xicos da toxina Cry1Ia12 em Spodoptera frugiperda, evidenciado por uma diminui????o no desenvolvimento de insetos, em compara????o com as plantas controle n??o transformadas. Foi observado um efeito entomot??xico em Anthonomus grandis, demonstrado pela diminui????o no n??mero de adultos emergentes. No Cap??tulo 3, a t??cnica de transforma????o via agrol??stica foi utilizada para transformar uma cultivar de algod??o Coker 310 visando avaliar essa t??cnica. As plantas potencialmente transg??nicas geradas, derivadas dos embri??es transformados com o vetor portando os genes cry8Ka5 e ??AI-C3 foram selecionados in vitro e, posteriormente, aclimatizados em casa de vegeta????o. Estas plantas foram caracterizadas por PCR e ELISA para confirmar a transforma????o gen??tica. Sementes das plantas positivas foram semeadas para an??lise das plantas T1. A amplifica????o do gene cry8Ka5 foi observada e os resultados de ELISA mostraram uma express??o vari??vel da prote??na entre as plantas transg??nicas. Os estudos aqui apresentados demonstraram a efici??ncia na gera????o de plantas de algod??o GM, utilizando abordagens biotecnol??gicas alternativas e eficientes para controle de lepid??pteros e cole??pteros.

Orientador: Enes Furlani Júnior / Banca: Marco Eustaquio de Sa / Banca: Orivaldo Arf / Banca: Luiz Henrique Carvalho / Banca: Ederaldo José Chiavegato / Resumo: Estudos realizados em várias regiões permitiram constatar que o sistema de semeadura direta (SSD) é capaz de alterar as propriedades físicas, químicas e biológicas do solo, ocasionando um gradiente de concentração de nutrientes principalmente na sua camada superficial. Alterarando o comportamento do crescimento e desenvolvimento das plantas que são cultivadas. Em função da escassez de informações, referente ao cultivo do algodoeiro em SSD na região de Cerrado, objetivou-se estudar os efeitos de fontes e doses de N em diferentes sistemas de manejo de palhada, sobre os atributos químicos do solo, teores foliares de nutrientes e produtividade do algodoeiro em SSD. O trabalho foi desenvolvido nos anos agrícolas 2005/06 e 2006/07, na Fazenda Experimental de Ensino e Pesquisa da Faculdade de Engenharia (FE/Unesp), Campus de Ilha Solteira/SP (22º23'' latitude S; 51º27'' longitude W). O delineamento experimental foi de blocos casualizados, em esquema de faixas, sendo os fatores manejo da fitomassa (rolo faca, triton, roçadora e sem manejo), doses de nitrogênio (0, 50, 100 e 150 kg ha-1 de N) e, fontes de N (sulfato de amônio e uréia), com quatro repetições. Pode-se constatar que o implemento rolo faca, demonstrou ser a melhor opção de manejo da fitomassa do milheto, pois na maioria das vezes apresentou-se como a melhor opção para ciclagem de nutrientes e disponibilização do mesmo ao solo, para serem posteriormente absorvidos pelas plantas. Fato comprovado pelas analises dos teores foliares de nutrientes e da caracterização química do solo após o cultivo do algodão, onde verificou-se através das analises estatísticas. As doses crescentes de N evidenciaram que influenciam na absorção de N, P e K pelas plantas de algodão, e tendem a diminuir o pH e aumentar o H+Al no solo, devido à acidificação do solo proporcionado pelos fertilizantes nitrogenados... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Through countless studies conducted in various regions, it was noted that the system of direct seeding (SSD) is capable of amending the physical, chemical and biological characteristics of the soil, causing a gradient of concentration of nutrients mainly its superficial soil layer, and thus provide changes in the behavior of growth and development of plants which are grown. In the light of the scarcity of information, on the cultivation of cotton SSD in the region of Cerrado, aimed to evaluate the leaf content of cotton, the yield components and the chemical attributes of soil layers: 0.00 to 0.05; 0.05 to 0.10; and 0.10 to 0.30 m soil profile, after the cotton cultivation. It Was developed two trials in agricultural seasons 2005/2006 and 2006/2007, out at the Experimental Farm of the São Paulo State University (FE/Unesp), Campus of Ilha Solteira/SP (22 23'' S latitude; 51 27'' longitude W). The experimental design was the randomized completely blocks, with factors management phytomass , nitrogen levels - 0, 50, 100 and 150 kg N ha-1, and nitrogen sources - ammonium sulfate and urea, distributed in strips with the amount of thirty and two treatments with four replications. May-it appears that the cutting-roller, has proved to be the best option for the management of phytomass millet, because in most cases presented-as the best option for rapid nutrient cycling and provision of the same to the soil, to be subsequently absorbed by plants. It was verified by analyzes of leaf nutrient contents and chemical characterization of the soil after the cultivation of cotton, where see-through the effects of treatments. The increasing doses of N showed that can influence the absorption of N, P and K by cotton plant, and tend to decrease the pH and increase the H+Al in the soil, due to acidification of soil nitrogen, and the increase of N in the cultivation of cotton, promotes... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

Low photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) during certain growth periods of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) has been shown to impact yield, ethylene synthesis, and fiber quality. Previous research with shading has shown that lint yield can be significantly reduced in the latter stages of growth. This two-year field study was conducted at the Texas A&M AgriLife Research Farm in Burleson County, Texas, in 2008 and 2009. The study evaluated the impact of an 8-day period of shade (63 percent reduction of PPFD) on cotton yield parameters, fiber quality, and the impact of 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP), an ethylene inhibitor, to alter detrimental cotton responses when applied as a foliar spray under shaded and non-shaded conditions. Shade and 1-MCP were imposed at four developmental stages of growth: pinhead square (PHS), first flower (FF), peak flower (PF), and boll development (BD). Data pooled over both years indicated that there were no significant differences in yield for 1-MCP treatments; however, numerical differences existed. Shade applied during the BD stage of development showed significantly lower yield than the untreated control. These results showed a decline in seed cotton and ginned seed cotton by 522 and 207 kg ha-1, respectively. To further analyze further yield components, box-mapping was conducted during both years. However, this data failed to explain consistent patterns of the observed yield responses. Data was also collected to determine the amount of fibers per seed and seed weights. Cotton fiber data did not show consistent correlations with the numerical increases and significant decreases in yield. Electrolyte leakage and stomatal conductance data also were collected. Electrolyte leakage showed no statistical differences when compared to the untreated control. Stomatal conductance measurements showed no consistency for treatments during both years.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:34:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2006-04-10Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:44:39Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 silva_mac_dr_jabo.pdf: 607164 bytes, checksum: 1aa75d4066614bdfc4af7c52eab95123 (MD5) / Uems-Universidade Estadual Mato Grosso do Sul / Visando estabelecer normas para o DRIS e os valores de referência para avaliação do estado nutricional da cultura do algodão, um produto agrícola em franca expansão no território nacional e com significativa contribuição econômica no PIB brasileiro, o presente trabalho estudou lavouras comerciais de municípios do norte do estado de Mato Grosso do Sul e centro-sul do estado de Mato Grosso, utilizando o método da chance matemática e a metodologia do DRIS para dados de monitoramento nutricional. O método da chance matemática, tendo como referência a produtividade de 4500 kg ha-1, retornou , em g kg-1, de 33-45; 2,8-5,3; 15-21; 20-36; 4,0-7,2 e 2,8-8,6 para N, P, K, Ca, Mg e S, e em mg kg-1, de 53-83; 4-12; 110-440; 40-60 e 25-50 para B, Cu, Fe, Mn e Zn. As faixas indicadas, embora similares às existentes, demonstram aperfeiçoamento para obtenção de altas produtividades. O N é o nutriente que pode ter problemas devido a adubação excessiva nas maioria das áreas, seguido do Mn e do K. Os maiores retornos, promovidos pela adubação, poderão ocorrer em função da aplicação de P e B. Com relação ao DRIS, o método proposto por Elwali & Gascho é menos sensível à forma de escolha da relação (r ou F) para o cálculo do IBN, e a relação escolhida para cálculo do DRIS pelo valor r não é recomendável, exceto quando a diferença entre os coeficientes de correlação, entre a relação direta e inversa, for estatisticamente significativa. Pelos métodos de cálculo das funções DRIS foram diagnosticados como prováveis limitações da cultura o Ca e o Mg, que normalmente são fornecidos via calagem, e também o S. / The cotton is an agricultural product in development for Brazil and has significant contribution for Brazilian economy. With the objective to establish DRIS norms and references values for nutritional status availability for cotton crop, this study used commercial areas in the north of the Mato Grosso do Sul state and center-south of the Mato Grosso state, applying the mathematical chance method and the DRIS for nutritional analysis data. The mathematical chance method calculated the cotton sufficiency range, in g kg-1, of 33-45; 2,8-5,3; 15-21; 20-36; 4,0-7,2 and 2,8-8,6 for N, P, K, Ca, Mg e S, and in mg kg-1, of 53-83; 4-12; 110-440; 40-60 and 25-50 for B, Cu, Fe, Mn e Zn. The range furnishing values that can not be obtained by conventional research in short time and the range obtained can be used in the Brazilians production systems. However, it is indicated that these values would be adjusted constantly for supplying the system specificity. For DRIS, the results indicated that the choice for nutrient ratio modify the data interpretation, but the nutritional balance index has correlation. The r value isn't recommended. The DRIS indicated limitation provable for Ca, Mg and S, but the Ca and S is furnished normality by liming.

The place where cotton-plant is cultivated to produce seeds and its sowing time are extremely important, especially due to local climatic conditions. Based on this premise, this work aimed at verifying the influence distinct epochs of sowing in two different places had on the germination of cottonseed genotypes in the season 2007/2008. This study was carried out in two municipalities: Itumbiara, Goiás state, and Uberlândia, Minas Gerais state. Sowing of DeltaOpal, NuOpal, DP90B, DP604B, and Delta Penta genotypes seeds took place in the first half of November and in this first and second half of December. The experimental design was completely randomized in split plot with six replications. Evaluation included genotypes in the plots and sowing epochs in the subplots. After being manually harvested, cottonseeds were processed, delinted with sulfuric acid and then subjected to germination test to verify normal and abnormal (deformed, damaged and deteriorated) seedlings as well as dead seeds. Results statistical analysis allow concluding that in Itumbiara the first and second half of December are the best sowing time to produce cottonseeds from genotypes NuOpal, DP604G, and DP90B; while in Uberlândia the best sowing time were the second half of November and first half of December, no matter the genotype used. / O local de produção de sementes do algodoeiro e a época de semeadura da cultura são extremamente importantes, sobretudo por causa das condições climáticas regionais. Tendo em vista essa premissa, este trabalho objetivou avaliar a influência que épocas distintas de semeadura em dois locais de produção teve na germinação de sementes de genótipos de algodoeiro no ano agrícola 2007/2008. O trabalho foi realizado em Itumbiara, GO, e Uberlândia, MG. As semeaduras ocorreram na segunda quinzena de novembro e na primeira e segunda quinzenas de dezembro. Foram usadas sementes de algodão dos genótipos: DeltaOpal, NuOpal, DP90B, DP604B e DeltaPenta. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casual, em parcelas subdivididas com seis repetições. A avaliação nas parcelas incluiu os genótipos; nas subparcelas, as épocas de semeadura. Após a colheita manual, o algodão em caroço foi beneficiado e as sementes foram deslintadas com ácido sulfúrico, para depois ser submetidas ao teste de germinação a fim de avaliar plântulas normais, plântulas anormais (deformadas, danificadas e deterioradas) e sementes mortas. A análise estatística dos resultados obtidos permitiu concluir que, em Itumbiara, as duas quinzenas de dezembro são épocas mais adequadas para semear o algodoeiro a fim de produzir semente (para os genótipos NuOPAL, DP90B e DP604G); e que, em Uberlândia, as melhores épocas são a segunda quinzena de novembro e a primeira de dezembro (independentemente do genótipo usado). / Mestre em Agronomia

Submitted by (edna.saturno@ufrpe.br) on 2016-12-02T11:48:47Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Martin Duarte de Oliveira.pdf: 542421 bytes, checksum: b1d0b27882021d48796843f9dc6a3760 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-02T11:48:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Martin Duarte de Oliveira.pdf: 542421 bytes, checksum: b1d0b27882021d48796843f9dc6a3760 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-02-04 / The striped mealybug, Ferrisia virgata Cockerell (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae), was recently recorded naturally occurring in differnt cotton fields in Brazil. Aiming a proper control of this insect is essential to obtain information about the life history of the pest on cotton plants and the interactions with this host plant under variable conditions of its environment. This work evaluated the population growth and verified the within-plant distribution of different stages of the pest using four cotton cultivars. Further, development and reproduction of the mealybug was determined under varied conditions of temperature (25, 27, and 28°C), mating status, and host plant condition regarding nitrogen fertilization and water stress. The cotton plants were artificially infested with neonate nymphs and the number of females and the total of individuals were recorded after 25 and 50 days, respectively. Also, the offspring production was evaluated using the factitious host and cotton plants with or without subjecting the plants to water stress with mated and unmated females. The rate of mealybug establishment on cotton plants from artificial infestation, development, type of reproduction, number of offspring produced and their sex ratio was determined on cotton plant submitted to nitrogen fertilization and water stress. The withinplant distribution of F. virgata is characterized with mealybugs being found in all plant strucutres for second generation of offspring with a numerical growth superior to 412 folds and similar across all four cotton cultivars studied. The temperatures of 27 and 28°C were favorable to the development and reproduction of F.virgata, while the nymphal viability was superior at 25oC. Under our studied conditions, F. virgata female exhibited only sexual reproduction, hence, with offspring production only by mated females, while unmated females die without offspring production. The offspring production was twice greater on plants subjected to water stress and with successive N fertilizations. Thus, we can conclude that the information generated with this work brings contribution to the knowledge of the potential of this species to reach the status of cotton pest. / A cochonilha-de-listra, Ferrisia virgata Cockerell (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae), foi recentemente constatada no Brasil infestando lavouras de algodão. Em busca do manejo adequado desta cochonilha é fundamental conhecer a sua habilidade em se desenvolver no algodoeiro, bem como a influência das condições ambientais e do habitat na susceptibilidade da planta. Assim, foi avaliado o crescimento populacional e verificada a distribuição de F. virgata em quatro cultivares de algodão. Além disso, avaliou-se o desenvolvimento desta cochonilha em regime variável de temperatura, o tipo de reprodução, bem como o seu desempenho em plantas de algodão submetidas à adubação nitrogenada e ao déficit hídrico. Plantas de algodoeiro foram infestadas com ninfas neonatas, sendo verificado, aos 25 e 50 dias após a infestação, o número de fêmeas e total de indivíduos, respectivamente. O desenvolvimento de F. virgata foi monitorado quando criada em folhas de algodão a 25, 27 e 28 °C, e o tipo de reprodução averiguado quando criada sobre o hospedeiro alternativo (abóbora) e plantas de algodão submetidas ou não ao déficit hídrico. Além disso, foram determinados o estabelecimento, desenvolvimento, produção de descendentes e razão sexual em plantas submetidas ou não a adubações nitrogenadas e ao déficit hídrico. F. virgata apresenta crescimento numérico superior a 412 vezes em uma geração, sendo semelhante entre as cultivares de algodão BRS Rubi, BRS Safira, BRS Verde e CNPH 7H, e se distribui por toda planta de algodão. As temperaturas de 27 e 28°C foram as mais favoráveis ao desenvolvimento e reprodução de F. virgata, enquanto que a 25oC foi observada maior viabilidade para a fase ninfal. A reprodução de F. virgata, nas condições do estudo, foi apenas sexuada. O número de descendentes foi duas vezes maior em plantas submetidas a sucessivas adubações nitrogenadas e ao déficit hídrico. Com isto, conclui-se que as informações oriundas deste trabalho contribuem para o conhecimento do potencial que esta espécie tem para atingir o status de praga do algodoeiro.