This thesis presents my work characterising star formation in Gould Belt molecular clouds using submillimetre observations from SCUBA-2 on the James Clerk Maxwell Telescope (JCMT). I use these observations alongside data from previously published surveys using instruments including the Spitzer Space Telescope. I investigate the effect of including submillimetre data on the numbers, classifications and lifetimes of Young Stellar Objects (YSOs) in Gould Belt molecular clouds, particularly protostars. Following a literature review, I use SCUBA-2 450 and 850 μm observations to characterise star formation in the Lupus I molecular cloud. A total of eleven previously identified YSOs are detected with SCUBA-2, as well as eleven starless cores. Two cores have masses greater than the Jeans mass, and one has a virial parameter of 1.1 0.4, meaning these cores could be unstable against collapse. I use submillimetre emission to calculate disk masses, and find that one YSO has a disk mass greater than the minimum mass solar nebula. I find that Lupus I has a high percentage of both protostars and Very Low Luminosity Objects (VeLLOs). I also fit YSO Spectral Energy Distributions (SEDs) with models, allowing protostellar envelope masses and temperatures to be calculated, and interstellar extinction to be constrained for some YSOs. The signs of recent and future star formation support the hypothesis that a shock has triggered a star forming event in Lupus I. I also use SCUBA-2 data in conjunction with archival Spitzer and Herschel data to produce SEDs for five new candidate First Hydrostatic Cores (FHSCs) in Serpens South. These observations were then fit with models by the first author of this work, Alison Young. This work was able to identify two of the FHSC candidates as probable FHSCs, and constrain the rotation rate and inclination of one of them. I use JCMT Gould Belt Survey (GBS) observations of ten molecular clouds to produce an updated catalogue of protostars in these clouds. I use the FellWalker algorithm to find individual sources in the SCUBA-2 maps, and match them to the Spitzer YSO catalogue of Dunham et al. (2015). I use bolometric temperature to classify 362 out of 592 candidates as Class 0 or Class I protostars - a factor of two increase compared to the Spitzer catalogue due to improved submillimetre coverage. I find that protostellar lifetimes of 0.59 – 0.89 Myr - approximately 25 % longer than previously estimated. I also calculate protostellar luminosities, envelope masses, and envelope temperatures, and examine the distributions. Finally, I newly identify 19 protostars as VeLLOs, and increase the number of known VeLLOs in these clouds by a factor of two.

The theory of ‘punctuated equilibria’ was formulated by two paleontologists, Niles Eldredge and Stephen Gould, in 1972 and has been the focus of considerable controversy within the evolutionary sciences ever since. The primary intentions of this thesis are to relate the history of punctuated equilibria and to examine how it has affected evolutionary science. Several modes of analysis have been used to illuminate the history: The sociological perspectives of Pierre Bourdieu and Bruno Latour (who see scientific debate as a ‘struggle for authority’); Rhetorical analysis of some of the key documents; Communication with practising scientists via questionnaires and correspondence; Citation Analysis. Chapter 1 gives a short summary of the history and introduces the methods and socio-philosophical perspectives used to illuminate the history. Chapters 3 and 4 examine the rhetorical process by which Eldredge and Gould constructed the ‘punctuationist revolution’. Chapters 2, 3, 5 and 6 relate the history of punctuated equilibria.

EN CASTELLANO:En este trabajo se ha realizado un estudio de la estructura espacial y cinemática de la componente estelar joven de la Galaxia en el entorno solar en tres escalas diferentes, que han permitido estudiar la estructura espiral galáctica, el Cinturón de Gould y la componente estelar joven en el entorno solar más cercano.Se han construido tres muestras de estrellas con datos procedentes del catálogo Hipparcos. La primera de ellas está formada por estrellas de los tipos espectrales O y B, y contiene información astrométrica, fotométrica, velocidades radiales y diversos parámetros físicos de las estrellas, incluyendo la edad. La segunda muestra contiene todas las estrellas variables cefeidas del catálogo Hipparcos, con información astrométrica, distancias calculadas a partir de dos calibraciones periodo-luminosidad y velocidades radiales. Finalmente, se ha recopilado toda la información existente hasta la fecha en la bibliografía referente a las asociaciones locales jóvenes que han sido descubiertas en el entorno solar más cercano durante los últimos años.A partir de las muestras de estrellas que se han construido se ha estudiado, en primer lugar, la estructura espiral de la Galaxia. Los resultados más destacados en este apartado son que el Sol se encuentra situado en la parte externa del brazo espiral más cercano y fuera del círculo de corrotación. Ambos resultados pueden tener una gran importancia en la historia de la formación estelar reciente en el entorno solar. También se ha obtenido un valor negativo (y significativo) para la divergencia del campo de velocidades (término K). Los resultados obtenidos han sido validados a través de unas simulaciones, que han permitido obtener una estimación externa de los errores y una evaluación de los sesgos que afectan a los diferentes parámetros obtenidos.A una escala a 1 kpc de distancia heliocéntrica, la estructura dominante en el entorno solar es el denominado Cinturón de Gould, que contiene la mayor parte de las estrellas jóvenes y nubes de polvo y gas de esta región. En nuestro trabajo hemos obtenido los parámetros de orientación del Cinturón y se ha estudiado su peculiar cinemática, tras la realización de unas simulaciones con los mismos objetivos que las mencionadas anteriormente. Se ha obtenido que las estrellas del complejo de Scorpio-Centaurus (Sco-Cen) presentan una cinemática que no se ajusta a la prevista por los diversos modelos que intentan explicar la evolución cinemática del Cinturón. También se ha obtenido que el movimiento de expansión de esta estructura no parece ser un efecto global, ya que se restringe a los primeros ~250 pc de distancia heliocéntrica.Finalmente, el estudio de la integración de las órbitas hacia atrás en el tiempo de las asociaciones locales jóvenes y de los miembros del complejo de Sco-Cen nos ha permitido inferir que las primeras no se formaron en el interior de este complejo, sino en pequeñas nubes moleculares situadas en sus alrededores, y que previamente habían sido expulsadas. Por otro lado, se ha visto que alguna supernova de estas asociaciones locales jóvenes fue probablemente la responsable del recalentamiento de la Burbuja Local hace unos pocos millones de años. Finalmente, teniendo en cuenta los resultados obtenidos en diversos apartados de este trabajo, se ha propuesto un escenario para la formación estelar reciente en el entorno solar a partir del impacto de una gran nube molecular con el brazo espiral interno, que dio lugar, en diferentes fases, al complejo de Sco-Cen y a las asociaciones locales jóvenes. / Title: "On the spatial and kinematic structure of the young stellar component in the solar neighbourhood" Text: The spatial and kinematic structure of the young stellar component in the solar neighbourhood has been analysed on three different scales, which have allowed the study of the galactic spiral structure, the Gould Belt, and the young stellar component in the solar neighbourhood.Three stellar samples have been constructed with data coming from the Hipparcos catalogue. The first one is composed of O- and B-type stars, and contains not only the astrometric data from Hipparcos but also other relevant astrophysical data. The second sample contains all the Hipparcos Cepheid stars with astrometry, distances and radial velocities. Finally, the third sample compiles all the information published in the literature on the young local associations that have been discovered in the solar neighbourhood over the last years.From these stellar samples we have studied, firstly, the galactic spiral structure. The most important results in this section are the location of the Sun at the external side of the nearest spiral arm and outside the corotation circle. We have also obtained a negative (and significant) value for the divergence of the velocity field (K term). Our results have been checked through a set of simulations that have made possible an external estimation of the errors and an evaluation of the biases affecting the obtained parameters. The most important structure present in the solar neighbourhood at a 1-kpc scale is the so-called Gould Belt. We have derived the orientation parameters of the Gould Belt and studied its peculiar kinematics, after carrying out a set of simulations. We have found that the stars belonging to the Scorpio-Centaurus (Sco-Cen) complex present a kinematic behaviour that is not well explained in the frame of the several models proposed for the kinematic evolution of the Belt. We have also found that the expansion motion of this structure does not seem to be a large-scale effect, since it is only observed in the first ~250 pc from the Sun.The integration of the orbits back in time for the young local associations and the members of the Sco-Cen complex has led to the conclusion that the former were not born inside this complex, but in previously-ejected small molecular clouds. Also, we presume that some supernovae from these associations could be responsible for the heating of the Local Bubble a few million years ago. Finally, the scenario for the recent star formation in the solar neighbourhood proposed is the impact of a large molecular cloud with the internal spiral arm, which produced, on different phases, the birth of the Sco-Cen complex and the young local associations.

This dissertation uses the public career of Harvard evolutionary biologist Stephen Jay Gould to examine the place of evolution in American culture from 1960 to 2002. Gould was a professional paleontologist and public science writer who rose to fame through his participation in a series of American controversies over biology and society. Prior to the 1980s, Gould publicly disagreed with other biologists over the relationship between liberalism and scientific research. As a New Left activist, Gould advocated caution over public pronouncements on evolutionary explanations of race and sex. His opponents believed that science could provide objective standards for understanding human difference. This thesis shows how the resurgence of creationism in the context of the New Right brought a new community into dialogue with these generally left-oriented academics. Evolutionary scientists and writers solidified a new evolutionary orthodoxy in their attempt to close ranks against the political, social and intellectual threat of creationism. Gould's intellectual and political struggles with the rise of this Darwinian orthodoxy demonstrate the impact that the American public had on the terms of debate within professional evolutionary biology. By studying the impact of public religious controversy on scientific knowledge production, this dissertation brings a fresh perspective to histories of both American evolutionary science and American cultural formation. / History of Science

Joseph Gould was an important figure in the musical life of late nineteenth-century Montreal. His activities as a church musician, piano and organ dealer, and journalist made a considerable impact on artistic life in the city. But it was as the founder and conductor of the Montreal Mendelssohn Choir that Gould's influence was most keenly felt. Founded in 1864, the Mendelssohn Choir enjoyed a thirty-year lifespan and became famous for its high standard of performance. The library of the Choir, housed at the Marvin Duchow Music Library of McGill University, is an important collection, not only because of the presence of a number of interesting pieces of Canadiana within it, but as a basis for further study of nineteenth-century choral music. Included in this thesis is a catalogue of this collection as well as a list of Gould's known compositions.

Ellen G. White and Gustavo Gutierrez make significant contributions on the issue of christians and involvement in politics. A knowledge of their backgrounds and theological orientations is helpful. White was born in 1827. She is accepted as a prophet in the Seventh-day Adventist church. Central to her theology is the sanctuary doctrine which also influences her views on politics. White holds that christians may participate in the "broad" but not the "narrow" aspect of politics. A Roman Catholic priest, Gutierrez was born in 1928. Many regard him as the pioneer of liberation theology. The starting point for his theology is the situation of poverty in Latin America. This influences his views on politics. He also argues for christians' participation in the "broad" but not the "narrow" aspect of politics. White and Gutierrez have more points of agreement than disagreement. Comparing their views on politics provides useful insights on christians' participation in politics. "I declare that: ELLEN G. WHITE AND GUSTAVO GUTIERREZ ON CHRISTIANS AND INVOLVEMENT IN POLITICS: A COMPARATIVE STUDY is my own work and that all the sources that I have used or quoted have been indicated and acknowledged complete references' / Philosophy, Practical and Systematic Theology / M.Th. (Systematic Theology)

The present study approaches the relation between communication and art in the radio documentaries Solitude Trilogy --The Idea of North (1967), The Latecomers (1969) e The Quiet in the Land (1977), by Glenn Gould. Contrasting among themselves, the three follow the theme of solitude and isolation, while examining the personal experiences of those who live in the north of Canada. The Solitude Trilogy was produced and edited base don the technique of the counterpoint. Always seen as the opposite of fiction, here documentary is also thought of as a kind of fiction, of music and as a sound texture. It is here analyzed how counterpoint functions in the frontier between art and communication in a creative and innovative radio language. Key words: Documentary; counterpoint; radio language; musical language; Glennn Gould; Solitude Trilogy. / Submitted by Rogele Pinheiro (rogele.pinheiro@unisul.br) on 2018-02-28T16:54:56Z No. of bitstreams: 1 89830_Ligia.pdf: 2244378 bytes, checksum: 77c7de693ce3e15445ca35c9d727c248 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ana Barreiros (ana.barreiros@unisul.br) on 2018-02-28T17:01:58Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 89830_Ligia.pdf: 2244378 bytes, checksum: 77c7de693ce3e15445ca35c9d727c248 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-02-28T17:01:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 89830_Ligia.pdf: 2244378 bytes, checksum: 77c7de693ce3e15445ca35c9d727c248 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007 / Esta pesquisa aborda a relação entre comunicação e arte na linguagem do documentário radiofônico, tendo como objeto os documentários radiofônicos realizados por Glenn Gould intitulados Trilogia da Solidão - The Idea of North (1967), The Latecomers (1969) e The Quiet in the Land (1977). Diferentes entre si, os três mantêm o mesmo tema solidão e isolamento, examinando experiências das pessoas que vivem ou viveram no norte do Canadá. Uma Trilogia da Solidão produzida e editada a partir da técnica do contraponto musical. O documentário, que sempre foi visto como oposto à ficção, nesta pesquisa é pensado também como uma espécie de ficção, como música e como textura sonora. E ainda, como contraponto do limite entre comunicação e arte numa linguagem criativa e inovadora do meio rádio.

Hintergrund Die laterale Kapsel-/Bandverletzung des oberen Sprunggelenkes stellt eine der häufigsten Verletzungen überhaupt dar. Die primär konservative Behandlung liefert in der Regel gute Ergebnisse. Dennoch kommt es in 20 – 40% der Fälle, gerade nach schweren Distorsionen, zur Ausbildung einer chronischen Instabilität. Zudem zeigen sich bei chronischen Instabilitäten meist weitere Begleitpathologien, welche zum Beschwerdeprogress beitragen. Nach dem Ausschöpfen der konservativen Maßnahmen und Abschluss der entsprechenden Diagnostik, inkl. MRT- Untersuchung, sollten diese Patienten operativ behandelt werden. Ziel dieser Arbeit war es, die Modifikation des ursprünglich offenen Verfahrens nach Broström-Gould im Sinne einer rein arthroskopischen Technik sowie das Auftreten und den Einfluss potentieller Begleitläsionen zu evaluieren. Hypothesen Die Modifikation als rein arthroskopische Raffung des Retinaculum extensorum inferius ermöglicht die Wiederherstellung von Stabilität und Funktion des oberen Sprunggelenkes bei chronischer Instabilität. Die präoperative MRT-Untersuchung liefert zuverlässige Informationen zu Vorhandensein und Ausprägung potentieller Begleitläsionen. Deren Detektion und Behandlung ist erforderlich, da sie Einfluss auf das postoperative Outcome nehmen können. Methoden Zur Evaluation des Verfahrens wurden retrospektiv 28 operierte Sprunggelenke (Januar 2008 bis September 2016) nachuntersucht. Neben der Auswertung der vorliegenden postoperativen Behandlungsprotokolle und einer klinischen Nachuntersuchung wurden AOFAS-Hindfoot Score, Karlsson&Peterson Score und FAAM-Score erhoben. Es erfolgten propriozeptive Messungen, deren Ergebnisse mit einer extra untersuchten gesunden und nicht voroperierten Kontrollgruppe verglichen wurden. Zudem erfolgte die Auswertung der präoperativ durchgeführten MRT-Untersuchungen mit dem Fokus auf das Vorhandensein von Begleitpathologien, wie beispielsweise osteochondrale Läsionen. Anschließend wurden die MRT-Untersuchungen mit den intraoperativ erhobenen Befunden verglichen, um die Aussagekraft der präoperativen Bildgebung zu evaluieren. Ergebnisse Bei einem mittleren Follow-Up von 27,6 Monaten (9 – 78 Monate) war eine Verbesserung des Karlsson&Peterson Scores von 52,4 auf 84,6 Punkte und des FAAM-Scores von 76,7 auf 106,7 Punkte möglich. Der AOFAS-Hindfoot Score betrug 90,7 Punkte. Die radiologisch gemessene laterale Aufklappbarkeit konnte signifikant von 9,2° auf 6,8° gesenkt werden. In den durchgeführten propriozeptiven Messungen erzielten die Patienten in den alltagsrelevanten Untersuchungen ähnliche Ergebnisse wie die gesunde Kontrollgruppe. In 89,3% der Fälle konnte intraoperativ mindestens eine weitere Begleitpathologie nachgewiesen werden. 60,7% der Fälle zeigten bereits zwei oder mehr Begleitpathologien. Es konnte zudem nachgewiesen werden, dass diese Läsionen einen negativen Einfluss auf das postoperative Outcome haben. Die durchgeführten MRT- Untersuchungen lieferten bezüglich potentieller Begleitpathologien zuverlässige und aussagekräftige Befunde. So konnten alle sieben intraoperativ sichtbaren osteochondralen Läsionen bereits durch das MRT detektiert werden. Schlussfolgerung Die untersuchte rein arthroskopische Raffung des Retinaculum extensorum inferius liefert eine gute und komplikationsarme Therapieoption zur operativen Behandlung der chronischen Instabilität des oberen Sprunggelenkes. Die Stabilität und Funktion der betroffenen Gelenke konnten wiederhergestellt werden. Die MRT-Untersuchung liefert zuverlässige Aussagen zu eventuellen Begleitpathologien und ist daher vor einer operativen Versorgung durchzuführen. Dennoch haben diese Läsionen trotz adäquater Diagnostik und Therapie einen negativen Einfluss auf das postoperative Outcome.:I. Abbildungs- und Tabellenverzeichnis II. Abkürzungsverzeichnis 1. Einführung 1 1.1. Grundlagen 1 1.2. Biomechanik 4 1.2.1 Extension/Flexion 4 1.2.2. Adduktion/Abduktion 4 1.2.3. Pronation/Supination 4 1.3. Die akute Außenbandverletzung 5 1.3.1. Diagnostik 5 1.3.2. Behandlung 6 1.4. Chronische Sprunggelenksinstabilität 8 1.4.1. Formen der Instabilität 8 1.4.2. Begleitpathologien 10 1.4.3. Diagnostik 12 1.4.4. Behandlung 13 1.4.4.1. Konservative Behandlung 13 1.4.4.2. Operative Behandlung 13 2. Aufgabenstellung 20 3. Material und Methoden 21 3.1. Patientenkollektiv 21 3.1.1. Einschlusskriterien 24 3.1.2. Ausschlusskriterien 24 3.1.3. Ausschlusskriterien für die statistische Auswertung 24 3.2. Kontrollgruppe 24 3.3. Operationsverfahren 26 3.3.1. Operationstechnik 26 3.3.2. Nachbehandlung 30 3.4. Scores 31 3.4.1. AOFAS – Hindfoot Score 31 3.4.2. FAAM 31 3.4.3. Karlsson&Peterson Score 31 3.5. Nachuntersuchung 32 3.5.1. Klinisch-funktionelle Untersuchung 32 3.5.2. Fragebogen 33 3.5.3. Bildgebung 33 3.6. Propriozeptive Messungen 33 3.6.1. Untersuchungsprotokoll 33 3.6.2. Festlegung der Zielgrößen 34 3.7. Datenanalyse 36 4. Ergebnisse 37 4.1. Allgemeine Operationsdaten 37 4.2. Subjektive Entwicklung und Einschätzung 38 4.3. Scores 41 4.4. Klinische Untersuchung und Beschwerden 44 4.5. Sport 45 4.6. Begleitpathologien und deren Einfluss 48 4.7. Vergleich MRT und Arthroskopie 50 4.8. Epidemiologische Faktoren und deren Einfluss 53 4.9. Propriozeptive Messungen 56 5. Diskussion 63 5.1. Überprüfung der Hypothesen 63 5.1.1. Hypothese I 63 5.1.2. Hypothese II 67 5.1.3. Hypothese III 68 5.1.4. Hypothese IV 69 5.2. Limitation 71 6. Zusammenfassung 72 III Literaturverzeichnis 74 IV Anlagen 87 The Karlsson&Peterson Scoring System 87 American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) Score – Hindfoot Section 88 Foot and Ankle Ability Measure 89 Untersuchungsbogen 90 Übersicht propriozeptive Messungen I 100 Übersicht propriozeptive Messungen II 101 Übersicht propriozeptive Messungen III 102 Lebenslauf 103 Danksagung 104 V. Erklärung über die eigenständige Abfassung der Arbeit 105

This dissertation examines the creative work of harpsichordist Wanda Landowska, pianist Glenn Gould, and singer/songwriter Sting to address aesthetic and revivalist notions of early-music performance practice in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries. I accomplish this by viewing their early-music recordings through two different but interrelated lenses: sound and otherness. By closely comparing Landowska's performances to those of Gould not just in terms of choice of instruments but, more importantly, of rhythmic projection, structural articulation, and other fundamental musical choices, a definable early-music "sound" emerges that transcends the movement’s traditional borders. Early music becomes a sonically identifiable phenomenon transmitted by performers of various training, affiliations, and epochs, rather than a loosely connected politicized movement precariously perched on claims of historical (authenticity) and timbrel (period instruments) grounds. I further illuminate this sound within the context of a performed "exoticism," signified by exotic instruments, style, and attitude. In these terms, I focus on Landowska's reception in the early twentieth century, comparing it to the reception of Gould's individualized twentieth-century Bach recordings and, as a twenty-first century venture into early music, the reception of Sting's 2006 recording of Elizabethan lute songs by John Dowland. By repositioning "Early" as "Other," a more relevant framework emerges for discussing how early-music performances over time construct and reflect a sense of authenticity in the movement and, conversely, how that construct affects its performers and its public.

Few men in the history of American business have been more controversial than Jay Gould. His accomplishments and failures left an indelible mark on United States business life. Although much has been written about Gould's life and business career, no study has related a technical analysis of the Southwestern rail stock price movements to his railroad ventures in the Southwestern United States. It is the purpose of this study to present a historical review of Gould's acquisitions in the southwest and to explore the implications of these ventures on the public and business sectors of the American economy. Utilizing stock price changes, the thesis attempts to explain more fully the relationship of Gould's security trading practices to his Southwestern railroad system. Several technical patterns and interpretations are analyzed and compared for an overall view of his activities. Preliminary investigation by this thesis indicates a high degree of correlation between the stock price changes and Gould's formation of the South-western railroad system. Analysis of the moral implications of Gould's business ventures does not come within the scope of this study. In organizing the thesis, it was necessary to include only Gould's Southwestern rail activities and his associated railroad investments. Although many of Gould's purchases were simultaneous, the study analyzes each acquisition separately in hope of avoiding confusion. Sources containing business information on Jay Gould's activities included Railway Review and Railway Gazette, which provide many details on southwestern railroad events. Newspapers such as the St. Louis Evening Chronicle, the Austin Daily Democratic Statesman, and the Denver Tribune were used to portray Gould in view of his contemporaries. Government publications were valuable especially in the areas of public policy and its relationship to the railroads. The Commercial and Financial Chronicle was a valuable tool, as were the leading New York newspapers of the day. Secondary sources were utilized when other information was not available or obtainable. In the last chapters, the study evaluates a comparable modern railway problem and relates this analysis to Gould and his activities in the Southwest. Hopefully, the result will be a greater understanding of Jay Gould's achievement and failures.