Användningen av GPS-teknik har på senare år tagit ett stort steg framåt. I dag finns den inbyggd i våra datormobiler som inte sällan rapporterar var vi befinner oss. I denna uppsats undersöks hur datormobilanvändare påverkas av datormobilens inbyggda GPS. Teknik utvecklas ständigt, det som var nytt i går kan kännas gammalt i dag. De senare åren har försäljningen av datormobiler expanderat kraftigt. I takt med detta har Internet blivit något som människor ständigt bär med sig. Då allt fler datormobiler sålts har även mobilapplikationer blivit allt vanligare. Många av dagens applikationer kräver GPS för att fungera och sociala medier erbjuder användare att dela med sig av positionering i samband med inlägg och uppdateringar. En fråga som uppstår i och med detta handlar om bevakning och integritet. I denna uppsats redovisar vi hur datormobilanvändare ser på lokaliseringsfunktionen i mobiltelefonen och hur de ser på GPS-teknologin överlag. De främsta för- och nackdelarna diskuteras och sätts i proportion till varandra. / The use of GPS technology has during the last couple of years made significant progress. Today GPS is a standard function in modern cellphones. The GPS function in the cellphones enables tracking and is also one of the fundamental building stones in many smartphone applications. This essay investigates how users are affected by the GPS function in modern smartphones. Technology is always changing, smartphones and GPS are no exceptions. During the last year the sales and usage of smartphones has increased significantly. As the Internet gets more and more available and people have the possibility to go online with their mobile phones, the usage of smartphone applications also have increased. As of this, applications are now a well-known concept. Many applications need location data in order to function. It’s the smartphones GPS-functionality, built in to whatever application that provides data for positioning. Different social media provides users with their location, which can be used in status updates. A question that often comes up is about the personal integrity and monitoring that follows with GPS tracking. In this essay smartphone users share their comments about the technology. The primary advantages and disadvantages are discussed in proportions to each other.

There have been a number of methods proposed for increasing the precision of mobile positioning systems. One of the latest methods is Assisted GPS, A-GPS, on the Secure User Plane for Location, SUPL, platform, which seems to be a very interesting alternative from TeliaSoneras perspective, thanks to minimal infrastructural investment costs. According to theory and lab testing A-GPS has the potential of providing a very good customer value in relation to the investment needed. There is, however, a great need to see the performance when used in real user environments and with real user equipment. This is the basis for the choice of field testing as the method used in this thesis. The result from the field tests conducted in this thesis shows that the performance of A-GPS is very good in outdoor environments, but when used in indoor environments, poor signal strength in combination with multipath and fading becomes a problem with low accuracy and long response times as a result. Using a hosted mapping service, in combination with A-GPS, provides the possibilities of launching location based services even outside the home network. TeliaSonera had already found such a hosted mapping service that matched their compatibility, and reliability, requirements. This thesis investigates this hosted mapping service further and finds that the quality of the cartographic presentation of the map information is very poor. The conclusion is that A-GPS performance, today, is limited by the hardware and algorithms used. If these are further adapted to indoor conditions, A-GPS has the potential of providing the customer value promised by the theoretical performance. For a successful launch of A-GPS services there is a great need of better cartographic presentation of map information, than what is currently is provided by the investigated hosted mapping service.

Die geodätischen Beobachtungsverfahren leisten auf verschiedene Weise Beiträge zur Erforschung des Systems Erde: Einerseits beobachten sie die rezenten Prozesse und ihre zeitlichen Variationen direkt, andererseit liefert sie die Grundlage für die konsistente Betrachtung aller Einflüsse in einem einheitlichen geometrischen und gravimetrischen Bezug. Das Projekt des Global Geodetic Observing System (GGOS) der Internationalen Assoziation für Geodäsie (IAG) soll die Voraussetzungen zur Vereinigung der verschiedenen geodätischen Beobachtungsverfahren, Modelle und Auswertemethoden mit dem Ziel schaffen, mit einem konsistenten Satz geodätischer Parameter ein hochgenaues Monitoring des Systems Erde zu ermöglichen. Die Realisierung geodätischer Bezugssysteme mit höchsten Genauigkeitsansprüchen ist in diesem Kontext eine zentrale Aufgabe des GGOS und Thema der vorliegenden Arbeit. In der derzeit üblichen Darstellung umfasst eine Realisierung des Terrestrischen Referenzsystems (TRS) Stationspositionen zu einer spezifischen Epoche und ihre linearen Änderungen mit der Zeit. In diesem Konzept führen alle nichtlinearen Stationsbewegungen zu residualen Abweichungen, die geowissenschaftlich interpretiert werden können. Der natürliche Ursprung eines globalen TRS, so auch des International Terrestrial Reference System (ITRS), liegt im Massezentrum des Systems Erde (CM). Mit Hilfe dynamischer Satellitenverfahren, wie GPS, lässt sich dieser Ursprung aus geodätischen Beobachtungen realisieren. In einem konsistenten Ausgleichungsansatz werden Satellitenbahnen, Stationspositionen und die in Kugelflächenfunktionen niedrigen Grades modellierte Auflastdeformation gemeinsam geschätzt. Die Grundlage der Realisierung des ITRS bilden in einem gemeinsamen Projekt der TU Dresden, der TU München und des GFZ Potsdam reprozessierte Beobachtungen eines über 200 Stationen umfassenden globalen GPS-Netzes des Beobachtungszeitraums 1994 bis 2007. Nach der Vorstellung der Grundprinzipien des GPS und seiner wesentlichen Fehlereinflüsse erfolgt die Beschreibung der Analyse der Beobachtungsdaten selbst. Sie umfasst die einheitliche Auswertung über den gesamten Zeitraum sowie Verbesserungen in der Modellierung der atmosphärischen Einflüsse und der Charakteristika der Sende- und Empfangsantennen sowie die Nutzung der Normalgleichungen zu Realisierung des ITRS. Der abgeleitete Terrestrische Referenzrahmen (TRF) wird Potsdam-Dresden-Reprocessing 2007 (PDR07) genannt. Zur Beurteilung der Genauigkeit und Zuverlässigkeit dieses TRF werden umfangreiche Analysen durchgeführt. So wird der PDR07 u.a. mit weiteren Realisierungen des ITRS, dem ITRF2000, dem ITRF2005 und den Realisierungen des International GNSS Service (IGS) IGb00 und IGS05, verglichen. Für eine Vielzahl geodynamischer Anwendungen werden GPS-Stationen in Messkampagnen beobachtet. Die hochgenaue Realisierung des ITRS in diesen regionalen GPS-Netzen ist für die geodynamische Interpretation der Ergebnisse zwingend erforderlich. Am Beispiel eines regionalen GPS-Netzes in der Antarktis wird untersucht, wie sich das ITRS in derartigen Netzen realisieren lässt und mit welcher Genauigkeit lineare Stationsbewegungen aus Kampagnenmessungen abgeleitet werden können. Im Anschluss werden die erhaltenen Bewegungsraten geodynamisch interpretiert: Aus den horizontalen Bewegungsraten wird die Bewegung der Antarktischen Kontinentalplatte im Konzept der Globaltektonik bestimmt und ihre innere Stabilität bewertet. Die vertikalen Stationsbewegungen werden genutzt, um Aussagen über rezente Krustendeformationen aufgrund glazialisostatischer Ausgleichsbewegungen und rezenter Massenvariationen des antarktischen Eises zu treffen. / The geodetic observation techniques contribute in several ways to the research of the system Earth: On the one hand they observe the recent processes and their variations in time directly, on the other hand they provide the basis for a consistent description of all effects in a consistent geometrical and gravimetrical reference. Within the project Global Geodetic Observing System (GGOS) of the International Association of Geodesy (IAG) the prerequisites for the combination of geodetic observation techniques, models and analysis strategies shall be created in order to enable a high accurate monitoring of the system Earth with consistent geodetic parameters. In this context the realization of geodetic reference systems with highest accuracy is a central task of the GGOS and subject of this thesis. At present, a common realization of the Terrestrial Reference System (TRS) consists of station positions according to a specific epoch and their linear changes with time. In this concept non-linear station motions yield to residual variations, which may be used for geoscientific interpretations. The natural origin of a global TRS, and this is also the case for the International Terrestrial Reference System (ITRS), is the center of mass of the system Earth (CM). This origin can be realized by observations of dynamic satellite techniques, such as GPS. In a consistent approach satellite orbits, stations positions and the lower degrees of harmonic surface mass load coefficients are estimated simultaneously. The ITRS is realized based on reprocessed observations of a global GPS network. In a joint effort TU Dresden, TU München and GFZ Potsdam analyzed the data of more than 200 stations of the observation time span 1994 to 2007. After an introduction to the basic principles of GPS and its major error sources the data analysis is described. This covers a homogeneous analysis over the entire period, improvements in atmosphere modeling and antenna phase center modeling as well as the usage of normal equations for the ITRS realization. The determined Terrestrial Reference Frame (TRF) is named Potsdam-Dresden-Reprocessing 2007 (PDR07). In order to assess the accuracy and stability of this TRF a variety of analyses is performed. For example, PDR07 is compared to other ITRS realizations, such as the ITRF2000, the ITRF2005 as well as the realizations of the International GNSS Service (IGS) IGb00 and IGS05. GPS campaign observations are often used to investigate geodynamic phenomena. The realization of the ITRS with highest accuracy in these regional GPS networks is essential for the geodynamic interpretation of the results. A regional GPS network in Antarctica is used to investigate the optimal way to realize the ITRS in such networks and the accuracy of linear station rates determined from campaign observations. Subsequently, the station rates are used for geodynamic interpretations: The horizontal station rates are used to determine the movement of the Antarctic Plate in the concept of global plate kinematics and to assess the inner stability of the Antarctic Plate. The vertical station rates are used to evaluate recent crustal deformations caused by glacial isostatic adjustment and recent mass changes of the Antarctic ice sheet.

<p>This thesis contains the development of a deformation monitoring software based on undifferenced GPS observations. Software like this can be used in alarm systems placed in areas where the earth is unstable. Systems like this can be used in areas where people are in risk of getting hurt, like in earthquake zones or in land slide areas, but they can also be useful when monitoring the movements in buildings, bridges and other artefacts.</p><p>The main hypotheses that are tested are whether it is possible to detect deformations with undifferenced observations and if it is possible to reach the same accuracy in this mode as when working in a traditional mode where the observations are differenced.</p><p>The development of a deformation monitoring software based on undifferenced GPS observations is presented. A complete mathematical model is given as well as implementation details. The software is developed in Matlab together with a GPS observation simulator. The simulator is mainly used for debugging purposes.</p><p>The developed software is tested with both simulated and real observations. Results from tests with simulated observations show that it is possible to detect deformations in the order of a few millimetres with the software. Calculations with real observations give the same results. Further, the result from calculations in static mode indicates that the commercial software and the undifferenced software diverge a few millimetres, which probably depends on different implementations of the tropospheric corrections. In kinematic mode the standard deviation is about 1 millimetre larger in the undifferenced mode than in the double differenced mode. An initial test with different observation weighting procedures indicates that there is a lot of potential to improve the result by applying correct weights to the observations. This is one of the aims in the future work within this project.</p><p>This thesis are sponsored by the Swedish Research Council for Enviroment, Agricultural Sciences and Spatial Planning, FORMAS within the framework “Monitoring of construction and detection of movements by GPS ref no. 2002-1257"</p>

<p>There have been a number of methods proposed for increasing the precision of mobile positioning systems. One of the latest methods is Assisted GPS, A-GPS, on the Secure User Plane for Location, SUPL, platform, which seems to be a very interesting alternative from TeliaSoneras perspective, thanks to minimal infrastructural investment costs.</p><p>According to theory and lab testing A-GPS has the potential of providing a very good customer value in relation to the investment needed.</p><p>There is, however, a great need to see the performance when used in real user environments and with real user equipment. This is the basis for the choice of field testing as the method used in this thesis.</p><p>The result from the field tests conducted in this thesis shows that the performance of A-GPS is very good in outdoor environments, but when used in indoor environments, poor signal strength in combination with multipath and fading becomes a problem with low accuracy and long response times as a result.</p><p>Using a hosted mapping service, in combination with A-GPS, provides the possibilities of launching location based services even outside the home network. TeliaSonera had already found such a hosted mapping service that matched their compatibility, and reliability, requirements. This thesis investigates this hosted mapping service further and finds that the quality of the cartographic presentation of the map information is very poor.</p><p>The conclusion is that A-GPS performance, today, is limited by the hardware and algorithms used. If these are further adapted to indoor conditions, A-GPS has the potential of providing the customer value promised by the theoretical performance. For a successful launch of A-GPS services there is a great need of better cartographic presentation of map information, than what is currently is provided by the investigated hosted mapping service.</p>

Στην παρούσα διατριβή διερευνήθηκε η δυνατότητα του GPS-RTS στη μελέτη ταλαντώσεων ως προς την ακρίβεια προσδιορισμού του εύρους και της συχνότητας ταλάντωσης και το διάστημα των συχνοτήτων που μπορούν να καταγραφούν, με βάση συσκευή παραγωγής ελεγχόμενων εξαναγκασμένων ταλαντώσεων και ακολουθήθηκε στατιστική ανάλυση δεδομένων. Τα πειράματα βασίστηκαν στην σύγκριση των καταγραφών ταλαντώσεων γνωστών χαρακτηριστικών που δημιούργησε η συσκευή και την σύγχρονη καταγραφή τους με τα όργανα GPS και RTS και εν μέρη άμεση οπτική παρατήρηση. Κατά την φάση των πειραμάτων αντιμετωπίστηκαν προβλήματα απώλειας των μετρήσεων τα οποία εκτιμάται ότι μπορούν να αντιμετωπιστούν με κατάλληλη συνδεσμολογία για το GPS και κατάλληλο λογισμικό για το RTS Οι χρονοσειρές που προέκυψαν από περισσότερα από 100 πειράματα αναλύθηκαν με συμβατικές στατιστικές μεθόδους (π.χ. έλεγχο χονδροειδών σφαλμάτων) και φασματική ανάλυση με βάση τις μεθόδους: FFT, το περιοδόγραμμα Lomb και την Φασματική Ανάλυση Ελαχίστων Τετραγώνων (LSSA). Με βάση τις προτεινόμενες μεθόδους αναλύσεων προέκυψαν τα παρακάτω: • το GPS μπορεί να καταγράψει με ακρίβεια ταλαντώσεις με συνολικό εύρος ≥4cm για συχνότητες διέγερσης ≤4 Hz ενώ μπορεί να προσδιορίσει την συχνότητα ταλάντωσης ακόμα για διέγερση των 4 Hz και • το RTS μπορεί να καταγράψει με ακρίβεια ταλάντωσης με συνολικό εύρος ταλάντωσης της τάξης του 1 cm και μπορεί να προσδιορίσει με ακρίβεια την συχνότητα διέγερσης για χαμηλόσυχνές ταλαντώσεις (μέχρι και 1 Hz). Συμπερασματικά, οι μέθοδοι επίγειων αλλά και δορυφορικών μεθόδων μπορούν να χρησιμοποιηθούν για την παρακολούθηση των ταλαντώσεων/μετακινήσεων των εύκαμπτων κατασκευών, ενώ με βελτίωση των διατάξεών τους και των λογισμικών τους με στόχο να αντιμετωπιστούν τα προβλήματα που παρουσιάστηκαν, αναμένεται ακόμα καλύτερη ακρίβεια. / At the present study, the ability of GPS-RTS was examined for the oscillation monitoring.At the present thesis, the performance of the modern geodetic methods, GPS and RTS, for the oscillation monitoring was examined. In order to assess the performance of the two methods the study was based on known oscillations which were produced by a special oscillation device and the records of GPS and RTS which were monitoring the oscillations. The estimate of the performance was based on the comparison of the known oscillation characteristics (displacement and frequency) and those which were arose by the analysis of the GPS-RTS records. During the oscillation experiments many problems were faced and especially with interruptions at the GPS and RTS records, which can be solved by a more appropriate connection between the antenna and the receiver of the GPS system and the use of a more advanced software for the RTS. Time series, based on the GPS-RTS records of more than 100 oscillations experiments, were analysed with compatible statistical and frequency domain analysis methods: FFT, LSSA (Least Square Spectrum Analysis) and Lomb. According to the analysis: • GPS can define accurately the total oscillation displacement when it is ≥4cm and the frequency when it is ≤4 Hz and • RTS can define accurately the total oscillation displacement when it is ≥1cm and the frequency when it is ≤1 Hz. According to the analysis, the two geodetic methods proved to be very accurate for the oscillation monitoring of flexible structures and their performance can be improved with the use of more sophisticated software for the RTS and connections for the GPS.

Fledermaus is software where different kind of analysis with spatial data can be done. The main area where to use Fledermaus is related to hydrographical surveys. This study is aimed to test and analyse the way Swedish Maritime Administration (Sjöfartsverket) uses Fledermaus. Through step by step explaining how to do when measuring sea bed conditions from a vessel, this text is possible to use as a manual for the applications that are mentioned in this report. Another thing that is treated is the squat effect that belongs to vessel dynamic motions. Test of visualization that concerning squat in Fledermaus is done, but with a negative result when squat in a perspective to show motions in height that can be up to about a metre is very hard in a terrain model of thousands of metres. By further tests by arranging the input data, several interesting diagrams have been created through Microsoft Excel where graphs show that the depths are affecting the squat effect. This is showed in same diagram but with two different scales to show the relationship between how a point at the vessel moves in height compared to the depth under the vessel when the vessel is navigating in the sea. / Fledermaus är en programvara där olika analyser med rumsliga data kan genomföras. Största användningsområdet är att använda Fledermaus till mätningar som är relaterade till sjömätning. Den här studien är inriktad till att testa och analysera applikationer som Sjöfartsverket använder sig av i Fledermaus. Genom att steg för steg förklara hur Fledermaus ska användas när bottenförhållanden ska mätas sett från ett fartyg, så blir texten även möjlig att använda som en manual till de applikationer i Fledermaus som är nämnda i denna rapport. Det andra som behandlas är squateffekten som tillhör ett fartygs dynamiska rörelser. Test av visualisering som behandlar squat i Fledermaus är genomförd, dock med negativt resultat då squat i ett perspektiv med att visa rörelser i höjd som kan uppgå till runt en meter är väldigt svårt i en terrängmodell som sträcker sig tusentals meter. Dock genom vidare tester genom behandling av indata, har flertalet intressanta diagram skapats genom Microsoft Excel där kurvor visar att djupet inverkar på squateffekten. Detta visas genom att i samma diagram fast med två olika skalor visa förhållandet mellan hur en punkt på båten rör sig i höjd jämfört med att djupet under fartyget ändras då fartyget gör fart genom vattnet.

Physical exercise is one of the main factors in achieving best results in competition. We have to create products using the most advanced techniques, in this technology age that would help coaches and athletes. One of the technologies allows us to use GPS receivers for collecting and later analysis of training programs. This master thesis is an overview of GPS possibilities, discussing and analysing GPS receivers and systems used for exercise analysis. In this work overview the skeleton and main components of general-purpose system. Collection of the components as a whole makes a system that corresponds to the requirements for such system. We present fully analysed methods for information system of physical exercise analysis. System for automatic storage and analysis of collected exercise data is designed and created.

Baigiamojo darbo tikslas – išnagrinėti skirtingais metodais žemėlapio lapui „Raudondvaris“ (57/37) sudarytas horizontales. Baigiamojo darbo uždaviniai: Apžvelgti LIDAR technologijos ir GPS metodo taikymo praktiką žemėtvarkoje, nustatyti skirtingais metodais gautų horizontalių tikslumo koeficientą dirbamoje žemėje, užstatytoje ir kalvotoje vietovėje, nustatyti LIDAR technologijos ir GPS metodu gautų horizontalių nesutapimų priežastis. Nagrinėjamoje teritorijoje, skirtingais metodais gautos reljefo altitudės suskirstytos pagal leistinus horizontalių nesutapimus, kurių intervalai įvertinti atitinkamoms koeficientų reikšmėms. Atlikus lygaus ir kalvoto reljefo išsamią analizę, nustatyta, kad tiksliausia metodų grupė, vaizduojanti reljefo elementus nagrinėjamoje teritorijoje yra LIDAR ir GPS technologijos, kadangi šios metodų grupės tikslumo koeficientas siekia net 0,86. Tuo tarpu išnagrinėjus tris savo žemės paviršiumi skirtingas teritorijas, nustatyta, kad tiksliausi reljefo kartografavimo darbai atliekami ariamos žemės plotuose, kadangi vidutinis tikslumo koeficientas siekia net 0,92, tuo tarpu užstatytoje ir kalvotoje vietovėse koeficientas buvo panašus ir siekė apie 0,68. Baigiamąjį darbą sudaro įvadas, literatūros apžvalga, 4 skyriai, išvados, naudotos literatūros sąrašas, priedai. Darbe yra 3 priedai, 25 paveikslas, 1 lentelė, panaudotas 41 literatūros šaltinis. / The aim of this graduation paper is to compare contour lines for map sheet “Raudondvaris” (57/37), drawn in different methods. Objectives of the work: review the possibilities of LIDAR technology and GPS method application in Lithuania, to identify different methods of horizontal accuracy rate of arable land, built-up and the hilly terrain, to identify causes in horizontal mismatch gained by applying LIDAR technology and GPS method. In the territory under investigation relief altitudes gained by applying different techniques are divided by the permissible horizontal mismatch whose intervals are assessed to the respective values of the coefficients. A detailed analysis of a flat and hilly terrain showed that the most accurate methods of group relief depicting elements of the site in question is LIDAR and GPS technology, as the accuracy rate of this methods group is as high as 0.86. Meanwhile, an examination of three of its ground different areas showed that accurate terrain mapping is carried out in areas of arable land, as the average accuracy rate is as high as 0.92, while the built-up and hilly areas the rate was similar at around 0.68. The graduation work consists of the introduction, analysis of literature, 4 parts, conclusions, list of references and appendices. There are 25 figures, 1 table and 41 references.

Baigiamajame magistro darbe „Lietuvos geodezinio tinklo horizontaliųjų deformacijų apibendrintųjų charakteristikų tyrimas“ analizuojant geodezinių tinklų elementų pokyčius, nustatytus pagal pakartotinai atliktus geodezinius matavimus, tirtos Lietuvos teritorijos bei jos vakarinio ir rytinio blokų horizontaliosios deformacijos. Baigiamojo magistro darbo tikslas – atlikti Lietuvos geodezinio tinklo horizontaliųjų deformacijų apibendrintųjų charakteristikų tyrimą. Deformacijos, parenkant laisvo taškų poslinkio tolygiai besideformuojančioje dvimatėje erdvėje modelis, apskaičiuotos pagal trianguliacijos bei GPS tinklo kartotinius matavimus. Trianguliacijos matavimai atlikti 1926–1940 metais, GPS matavimai atlikti 1992–1996 metais bei 2007 metais. Horizontaliųjų deformacijų apskaičiuotų Lietuvos teritorijos bei rytinio ir vakarinio blokų tyrimui naudota tenzorinės analizės metodika. Tenzorinės analizės metodu apskaičiuoti Lietuvos teritorijos bei jos vakarinio ir rytinio blokų parametrai. Įvertintos horizontaliųjų deformacijų apibendrintos charakteristikos: didţiausias ir maţiausias santykinis pailgėjimas bei jų kryptys, santykinė dilatacija, antrojo rango deformacijų tenzoriaus elementai bei didţiausio santykinio pailgėjimo kryptys. Darbą sudaro 8 dalys: įvadas, penki skyriai, išvados, literatūros sąrašas. Darbo apimtis – 82 p. teksto be priedų, 36 iliustr., 23 lent., 26 bibliografiniai šaltiniai. Atskirai pridedami darbo priedai. / In the Master thesis called „Investigation of the Generalized Characteristics of the Horizontal Deformations of the Geodetic Network of Lithuania„ analising the changes of the elements of the geodetic networks determinated according to repeatedly performed geodetic measurements were investigated the territories of Lithuania and the horizontal deformations of its west and east blocks. The purpose of the Master thesis is to perform the investigation of the generalized characteristics of the horizontal deformations of the geodetic network of Lithuania. The deformations were calculated according to the repeated measurements of the triangulation and the GPS network by selecting the model of the free displacement of the points in an evenly formed two-dimensional space. The triangulation measurements were performed 1926-1940, the GPS measurements were performed 1992-1996 and in 2007. For the investigation of the horizontal deformations calculated in the territory of Lithuania and in the west and east blocks was used the tensor analysis method. The parameters of the territory of Lithuania and its west and east blocks were calculated using the tensoric analysis method. Also were measured the generalized characterisitcs of the horizontal deformations: the maximum and the minimum relative elongation and their directions, the relative dilatation, the second rank deformations of the elements of the tensor and the directions of the maximum relative elongation. The thesis is composed of 8... [to full text]