The aim of this Masters thesis is the implementation of the strategic analysis on nongovernmental organization Stará škola, z.s. In first, theoretical part it focuses on the characteristics of the non-profit sector and the methodology used for the strategic analysis. The second part applies this methodology on the organization Stará škola. To analyze the macroenvironment it uses PEST analysis, in the context of microenvironment it focuses on the analysis of competitors, clients and public. This thesis also includes financial analysis, which also focuses on models BAMF and KAMF, which are often used in the context of NGOs. In conclusion, the thesis aims to evaluate the overall status of the organization and list some recommendations for the future.

Forskning visar att informations- och kommunikationstekniker är en viktig del för aktörer såsom miljöorganisationer. Olika kommunikationstekniker och olika typer av media har utvecklats med hög hastighet sedan 1980- och 90-talet och utvecklingen fortsätter (Statens Medieråd, 2016, Myndigheten för press, radio och tv, 2019). Forskning visar också att miljöproblem och miljöfrågan samtidigt tar större plats i olika medier idag än tidigare, speciellt tydlig blir ökningen i sociala medier som Facebook (Söderpalm & von Lochow, 2019). Organisationernas kommunikationsmetoder påverkas nu ännu mer av covid-19 pandemin som genererat i rekommendationer att minska den personliga kontakten i vardagen (Folkhälsomyndigheten, 2020). Syftet med studien är att undersöka huruvida svenska lokala icke-statliga miljöorganisationer, i kommuner angränsande till sjön Vättern, påverkas av miljödebattens större utrymme i media och vilka kommunikationsmetoder organisationerna använder samt hur organisationerna upplever utvecklingen av informations- och kommunikationsteknikerna. Metoden är baserad på kvalitativa halvstrukturerade intervjuer med representanter från miljöorganisationer/miljögrupper från kommuner angränsande till sjön Vättern. Materialet har sedan analyserats med hjälp av en kvalitativ innehållsanalys. Resultatet visar att samtliga organisationer i studien har anammat, till en viss grad, den tekniska kommunikationsutvecklingen och att de nyare kommunikationsmedlen, som sociala medier, varit betydelsefulla. Fler organisationer använder också kommunikationsvägar som stämmer överens med statistiken kring vilka mediekanaler som samhället använder mest. Även covid-19 tycks ha påverkat samtliga organisationer genom att den, bland annat, påtvingat omstrukturering av organisationernas projekt. Resultatet visar dock att organisationerna skiljer sig åt i frågan om det större fokuset på miljödebatten. Vissa är mycket positiva medan andra tvivlar på omfattningen av debattens utökning. / Previous research show that information- and communication technologies is an important aspect to actors such as environmental organisations. Statistics also show that communication techniques, or different types of media, has developed in a high speed since the 1980s and 1990s, and the development continues (Statens Medieråd, 2016, Myndigheten för press, radio och tv, 2019). Research also show that environmental discussions gains more attention in different types of media today than before. The increase has become especially noticeable in social media, for example Facebook (Söderpalm & von Lochow, 2019). The environmental organisations communication methods is now even further affected of the pandemic covid-19, which has generated in recommendations to limit the everyday social contact (Folkhälsomyndigheten, 2020). The aim of the study is to examine how local environmental nongovernmental organisations, located near the lake Vättern in Sweden, are affected by the attention different environmental discussions has gained in media and what types of communication methods the organisations use together with how the organisations perceive the development of information- and communication technologies. The methodology is based on qualitative semi-structured interviews with representatives from environmental nongovernmental organisations and groups in municipalities adjacent to the lake Vättern. The material has then been analysed though a qualitative content analysis. The result states that all organisations have embraced, to an extent, the technical communication development and that the more recent communication techniques, like social media, has been valuable. Several organisations also use communication techniques that correspond with statistics of which media channels the society use the most. Even covid-19 seems to have had an effect all organisations through, for instance, forced a reconstruction of older programmes to match the governments recommendations. Although, the results show that the organisations differ in opinion about the increased environmental debate. Some are more positive while others doubt the extent of the debates increase.

The practice of female genital cutting/s (FGC) has been under national scrutiny in Sweden for decades. Besides strong laws and policies enforced by the Swedish government, civil society organisations have played an important role in addressing the subject of FGC in Sweden. The purpose of this research is to examine what roles and functions civil society organisations assume as they tackle the practice of FGC. Based on semi-structured interviews conducted with employees and volunteers from civil society organisations that address the practice on a daily basis, this study sheds light on the possibilities and challenges civil society organisations face when they approach the question of FGC in Sweden. This research finds that civil society organisations carry a lot of responsibility in terms of tackling FGC in Sweden, as governmental efforts are perceived to be insufficient. Criticism against the Swedish government is first and foremost directed to the lack of knowledge and understanding on FGC within authorities and to the lack of grassroot efforts together with diaspora communities. Thus, this examination shows how civil society organisations engage and provide complementary efforts. First, civil society organisations raise awareness and shed light on the complexity on the practice of FGC within several authorities to secure that knowledge about the practice is maintained. Second, civil society organisations strive to involve, engage and empower individuals on grassroot levels by creating safe and familiar spaces to talk about FGC. Finally, local efforts provided by civil society organisations aim to empower people affected by the practice of FGC to make their voices heard and to represent themselves. In conclusion, this research demonstrates that civil society organisations hold vital complementary roles in relation to the Swedish state in terms of addressing the practice of FGC in Sweden.

Title: Implementation of Personal Development Plans in Non-Governmental Organisations Author: Michaela Čížková Abstract The aim of this thesis is to identify factors which might prevent or help non-profit organizations in implementation of Personal Development Plans as a mean of employee development in the Czech Republic. Theoretical part of this paper describes non-profit organisations in context of their specificity in frame of employee development and introduces the variables, which influence this subject and which it is necessary to take into consideration when planning the implementation of Personal Development Plans. The empirical part uses the Grounded Theory method to research phenomena, which can serve as prerequisite in successful implementation of PDP, either in the initial phase or when solving issues caused by this tool. Conclusion and discussion chapter is dedicated to interpretation of the research results from perspective of employee development, their comparison with professional resources and the possible implication for non-profit organisations in the Czech Republic. Key words: Personal Development Plans (PDP), employee development, Non-Profit Non- Governmental Organisations, Human Resource Management

The aim of this research is to analyse how local, Southern Middle East and North African NGOs are included or excluded in the Global Compact for Safe, Orderly and Regular Migration and the Global Compact on Refugees and how they contribute to a changing global governance on climate change displacement. A combined theoretical framework of social constructivism interlinked with structural and social concepts of power was used in the research. The methodology is a qualitative empirical case study using mixed methods, being textual and content analysis. The results show that global governance processes and non-state actors change and transform each other. Change occurs gradually and with strong persuasion from non-state actors who do contribute to a changing discourse on climate change displacement. The research thus contributes an example of marginalised actors both constituting and being constituted by the structure of the two global compacts.

Securitisation is the process by which an issue is framed in terms of security to justify the implementation of urgent policy measures. It is often used by states to manage their territorial borders and to portray migrants as a threat to national security. However, securitisation theory also expands the concept of security to include the protection of human life and dignity, leading to the involvement of NGOs as securitising actors in their efforts to protect victims of crises and conflicts. Although NGOs are considered ‘allies’ to refugees in their mission to help refugees, recent evidence has shown how NGOs also risk contributing to the mainstream framing of refugees as a threat. This thesis takes off in this puzzle and argues that securitisation theory might help us better understand this discrepancy. This study investigates how NGOs in Sweden may reproduce securitising narratives, and whether this has changed between 2010 and 2022. Using critical discourse analysis, the study analyses 18 documents and 166 images from these organisations. The results show that the NGOs primarily reproduced a narrative of human security that portrays refugees, particularly women, children, and families as vulnerable and in need of protection. These findings align with previous research on the subject, which has suggested that human security perspectives may not be inherently beneficial for refugees. The study also shows that the NGOs to some extent reproduce state security narratives by portraying refugees as undifferentiated groups and emphasizing a perspective of security emergency rather than a humanitarian emergency. However, this study finds less evidence of state security perspectives in the Swedish context than previous research has indicated.

Classical approaches to conflict resolution assume that inducing conflict parties to analyse conflict constellations precipitates that the disputants recognise mutually shared needs or interests. Partially in critical reaction towards this assumption, a more recently emerging approach envisages setting up a communicative framework within which the conflict parties are supposed to harmonise their conceptualisations of the conflict. This dissertation, in contrast, argues that work within the frameworks of these classes of approaches is impolitic as long as war-related hostilities stay intact, since conflict parties which see the existence of the adversary as the core of the problem are unlikely to engage in a process of open communication or open analysis, so that trustbuilding is a sine qua non. Practice experiences of local NGOs in the former Yugoslavia suggest that the following activities can be conducive to trustbuilding: 1) supporting exchanges on personalising information, so that the internal heterogeneity of the opponent¿s group is rendered visible; 2) bringing intergroup iii commonalities to the foreground, either through cooperation on shared aspirations, or by unearthing interpersonal overlaps e.g. common feelings, values, and war-related experiences; 3) undermining the imagination of the own side¿s moral superiority by fostering the recognition of crimes and suffering inflicted by the own side. For those cultural and religious differences which persist after basic trustbuilding, a contingency approach is proposed: 1) Fostering the exploration of commonalities and differences; 2) If disagreements remain despite a better basic understanding, tolerance of these difference can be based on a better understanding of the values¿ background, and on an acceptance of differing beliefs as equal in valence; 3) Supporting the discovery of joint values to raise awareness for options of cohabitation with differences; disagreements which cannot be solved might be continued within an accepted communicative framework based on these shared values.

The case study “To Engage a Community”  examines the Pikin to Pikin Tok radio project in Sierra Leone, a project designed by Child to Child and the Pikin-to-Pikin-Movement to address child rights issues during and after the Ebola crisis. The study focuses on the projects’ use of participatory communication strategies to engage communities in the Kailahun district. The primary objective of the study is to offer valuable insights to the field of communication for development by analysing the project's design. Through a qualitative approach that involved thematic analysis of project documents and interviews with project staff, the research sought to gain a deeper understanding of the community participation in the project. A key finding highlighted in the study is the pivotal role of the community in the design and implementation of the radio program, underscoring the significance of tailoring initiatives to be child-friendly, and adapted to culture and context. The study emphasises the importance of genuine community engagement throughout the project, emphasising the need for sustained involvement and ownership beyond consultation. By shedding light on the successes and challenges encountered in the Pikin to Pikin Tok project, the research aims to offer valuable lessons that can inform future social change initiatives and contribute to the communication for development field. / Fallstudien undersöker Pikin to Pikin Tok-projektet i Sierra Leone som utvecklades av organisationerna Child to Child och the Pikin-to-Pikin-Movement, med särskilt fokus på användningen av teorin participatory communication (deltagarbaserad kommunikation) för att engagera samhället i Kailahun-distriktet. Det främsta målet med studien är att bidra med värdefulla insikter inom området kommunikation för utveckling genom att analysera projektets planerings- och designfas. Genom en kvalitativ metod bestående av en tematisk analys av intervjuer med projektarbetare och projektdokument, strävade forskningen efter att nå en djupare förståelse för civilsamhällets deltagande i projektet. Ett resultat som lyfts fram i studien är civilsamhällets avgörande roll i utformningen och genomförandet av radioprogrammet, vilket understryker vikten av att anpassa initiativ till till barn samt kultur och kontext. Studien betonar den kritiska betydelsen av genuint samhällsengagemang genom hela projektet, och framhäver behovet av långvarigt engagemang bortom enbart konsultation. Genom att belysa framgångar och utmaningar som möttes i Pikin to Pikin Tok projektet, syftar denna uppsats att bidra med värdefulla lärdomar som kan bidra till utvecklingen av framtida sociala förändringsinitiativ och bidra till området kommunikation för utveckling.

Die Arbeit stellt sich die Frage, inwieweit es externen Akteuren möglich ist, zivilgesellschaftli-che Strukturen eines in der Transformation befindlichen Staates zu stärken, um damit einen Beitrag zur Konsolidierung nachkommunistischer Gesellschaften zu leisten. Resultiert die externe Förderung tatsächlich in eine „zivilere“ Gesellschaft, welche sich auf mündige und aktive Bürger stützt, oder führt sie zu einem bloßen Transfer von Strukturen in Form von Nicht-Regierungsorganisationen (NRO), welche jedoch keine gesellschaftliche Anbindung haben und bloße Zuarbeiter westlicher Geberorganisationen sind? // Um diese Frage zu beantworten, werden im theoretischen Teil der Arbeit ausgehend vom akteurszentrierten Institutionalismus zwei wesentliche Mechanismen identifiziert, durch wel-che die Aktivitäten der Geber Veränderungen bei den Nehmern erzielen: Ermächtigung und Lernen. Während Ersteres die Einsatzmöglichkeiten und Ressourcen einiger Akteure stärkt und damit vorhandene Akteurskonstellationen ändert, führt Letzteres dazu, dass neue Ideen Eingang in die politische Arena finden. // Die Arbeit stellt die Aktivitäten vier verschiedener Geberländer und –organisationen in Polen und der Slowakei in den 1990er Jahren vor; der Europäischen Union, Deutschlands, der Vereinigten Staaten von Amerika und dem privaten Netzwerk der Soros Stiftungen; und un-tersucht deren Beitrag zur zivilgesellschaftlichen Entwicklung beider Länder. Hierzu werden lokale NROs in den Blick genommen, welche maßgeblich von westlichen Gebern unterstützt werden und untersucht, inwieweit diese als Träger der Zivilgesellschaft fungieren, welche Legitimität sie bei der Bevölkerung besitzen und ob sie nach Rückzug der Geber weiter exis-tieren. // Die Arbeit kommt zu dem Schluss, dass westliche Zivilgesellschaftsförderung in beiden un-tersuchten Ländern einen positiven Effekt hatte in dem Sinne, dass maßgeblich geförderte NROs tatsächlich als Träger der Zivilgesellschaft fungierten. Sie bemühten sich um die Un-terstützung anderer NROs, erweitern gesellschaftliche Partizipationsmöglichkeiten und sind soweit in nationale Strukturen und in der Gesellschaft verankert, dass auch ein Fortbestand ohne westliche Gelder möglich ist. / With the end of the communist bloc and the transformations taking place in Central and Eastern Europe the promotion and protection of democracy from abroad became a major field of assistance. Especially civil society assistance, understood as direct support granted to non-governmental actors of the target state with the explicit aim to promote the consolida-tion of democracy, became a major pillar of democracy aid. The dissertation analyzes civil society assistance and aims to tackle the question whether it is feasible to promote and strengthen civil society from abroad. Does civil society assistance result in more civil society or does it result in nothing more than the establishment of donor driven NGOs which are nei-ther voluntary nor independent but solely function as puppets of donors? // In order to answer this question and following the insights of actor-centered institutionalism, the dissertation identifies to modes of external intervention labeled „empowerment” and “learning. In the first case, donors may increase the action resources of chosen domestic actors, thus altering domestic actor constellations, by providing finances, technical equip-ment, information and know-how. In the latter case, external actors may impact upon the ori-entations, that is, the perceptions and preferences, of domestic actors. // The dissertation analyses the contribution of the activities of four different donors; the Euro-pean Union, the USA, Germany and the private network of Soros Foundations; to the devel-opment of civil society in Poland and Slovakia. In order to pinpoint outcomes of civil society assistance the dissertation focuses on recipients and their activities. The dissertation thus clarifies to what extent main recipient organizations act as carriers of civil society, whether they transmit the interests of their constituency into politics, whether they fulfill a watch-dog function and democratic functions attributed to civil society. It therefore analyzes main recipi-ents, their sustainability, legitimacy and effectiveness as carriers of civil society. // The dissertation jumps to the conclusion that externally driven civil society assistance had positive effects in both countries under investigation as supported NGOs acted as carriers of civil society.

The research explored unique performance enhancing or inhibiting factors among Zimbabwean employees in non-profit organisations in Harare. Two research questions were formulated: “Are there unique work ethics inherent in employees in the non-profit sector?” The second research question is “What unique variables motivate and affect workers in the nonprofit sector?” The hypothesis assumed was that “the workplace performance of employees in the non-profit sector is affected by and dependent on unique factors that apply in the non-profit sector and not in profit sectors”. The analysis of the research sample identified unique performance factors: demotivation due to the absence of automatic promotions for high performing employees; opportunities for the advancement of employees through a policy of competitive recruitment and growth opportunities for local staff who can apply for international positions within the organisation. The hypothesis was accepted. The researcher recommended that non-profit organisations use creative sector-specific approaches to motivate employee performance. / Public Administration and Management / M. Tech. (Public Management)