Este trabalho tem como objetivo desenvolver um conjunto de procedimentos metodológicos para análise de peças gráficas de apartamentos de interesse social e aplicá-lo, como pré-teste, em uma amostra sistematizada em banco de dados de exemplares produzidos na cidade de São Paulo, ao longo do século XX. Os procedimentos metodológicos propostos foram elaborados segundo categorias sugeridas em trabalhos de pesquisadores que já desenvolveram metodologias de avaliação, além de outras inseridas por esta pesquisa. A partir desses procedimentos buscamos utilizar as peças gráficas dos projetos explorando as possibilidades de uso da planta como um dos principais documentos em análises espaciais qualitativas. / This research aim is to develop a set of methodological procedures to analyse apartment ground plans for low-income families, and then, apply it as previous test as a sample arranged methodically in a file, whose examples are buildings in São Paulo city throughout the twentieth century. The methodological procedures were elaborated according to suggested categories given by researchers who have already developed assessment methodology besides other ones which have been added by this research. From these procedures we have tried to use the building ground plans observing the possibilities of using the plan as one of the main document about qualitative spacious analyses.

Cette thèse repose sur l'analyse de la trajectoire sociale de cent cinquante-quatre propriétaires fonciers de Floresta et Tacaratú, deux villes moyennes de la région du Médio São Francisco1, l'arrière-pays du Pernambouc. La recherche de documents judiciaires et notariaux permet de situer les caractéristiques de la formation sociale de cette catégorie de propriétaires, dans la période de l'exécution de la Loi de Terres de 1850, moment où le gouvernement impérial du Brésil cherchait à concrétiser des transformations économiques et sociales importantes, telles que les ventes de terres publiques à des particuliers.Pour ce faire, nous nous proposons d'analyser le régime de copropriété qui caractérisait nombre de biens de propriétaires fonciers. L’étude comparative des sources a permis de mettre en évidence des caractéristiques sociales, politiques, culturelles et économiques de ces membres des familles traditionnelles de la région. À partir d'une approche d’histoire sérielle et prosopographique, nous avons constitué les réseaux de sociabilité développés par ce groupe élitaire, tel que le réseau matrimonial, le réseau patrimonial et le réseau politique bureaucratique.Nous avons constaté que ces familles de copropriétaires fonciers ont participé de la construction de cet espace de l'arrière-pays, comme catégorie socialement dominante et tant que de membres de la bureaucratie administrative locale. / This thesis is based on the analysis of the social trajectory of one hundred and fifty to four landowners Tacaratú and Floresta, two towns in the region of Medio Sao Francisco, the interior of Pernambuco. The analysis of court documents and notary can put the characteristics of the social formation of the class property owners, in the period of implementation of the Land Act of 1850, when the Imperial Government of Brazil sought to implement changes economic and social importance, such as sales of public land to individuals.To do this, we propose to analyze the co-ownership of property that characterized many of the landowners. Comparative research has highlighted the social, political, cultural and economic of the members of traditional families in the region. Using an approach prosopographic and serial history, we established the social networks developed by this elite group, such as matrimonial network, the network and the network patrimonial bureaucratic politics.We found that these families of land owners were involved in the construction of this area of the hinterland, as socially dominant class and as members of the local government bureaucracy.

In this paper I describe a motion planning technique for intelligent ground vehicles. The technique is an implementation of a path selection algorithm based on fuzzy inference. The approach extends on the motion planning algorithm known as driving with tentacles. The selection of the tentacle (a drivable path) to follow relies on the calculation of a weighted cost function for each tentacle in the current speed set, and depends on variables such as the distance to the desired position, speed, and the closeness of a tentacle to any obstacles. A Matlab simulation and the practical implementation of the fuzzy inference rule on a Clearpath Husky robot within the Robot Operating System (ROS) framework are provided.

Orientador: Leonardo Theodoro Büll / Banca: CarlosAlexandre Costa Crusciol / Banca: Takashi Muraoka / Resumo: A manutenção dos resíduos vegetais na superfície do solo é essencial para a sustentabilidade do sistema plantio direto, para tanto, é fundamental a seleção de coberturas vegetais com elevada capacidade de produção de massa seca, principalmente, em regiões onde as condições climáticas são favoráveis à rápida decomposição, além do estabelecimento de manejos da palhada que minimizem esse efeito, visando à proteção superficial do solo, formação de palhada, bem como reciclagem de nutrientes, com impacto direto nos atributos químicos do solo e na resposta das culturas subseqüentes ou em rotação. Assim o objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar a persistência da palhada de espécies de cobertura em função da aplicação de silicato e calcário e a resposta da cultura do feijão em sucessão em semeadura direta. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi em blocos ao acaso disposto em um esquema fatorial 3x5, com quatro repetições. O trabalho foi desenvolvido em estufa, no Departamento de Produção Vegetal, pertencente à Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas - UNESP, Campus Botucatu. As parcelas foram constituídas por cinco doses de silicato de cálcio, calculadas em função da quantidade necessária para elevar a saturação por bases a 70%, dispostas da seguinte forma: 1 - 0 de silicato cálcio e 100% de calcário; 2 - 25% de silicato de cálcio e 75% de calcário; 3 - 50% de silicato de cálcio e 50% de calcário; 4 - 75% de silicato de cálcio e 25% de calcário; 5 - 100% de ...(Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The maintenance of residual vegetation on the surface of the soil is essential for the sustainability no till, therefore, is essential the selection of covering vegetation with an increase capacity for the production of dry mass, especially in regions where climate conditions are favorable for rapid decomposition, along with establishing ways to handle the ground cover to minimize this effect, aiming for the protection of the soil surface, ground cover formation, as well as nutrients recycling, with direct impact on chemical properties of the soil and on response to subsequent or rotation crop. Therefore, the objective of the research was to evaluate the continued usage of the ground cover species as in function of the correction of the soil with silicate and lime and the response of the beans crop in succession in the direct plantation system. The experimental outlined used was the random blocks arranged in a 3x5 factorial design, with four replication. The experiment was developed in greenhouse, in the Department of Agriculture, of the Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas - FCA - UNESP, Campus Botucatu. The plots were composed by five doses of calcium silicate, calculated as a function of the quantity necessary to increase base saturation to 70%, arranged as follows: 1 - 0% calcium silicate and 100% lime; 2 - 25% calcium silicate and 75% lime; 3 - 50% calcium silicate and 50% lime; 4 - 75% calcium silicate and 25% lime; 5 - 100% calcium silicate and 0% lime and three species of cover crops: millet (Pennisetum americanum L) beard grass (Brachiaria brizantha) pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan L.). The lime used was a mixture of CaCO3 and MgCO3 PA, so as to obtain the same proportions of Ca and Mg, both in the lime and in the silicate, this way varying, only the silicon content in each treatment. The parameters analyzed were: content and accumulation of nutrients ...(Complete abstract, click electronic access below) / Mestre

Os principais impactos ambientais decorrentes de desmontes de rochas com explosivos estão associados à geração de vibrações no maciço circundante e pressão acústica. Para o monitoramento sismográfico apropriado, é fundamental que o sensor esteja bem acoplado ao meio, possibilitando a medição acurada da vibração do terreno. Devido à existência de diversas recomendações a respeito da montagem dos sensores de vibração (geofones) em campo, este estudo tem o intuito de avaliar os métodos de acoplamento de geofone mais comuns, determinando quais são aceitáveis para um adequado monitoramento sismográfico. Dessa forma, foi estudada a influência de quatro métodos de fixação nos parâmetros de vibração. Para este propósito, o primeiro geofone foi colocado sob um saco de areia, o segundo foi enterrado no solo, o terceiro foi cravado no solo e o quarto foi livremente colocado sobre o solo. Estes geofones foram dispostos lado a lado e as vibrações de desmontes com explosivos de uma mina de carvão a céu aberto foram monitoradas. As vibrações foram analisadas em termos de velocidade de vibração de partícula de pico, históricos temporais e frequência associada à vibração. Os resultados obtidos indicaram o desacoplamento do geofone sob saco de areia, descartando o método. O enterramento do geofone se mostrou preferível, entretanto, o uso de cravos registrou bom acoplamento. A colocação do geofone sobre o solo se mostrou aceitável de acordo com o nível de aceleração de vibração, decorrente do desmonte. / The main environmental impacts from rock blasting are ground vibrations and air overpressure. For proper blast vibration monitoring, it is critical that the sensor be coupled to the medium, enabling accurate measurement of ground vibration. Due to the existence of several recommendations regarding the mounting of vibration sensors (geophones) in the field, this study intends to evaluate the most common geophone coupling methods, determining which are acceptable for adequate vibration monitoring. The influence of four mounting methods on vibration parameters was studied. For this purpose, the first geophone was sandbagged, the second one was buried in soil, the third one was spiked and the fourth one was placed freely on the ground. These geophones were mounted side by side and ground vibrations at an opencast coal mine were monitored. The vibrations were analyzed in terms of peak particle velocity, time histories and frequency spectra. The results indicated the decoupling of the sandbagged geophone, discarding the method. The burial of the geophone proved to be preferable, however, the use of spikes recorded good coupling. The free placement of geophone proved to be acceptable according to the expected acceleration level.

O presente trabalho tem como objetivo a reconstrução da história evolutiva ao longo do Holoceno da planície costeira de cordões litorâneos estabelecidos sobre o vale fluvial do Rio Itabapoana/ES. A partir desse objetivo, foram realizadas as seguintes etapas metodológicas: Sensoriamento Remoto, Topografia, Geofísica e Geocronologia. Através da análise da imagem de satélite RapidEye, na composição colorida R5-G3-B1, foram discriminadas classes de cobertura vegetal. A relação entre a vegetação e o solo exposto proporcionou a identificação de três padrões distintos na planície costeira de cordões litorâneos. A obtenção de dados contínuos de altimetria através de um sistema global de navegação por satélite (GNSS), concentrado no caminhamento perpendicular à linha de costa, permitiu a elaboração e análise do perfil altimétrico dos cordões litorâneos, identificando-se três principais características: 1) nos primeiros 600 m tem-se um acréscimo na elevação; 2) em seguida, uma longa faixa “estável”, de pouca mudança na elevação; 3) por fim, o decréscimo da elevação nos últimos 500 m. Para caracterizar a arquitetura deposicional em subsuperfície dos cordões litorâneos, utilizou-se um Radar de Penetração no Solo (GPR) O registro obtido com GPR possibilitou a identificação de três padrões, representados pelas unidades retrogradacional e progradacional, onde o padrão de empilhamento compõe uma sequência de barreira regressiva ou progradante. Para a obtenção de uma relação cronoestratigráfica, seis amostras de sedimentos da fração arenosa de deposição eólica foram coletadas para a obtenção de idades absolutas a partir de Luminescência Opticamente Estimulada (LOE). Os cordões datados apresentaram idades holocênicas, com idades inferiores a 5.261 ± 396 anos. A integração dos resultados obtidos através dos métodos aplicados permitiu o reconhecimento de três padrões que levaram à interpretação de três fases decorrentes das variações do nível relativo do mar e do aporte sedimentar na evolução da planície. Essas fases representam os períodos de transgressão, regressão normal e regressão forçada. / The aim of this study is the reconstruction of the evolutionary history along the Holocene of the of beach ridges coastal plain established on the fluvial valley of Itabapoana River/ES. From this objective, the following methodological steps were performed: Remote Sensing, Topography, Geophysics and Geochronology. Through the analysis of the RapidEye satellite image, in the color composition R5-G3-B1, classes of vegetal cover were discriminated. The relationship between vegetation and exposed soil provided the identification of three distinct patterns of the beach ridges coastal plain. Obtaining continuous data of altimetry with a GNSS system, concentrated in the path perpendicular to the coastline, allowed the elaboration and analysis of the altimetric profile of the beach ridges. It was identified three main characteristics: 1) in the first 600 m there is an increase in elevation; 2) then along “stable” stretch, with little change in elevation; 3) lastly, the decrease of the elevation in the last 500 m. A Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) was used to characterize the depositional architecture in the subsurface of the beach ridges The GPR record allowed the identification of three patterns, represented by the retrogradational and progradational units, in which the stacking pattern consists of a regressive or progradational barrier sequence. Six sediment samples of the sandy fraction of wind deposition were collected to obtain absolute ages from Optically Stimulated Luminescence (OSL). The dated ridges presented Holocene ages, with ages lower than 5,261 ± 396 years. The integration of the results obtained allowed the recognition of three patterns that led to the interpretation of three phases due to the variations of the relative sea level and the sedimentary budget in the evolution of the plain. These phases represent periods of transgression, normal regression and forced regression.

Orientador: José Moacir Marin / Banca: Angela Cleusa de Fátima Banzatto de Carvalho / Banca: Maria da Penha Longo Mortatti Catanozi / Banca: Rubens Toshio Fukuda / Banca: Alessandra Aparecida Medeiros / Resumo: Escherichia coli Shigatoxigênica (STEC) tem sido implicada como agente causador de severas doenças humanas. Amostras de carne moída, moedor de carne e mãos de manipuladores de 23 estabelecimentos comerciais foram testadas para o isolamento de E. coli usando métodos microbiológicos padronizados. Um total de 287 cepas de E. coli isoladas destes diferentes locais foram submetidas ao PCR para detecção de genes stx 1, stx 2 e eae. As cepas positivas para o gene stx foram analisadas verificando se pertenciam ao sorogrupo 0157. Quatro cepas de STEC foram isoladas, sendo 2 de carne moída e 2 de moedor de carne, todas possuíam o gene stx 2, sendo negativas para a presença do gene eae e o sorogrupo 0157. Todas as E. coli isoladas, incluindo as 4 STEC, foram pesquisadas para sua resistência a 12 antibióticos. Altos níveis de resistência frente aos diferentes agentes antimicrobianos foram detectados; as resistências maiores foram observadas para a tetraciclina (76,6%), amoxicilina (64,1 %) e cefalotina (58,8%). Os altos níveis de resistência antimicrobiana salientam a necessidade para a utilização racional destes agentes em bovinos. Foram observadas índices elevados de sensibilidade frente a associação amoxicilina + ácido clavulânico (96,6%), ceftriaxona (92,7%) e gentamicina (90,3%). / Abstract: Shiga toxigenic Escherichía colí (STEC) has been implicated as the causative agent of several human diseases. Samples from 23 retail meat stores (ground beef, grinding-machine and human hand) were assayed for E. calí isolation using microbiological standard methods. A total of 287 E. colí isolates from these different origins were submitted to polymerase chain reaction for the detection of stx 1, stx 2 and eae genes. The isolates positives for stx gene were serotyped for 0157. Four STEC isolates were recovered, 2 from ground beef and 2 from grinding-machine; ali harbored the stx 2 gene and were negative for the presence of the eae gene and the serogroup 0157. Ali E. colí isolates including the four STEC were screened for antibiotic resistance. High levels of resistance against different antimicrobial agents were detected; those most commonly observed were to tetracycline (76.6%), amoxicillin (64.1 %) and cephalothin (58.8%). Such high levels of antimicrobial agents' resistance highlight the need for a more rational use of these agents in cattle. Susceptibility was high for amoxicillin + clavulanic acid (96,6%), ceftriaxone (92,7%) and gentamicin (90,3%). / Doutor

The purpose of this thesis is to investigate the functions of the public library for parents of infants and how they see the ideal library. The research questions are: How do parents of infants use the library and what are their experience of it? What opinions and wishes do parents of infants have regarding the library? How can library services be developed to better match the needs of the parents of infants? The theoretical approach is based on Marianne Andersson and Dorte Skot-Hansen’s model of the public library’s functions and the model of classification by Ellen-Merete Duvold and Gunnar Sæbø. To answer my research questions I have carried out three focus-group interviews with parents of infants. The study revealed that the public library functions as a cultural centre, a social centre, a knowledge centre and, to a certain extent, an information centre for the parents. Baby Story Time and other library programs for infants and parents are examples of a combination of the functions cultural center, social center and knowledge center. These programs also function as information grounds. The parents of infants would like to have a library that is practical, safe and cosy. The programs for infants and parents are popular and there is a need for more of these activities. Evening programs concerning the role of parents could be held at the library. Inviting pregnant women to the library may open possibilities and facilitate greater use. Focus-groups could be held at the library to improve the communication between parents and the library.

Au cours des dernières années, le transport aérien de passagers connaît un développement sans cesse croissant et continue ainsi d’accroire sa contribution aux émissions mondiale de CO2. Par conséquent, un effort commun entre les avionneurs est fait pour diminuer les émissions de CO2 et de polluants. Pour encourager cet effort, les réglementations deviennent de plus en plus drastiques en terme d'émissions et de polluants tels que le CO2, les NOx mais aussi le bruit. Ces nouvelles limitations sont à la fois définies à court et moyen-long termes pour inciter les motoristes à travailler sur les technologies de plus en plus efficientes.Pour concevoir des moteurs toujours plus performants tout en respectant ces réglementations à court terme, les motoristes travaillent sur l'optimisation de leurs technologies conventionnelles, en améliorant des leviers bien identifiés comme l'augmentation du taux de compression. Cependant, cette optimisation des turbomachines actuelles a déjà atteint un niveau de maturité très élevé. Il semble ainsi difficile de continuer indéfiniment leurs optimisations. Par conséquent, pour atteindre les objectifs à moyen-long terme, les motoristes sont dès aujourd'hui en train d'étudier des nouveaux systèmes propulsifs avancés comme les chambres de Combustion à Volume Constant (CVC) qui peuvent accroître le rendement thermique. Contrairement aux chambres de combustion traditionnelles, qui fonctionnent à flux continu, les chambres CVC opèrent de façon cyclique afin de créer un volume constant pendant la phase de combustion et libérer les gaz chauds dans les étages de turbines.Pendant cette thèse, une approche numérique permettant d'évaluer ce type de chambres est développée. Tout l'enjeu est de pouvoir étudier des chambre de combustion intégrant des parties mobiles, qui permettent de créer le volume constant dédié à la combustion tout en évitant les fuites à travers ces systèmes mobiles lors de l'élévation de la pression dans la chambre. Cette modélisation doit aussi prédire correctement les phases transitoires comme l'admission des gaz frais, qui pilote la phase de combustion. Cette étude utilise des objets immergés pour modéliser les parties mobiles. Les objectifs de cette thèse sont de rendre ces objets immergés imperméables et adapter la méthode aux différents modèles utilisés pour étudier les milieux réactifs tels que le modèle de combustion ECFM-LES ou encore l'injection liquide Lagrangienne utilisée pour résoudre l'injection du fuel.Dans cette étude, une nouvelle formulation est développée puis testée sur différents cas tests de plus en plus représentatifs des chambres CVC. Cette approche numérique est ensuite évaluée sur une chambre réel étudiée expérimentalement au laboratoire PPRIRME de Poitiers. Dans cette dernière étude, deux cas non réactifs permettent de comparer les évolutions de pression à deux endroits dans la dispositif expérimental, ainsi que les champs de vitesse au sein de la chambre de combustion, aux simulations réalisées. Pour ces cas complexes, l'utilisation des objets immergés permet de prédire les résultats expérimentaux à un coût attractif.Un des cas non réactif est ensuite carburé et allumé pour confronter l'évolution pression et les champs de vitesse dans la chambre de combustion des résultats numériques obtenus aux mesures expérimentales. L'approche numérique développée a permis d’enrichir les données expérimentales, d'analyser les variabilités cycle-à-cycle rencontrées au banc et d'identifier les leviers qui permettraient d'optimiser ce type d’architecture. / Over the past few years, aircrafts have become a common means of transport, thus continuously increasing their contribution to global CO2 emissions. Consequently, there is a common effort between aircraft manufacturers to reduce CO2 and pollutant emissions. To encourage this effort, regulations are becoming more and more stringent on the emissions and pollutants like CO2, NOx and noise. These regulations are both defined in the short and medium-long terms to urge aircraft manufacturers to work on more and more efficient technologies.In order to design more efficient engines while respecting the short term objectives, engine manufacturers are working on the improvement of conventional architectures by using well-known levers like the increase of the Overall Pressure Ratio (OPR). However, the optimization of the present turbomachinery has already reached a high level of maturity and it seems difficult to continuously enhance their performances. Consequently, to reach the medium-long term objectives, engine manufacturers are working on new advanced propulsion systems such as the Constant Volume Combustion (CVC) chambers, which can increase the thermal efficiency of the system. Contrary to present turbomachinery which are burning fresh gases continuously, CVC chambers operate cyclically so as to create the constant vessel dedicated to the combustion phase and to expand the burnt gases into turbine stages.In this PhD thesis, a numerical approach is developed to allow the evaluation of these kind of combustors. The challenge is to be able to evaluate CVC chambers by taking into account the moving parts which create the constant volume and avoid mass leakages through these moving parts during the increase of the combustion chamber pressure when the combustion occurs. This approach also has to correctly predict unsteady phases like the intake, which directly controls the combustion process.These moving parts are modeled with a Lagrangian Immersed Boundary (LIB) method .The main goals of this thesis is to make the LIB as airtight as possible and to render this approach compatible with the different models which are adapted to analyse reactive flows such as the ECFM-LES combustion model or Lagrangian liquid injection, used for fuel sprays. In this study, a new formulation is developed and tested on several test cases from very simple ones to cases more representative of CVC chambers.Then, this approach is evaluated on a real chamber experimentally analysed in PPRIME laboratory in Poitiers. Two non-reactive operating points are used to compare the experimental pressure at two positions in the apparatus and the experimental velocity fields in the combustion chamber with the numerical results. In this complex configuration, the LIB method allows the prediction of the experimental results with a low CPU cost. As in the experiment, one non-reactive case is carburized and ignited to compare the measured pressure and the velocity fields in the combustion chamber with the simulations. The proposed numerical approach allows the data enhancement of the experiment and then the analysis of the cycle-to-cycle variability encountered during the experimental measurements. Last but not least, this method enables the identification of the different levers that could decrease the variability and then could improve operability of this type of combustors.

Thesis. 1977. Ocean E.--Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Dept. of Ocean Engineering. / MICROFICHE COPY AVAILABLE IN ARCHIVES AND ENGINEERING. / Includes bibliographical references. / by William Augustus Tyler Cassedy IV. / Ocean E.