Open space planning has been present within the United States for over a century. Traditionally, open space planning efforts tend to focus more exclusively on either socially-based (e.g., recreational, scenic, or park planning) or ecologically-based (e.g., preserves, habitat networks or more general conservation planning) planning efforts. This separation of ecological and social frameworks in open space planning is reinforced by a persistent cultural model, where community and conservation are seen as opposing forces instead of partners. While recent open space planning efforts have begun to integrate social and ecological frameworks into one plan, the majority of our knowledge on integrated open space planning comes from individual case studies. Thus, a synthesized toolbox for how to practice this planning field is lacking. Given this lack of synthesized knowledge of integrated open space planning, an exploratory effort was undertaken to begin to view this newer planning field through a comprehensive lens. The goal of this research was to identify the state of integrated open space planning and begin to assess whether this state was leading toward "landscape integrity," which suggests that healthy social and ecological systems must function together to be sustainable. Framed within an adapted Pressure-State-Response framework, this thesis employed mixed methods and multiple perspectives to engender a holistic framework that identifies the pressures, state of, and potential responses surrounding integrated open space planning. Pressures synthesized from practice and theory include key barriers and facilitators to achieving integration. For the first time, the state of integrated open space planning has been identified from a synthesis of thirty planning processes, practices, and tools utilized in this new planning field. This framework provides planners with a framework upon which sharing and communication can now take place regarding how integrated open space planning can be institutionalized. Finally, this understanding of the pressures and state reveals potential responses for this newer planning field, including the need for increased collaboration to build this new field of open space planning into a mainstream planning field and increased research into bridging the gaps between theory and practice identified through this thesis. This study found two integrated open space planning models and a breadth of literature supporting a movement away from the community versus conservation dichotomy. While this movement is not yet mainstream, both paradigm shifts and the rapidly changing landscapes in which we live are reinforcing this trend. With the expanded view and holistic framework illustrated by this research, planners are afforded a similar language upon which they can discuss the tools and processes central to integrated open space planning.

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In recent years, an array of political, environmental, and health activists have brought to light the previously overlooked structural inequalities that plague many urban cities and their underserved populations. With a growing population and an increased dichotomy between social classes in the United States, urbanization may be inevitable. However, how urban planners and public agencies choose to build and design these areas is malleable. Provision of safe and equitable living conditions by these individuals is an obligation of utmost importance, and as such, this thesis aims to both provide insight as to how the built environment, development patterns, and land use play a significant role in in morbidity and mortality in urban communities across the nation and world, as well as assist in bridging the divide between disciplines of urban health and urban planning as we look towards creating healthier, greener, more equitable cities. The built environment and health can and should be discussed in the same breath during urban planning and development, and thus, the preservation, presence, and development of urban green space should be prioritized during processes of urbanization, with active engagement and empowerment from the communities in which we seek to build. The existing inverse association between increased urbanization and community health necessitates an induction of change and a call for action from urban planners, city and state officials, health scientists, environmental conservationists, and communities as a whole. / Urban Bioethics

Grön infrastruktur påstås ha möjligheten att minska mängden dagvatten längs hårdgjorda ytor i stadsmiljöer och därigenom höja städernas motståndskraft mot ökade nedbördsmängder. Denna undersökning har undersökt hur grön infrastruktur kan höja fem stadsmiljöers resiliens mot översvämningar och hur stadsmiljöerna kan få större inslag av ekologi. Undersökningen har visat att det förvisso är en möjlighet att den gröna infrastrukturen kan längs med gator, parker och hustak minska mängden dagvatten längs hårdgjorda ytor i stadsmiljöer. Satsningen på grön infrastruktur kan bli otroligt dyr i en större stad om hela stadens dagvatten ska tas om hand om och det gick inte att ta fram en mall för grön infrastruktur som enkelt kan kopieras från en stad till en annan. Det krävs även uträkningar av flödesemängder för att säkerställa hur stor del av staden som skyddas mot ökade nederbördsmängder. / It is claimed that green infrastructure has the ability to reduce the amount of storm water in urban areas and by extension increasing the resilience of urban areas. This study has investigated how the resilience against flooding can be strengthened and at the same time how an increase in ecological wildlife within five urban areas can be increased with greeni nfrastructure given the limitations of an urban area with preexisting buildings. The study concluded that it is possible to implement green infrastructure alongside roads, parks and rooftops with the desired effects of increased resilience and ecological wildlife in urban areas. The issues found were several. One of the issues was the lack of generalized city patterns which lead to that no generalized model for implementing green infrastructure could be concluded. Another issue was the issue of cost, it is not easy nor a cheap undertaking to remodel the road network of a preexisting city. Furthermore, it is required that every contribution of green infrastructure has its potential of storm water consumption calculated to match the local demand.

Frågan kring hållbar dagvattenhantering har fått allt större uppmärksamhet i och med de pågående klimatförändringarna. Genom att implementera dagvattenlösningar i urbana miljöer som efterliknar naturens kretslopp kan kraftiga regn fördröjas vilket avlastar ledningsnätet. Detta främjar en hållbar stadsutveckling, som idag har blivit ett allt större krav. Studiens syfte avser att lyfta kunskapsläget kring användandet av växtbäddar avsedda för dagvattenhantering i det nordiska klimatet. Detta genom att undersöka vilka faktorer som bör beaktas vid utformning av växtbäddar för att de ska fungera optimalt, samt maximera livslängden med hänsyn till ett kallt klimat. Undersökningen tar även reda på vilka åtgärder som krävs för att underhålla en sådan anläggning samt vilka kostnader detta medför. Studiens frågeställningar besvaras genom intervjuer som riktades till beställare och projektörer av växtbäddar. Detta för att skapa en uppfattning kring hur utformningen sker samt vilka underhållsinsatser som vidtas. En enkätundersökning genomfördes som var riktad till kommuner för att undersöka hur väl de upplever att arbetet med växtbäddar fungerar inom deras organisation. Studien utfördes genom att först genomföra en litteraturstudie som lade grunden till rapportens teori, för att sedan kunna utforma intervju och enkätfrågor. För att skapa en uppfattning kring kostnaderna utfördes en dokumentinsamling från kommuner för att klargöra kostnadernas storlek. Studiens resultat påvisar att växtbäddar har bra förutsättningar i det nordiska klimatet samt att det anses finnas en god kunskapsnivå kring hur anläggningarna ska utformas och skötas. Detta gäller både projektörer och beställare av anläggningarna. De fel som uppstår i anläggningsskedet tycks främst grunda sig i den stora variationen av material som växtbäddarnas uppbyggnad består av. Därtill att entreprenören saknar kunskap i hur anläggningen senare ska fungera, då denna typ av anläggning skiljer sig från hur konventionella dagvattenanläggningar anläggs. I utformnings och driftskedet är utmaningarna kopplade till faktorer som ansvarsfördelning då det är ett flertal inblandade aktörer i både projekterings och driftskedet. Den faktor som främst styr kostnaden är kopplad till de material som används i uppbyggnaden av växtbädden. / The issue of sustainable stormwater management has received increasing attention with the ongoing climate change. By implementing stormwater solutions in urban environments that mimic nature heavy rainfall can be delayed, which relieves the conventional stormwater pipeline network. This promotes sustainable urban development, which today has become an increasing requirement. The purpose of the study is to raise the state of knowledge about the use of bioretention system intended for stormwater management in the Nordic climate. This is done by examining which factors should be taken into account when designing bioretention system in order to function optimally and maximize the lifespan with regard to a cold climate. The study also finds out what measures are required to maintain such a facility and what costs this entails. The study's questions are answered through interviews aimed at clients and designers of bioretention systems. The purpose is to create an understanding of how the design takes place and what maintenance efforts are taken. A survey was conducted which was aimed at municipalities to investigate how well they feel that the work with bioretention system works within their organization. The study was carried out by first conducting a literature study that laid the foundation for the report's theory, in order to then be able to design interview and survey questions. To create an understanding of the costs, a document collection from municipalities was carried out to clarify the size of the costs. The results of the study show that bioretention systems can sustain in the Nordic climate and that it is considered that there is a good level of knowledge about how the facilities should be designed and maintained. This applies to both designers and clients of the facilities. The errors that occur during the construction phase seem to be mainly based on the large variety of materials that make up the bioretention systems. In addition, the contractor lacks knowledge of how the facility will later function, as this type of facility differs from how conventional stormwater facilities are constructed. In the design and operational phase, the challenges are linked to factors such as the division of responsibilities as there are a number of actors involved in both the design and operational phases. The factor that primarily controls the cost is linked to the materials used in the construction. / <p>Examensarbetet är utfört vid Institutionen för teknik och naturvetenskap (ITN) vid Tekniska fakulteten, Linköpings universitet</p>

Nowadays, there are more population concentrated in urban areas rather than in rural areas. This process of urbanization has altered natural processes in addition to landscape modification. The green in cities has become more and more fragmented, leading to the degradation and loss of many ecosystem services. The big expansion of Barcelona happened during the Cerdàs Plan in the middle of the 19th century. Cerdà designed Barcelona as a grid of blocks where people could walk through its streets and rest in big green areas, but, left some parts of the city like Les Glòries without any planning due to its complexity. In the years thereafter, the city of Barcelona has become a compact city, densely populated, with scare and isolated green spaces while the public space becomes mainly dominated by the car. In order to face the current issues of Barcelona, its City Council has implemented several measures like the green infrastructure strategic policy and planning. Although they have not been done with citizen participation, this supposed a paradigm shift on the municipal city planning, as well as, a paradigm shift on Barcelona’s city model where green infrastructure is being used as an adaptation measure to mitigate the effects of climate change and as a strategic planning tool for reducing car traffic. The project of Les Glòries is a landmark of how a place planned as car-based could become pedestrian-based, in addition to the second biggest green space of the city of Barcelona. Becoming a reference for the new city council policies and measures for a more sustainable and participative Barcelona. Les Glòries project is also a referent of citizen participation due to the citizens and neighbourhood associations were from the very beginning in the planning and design of this space together with the city council technicians.

Green terms to bring the greenery back to cities have frequently begun to be coined as a result of rapid urbanization. To emphasize the benefits of urban greenery, terms such as nature-based solutions (NbS) and green infrastructure (GI) have been raised in planning circles. This study aims to present municipal stories about how municipalities understand, integrate and apply NbS and GI in their planning documents and practices, and what challenges they face along the different levels of the Swedish planning system, which limit their application. The study is based on individual focus group discussions with five municipalities: Haninge, Nynäshamn, Sollentuna, Solna and Värmdö. The discussions are based on the same questionnaire, where GI and NbS application, understanding and integration from Swedish spatial planning are discussed. The study shows that knowledge and application of GI and NbS varies between the municipalities. The municipalities are also in unison that they need support and further guidance to increase application and understanding, as the Swedish planning system currently does not provide this. The municipalities that contributed to the study also talk about their different conditions for a wider application of green terms and working methods, as these are governed by economics and politics. For further research on municipal application, conversations with politicians can be initiated for their point of view on how greening concepts are received by them in the municipalities, as well as conversations with organizations and authorities that distribute information, municipal legislation and guidance. / Denna studie syftar till att presentera kommunala berättelser om hur kommuner förstår, integrerar och tillämpar NbS och GI i sina planeringsdokument och praxis, och vilka utmaningar de står inför längs de olika nivåerna i det svenska planeringssystemet, som begränsar deras tillämpning. Studien baseras på enskilda fokusgruppsdiskussioner med fem kommuner; Haninge, Nynäshamn, Sollentuna, Solna och Värmdö. Diskussionerna grundas på samma frågeformulär, där GI och NbS tillämpning, förståelse och stöd av svensk planering diskuteras. Studien visar att kunskapen och appliceringen av GI och NbS varierar mellan kommunerna. Kommunerna är också unisona i att de behöver stöd och vidare vägledning för att öka appliceringen och förståelse, då det svenska planeringssystemet i dagsläget inte tillhandahåller det. Kommunerna som bidrog i studien berättar också om deras olika förutsättningar för en vidare tillämpning av gröna termer och arbetssätt, då dessa styrs av ekonomi och politik. För vidare forskning om kommunal tillämpning kan förslagsvis samtal med politiker inledas för deras synpunkt på hur gröna planeringskoncept mottas av dem i kommunerna samt samtal med organisationer och myndigheter som distribuerar information, kommunal lagstiftning och vägledning.

The research explores multiple facets of a green infrastructure planning framework for climate change adaptation in urban regions. The research is organized in three distinct, but related parts. The first develops an adaptation implementation model based on triggering conditions rather than time. The approach responds to policy makers' reluctance to engage in adaptation planning due to uncertain future conditions. The model is based on planning and adaptation literature and applied to two case studies. Uncertainty during implementation may be reduced by incremental and flexible policy implementation, disbursing investments as needs arise, monitoring conditions, and organizing adaptation measures along no-regrets to transformational measures. The second part develops the green infrastructure transect as an organizational framework for mainstreaming adaptation planning policies. The framework integrates multi-scalar and context aspects of green infrastructure for vertical and horizontal integration of policy. The framework integrates literature from urban and landscape planning and tested on Boston. Prioritization of adaptation measures depends on location. Results suggest that green infrastructure adaptation policies should respond to configuration of zones. Cross jurisdiction coordination at regional and parcel scales supports mainstreaming. A secondary conclusion suggests that green infrastructure is space intensive and becomes the basis of the empirical study in part three. A spatial assessment method is introduced to formulate opportunities for green infrastructure network implementation within land-uses and across an urban-rural gradient. Spatial data in GIS for Boston is utilized to develop a percent pervious metric allowing the characterization of the study area into six zones of varying perviousness. Opportunities across land uses were assessed then maximum space opportunities were defined based on conservation, intensification, transformation and expansion. The opportunities for transformation of impervious surfaces to vegetal surfaces are highest in the urban center and its surrounding. Intensification of vegetation on pervious surfaces along all land uses is high across the gradient. Conservation of existing forested land is significant for future climate proofing. The concluding section argues for a green infrastructure planning framework for adaptation based on integration into existing infrastructural bodies, regional vision, incremental implementation, ecosystem benefits accounting, and conditions based planning rather than time based.

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Detta examensarbete i samhällsbyggnadsteknik undersöker och jämför planeringsprocesser vid markanvisning, för att utforska hur kommuner arbetar vid utvecklingen av hållbara stadsdelar. Vidare syftar arbetat till att undersöka hur grönstruktur främjar en hållbar stadsutveckling vid exploatering av kommunal ägd mark. Studien utforskar även arbetet med grönytefaktorn som planeringsverktyg för att uppnå grönare städer. Studien är av fallstudiedesign där fallet är Malmö stad och två utvalda hållbara stadsdelar utgör två analysenheter. Stadsdelarna är Norra Sorgenfri och Sege park i Malmö stad. En litteraturgenomgång har genomförts för att få en större inblick i det aktuella forskningsområdet. Därefter har en fallstudie av Malmö stad och de två fallstudieenheterna utförts. Innehållsanalys har använts som metod för att granska och analysera planer och dokument som rör planeringen av hållbara stadsdelar i Malmö stad. Studiens resultat visar på att en strategisk planering och en bra samverkan av stadens alla planer och dokument underlättar i planeringsprocessen likväl som en tyngdvikt vid dialogform, både vad gäller dialog över olika kommunala enheter, olika aktörer inom samhällsbyggnad samt medborgardialog och byggherredialog. Det framgår även att planera för grönstruktur kan vara utmanande, framför allt i den täta staden, där grönytefaktorn är ett effektivt planeringsverktyg. / This study is a bachelor thesis in construction and urban planning that investigate and compares planning processes in land allocation to explore how municipalities working with development of sustainable urban planning. Furthermore, this study aims to investigate how green infrastructures supports sustainable urban development when explode land owned by municipality. The study also explores the use of the green area index tool as a planning tool to achieve greener sustainable cities. The study is a case study design, the case is the city of Malmö and two case study units consisting of the Norra Sorgenfri and Sege Park districts. To gain a greater insight into the current research area the rapport begins with a literature study. The rapport continues with the case study of Malmö city and the two case study units. A content analysis has been used as a method to review and analyze plans and documents relating to the sustainable urban planning in the city of Malmö. The study's results show that strategic planning and a good collaboration of all the city's plans and documents smooth the planning process as well as the impact of dialogue. Both in terms of dialogue across different municipal units, people working in the field of sustainable urban development as well as citizen dialogue and developer dialogue. It also appears that planning for green infrastructure can be challenging. Especially in dense cities, where the green area index tool can be an effective planning tool.