This master's thesis deals with the measurement of grounding systems in HV/LV distribution networks, which includes grounding system of distribution substation and transmission lines. Explores the issue and principles for the measurement of parameters, which are important for the protection of persons and animals in order not to touch exposed conductive part accidentally, protection of electrical machines and equipment against high fault current and dangerous surges while the correct function of the connected electrical equipment is maintained. These parameters include earth potential rise, ground resistance, soil resistivity, touch voltage, step voltage and transferred potential to the LV network. The aim of this work is the preparation, analysis and subsequent evaluation for the real measurement in practice. These earthing-system measurements were carried out at the distribution station and the concrete pole with a section disconnector. Then a numerical model of the grounding system of concrete pole was created in ANSYS. Subsequent evaluation of the results as numerical terms (comparison measurements and simulated results) and evaluation in terms of analytical (measurement results compliance with the standard) including the numerical model of the earthing system is solved in the practical part of the master's thesis.

This master’s thesis deals with problems associated with the design of LV distribution networks. In the theoretical part there are described, legislative requirements for the designer of distribution networks, overwiev of standards in which the designer should have oriented and programs used in practice to create design documentation. In the next part there are given requirements for the detail design documentation. Practical part of master’s thesis is devoted to design of reconstruction of distribution network in the given part of village. Appraisal of existing a newly design distribution network was done by calculating of stady state in the BIZON program. In the last part there is listed design documentation for construction in range for the smooth implementation of the project.

This master’s thesis is about setting of distance protections. The first part is focused on a brief analysis of the basic types of failures and distance protections tripping characteristics and their co-operation with automatic re-turn. The most extensive theoretical chapter is devoted to specific influences that negatively affect the proper operation of distance protections. The practical part is about calculation of symmetrical short-circuit and dissymmetrical short-circuit conditions with consideration of fault resistance and the actual calculation settings of distance protections. Calculations of short-circuit conditions and setting of distance protections are made on a specific part of the network of E.ON in area Prostejov, which is supplied from the substation 400/110 kV Otrokovice.

Klimatutmaningar, lagändringar och ett ökat miljötänk har tvingat transportsektorn att ställa om till eldrift. Batterier och elmotorer har utvecklats kraftigt och är nu ett alternativ även för tunga fordon. Ett vanligt förekommande problem med elmotorer i fordon är lagerströmmar, här kallat gnista eller blixthändelser. Dessa uppstår på grund av oönskade urladdningar i motorn och förorsakar skador på lagren i motorn. Syftet med motorlager är att avlasta och minska friktionen kring motoraxeln. För att förebygga problemet och se förbättringar eller försämringar av olika åtgärder som görs krävs att lagerströmmar kan identifieras utifrån mätdata. Detta examensarbete analyserar relevant forskning inom området för att sedan introducera en metod och en algoritm för att identifiera lagerströmmar i samarbete med Scania CV. Algoritmen består av tre olika parametrar som påverkar identifieringen av de oönskade strömmarna på olika sätt. Verktyget lyckades identifierade lagerströmmar i olika mätdata, och hittade skillnader i antalet blixthändelser mellan olika körningar av provobjektet. Dock krävs vidare utveckling av verktyget och möjligheten att bearbeta annan typ av data som exempelvis spänningar i motorn för atthitta bättre samband. / A changing climate, changing laws and an increased environmental consciousnesshas forced the transport sector to transition to electric power. Batteries and electric motors have seen a quick and powerful development which means that they are now an alternative even for heavy vehicles. A common problem with electric motors forvehicles is bearing currents. The bearing currents occur as a result of electrical discharges in the motor and can damage the bearings inside the motor. The purpose of motor bearings is to offload and reduce friction for the motor shaft. To prevent the issue and to see improvements or deteriorations from different preventativemeasures it is critical to be able to identify bearing currents from data. This thesis analyzes relevant research in the area before introducing a method and an algorithm for detecting bearing currents in cooperation with Scania CV. The algorithm is composed of three different parameters which affects the identification in different ways. The tool was able to identify bearing currents from various data and found differences between the number of bearing currents between different test runs of the motor. However, more development of the tool and the possibility to process different kinds of data like voltages inside the motor is needed to be able to find better patterns in the data.

Av jord är vi komna, av jord ska vi åter bli. Mellan dessa båda stadier av vår existens strävar jag efter att skapa design som går bortom normer för formgivning av rum och interiör.  I mitt examensarbete i kandidatprogrammet Inred- ningsarkitektur och möbeldesign Konstfack 2024 gestaltar och föreslår jag en bänk, som placerats i en av basarlängorna vid arkitekten Gunnar Asplunds stads- bibliotek vid Observatorielunden. Social hållbarhet, biofiliska och neurovetenskapiska perspektiv, mellan- mänskliga möten och att utforska gränser mellan inne/ ute är centralt i projektet.  Vi har vårt ursprung i naturen och lever i symbios med den men våra moderna livsstilar har i mångt och mycket kopplat bort oss från naturen, i synnerhet i tätbebyggda områden. Det är därför mitt projekt utgår ifrån begreppet biofili; insikten om att vi mår bäst när vi känner oss sammanlänkade med naturen.  Då en central del av projektet har varit att undersöka gränsen mellan inne/ute så har konceptet jordning varit en utgångspunkt i just formsökandet för att undersöka gränsen mellan inne/ute. Jordning innebär att direkt- kontakt med jordens elektronfält har en vetenskapligt bevisad antioxidantisk och antiinflammatorisk effekt på kroppen.  Jag har studerat specifika exempel och referenser från arkitekt Gunnar Asplunds arbete som även om det inte var uttalat harmoniserade med principer inom neu- rodesign och biofilisk design. Platsen jag placerar mitt förslag på är en del av hans ritningar för lokaler och parkmiljöer runt Stockholmstadsbibliotek på Sveavägen byggt 1928.  I designförslaget ”Stötta” har jag materialiserat mina idéer och studier i en bänk som genom sin form, funk- tion och placering kan öppna upp samtal om stödjande design och bidra till att skapa förutsättningar för en hållbar framtid i våra inomhusmiljöer. Genom att in- tegrera mina idéer och studier till bänkens utformning strävar jag efter att vara en del i att ge besökarna på platsen nödvändiga förutsättningar för välbefinnande. Mitt förslag inkluderar att lokalen övergår från att vara en snabbmatsrestaurang till att bli en integrerad del av bibliotekets faciliteter och därmed bli ett offentligt rum tillgängligt för allmänheten. / Ashes to ashes and dust to dust. Between these two stages of our existence, I strive to create designs that go beyond the norms of spatial and interior design. In my thesis for the Bachelor's program in Interior Architecture and Furniture Design at Konstfack 2024, I conceptualize and propose a bench, placed in one of the arcades at architect Gunnar Asplund's city library at Observatorielunden. Social sustainability, biophilic and neuroscientific perspectives, interpersonal interactions, and exploring the boundaries between indoors and outdoors are central to the project. We originate from nature and live in symbiosis with it, but our modern lifestyles have largely disconnected us from nature, especially in densely built areas. Therefore, my project is based on the concept of biophilia; the realization that we feel best when we feel connected to nature. Since a central part of the project has been to explore the boundary between indoors and outdoors, the concept of grounding has been a starting point in the design process to explore this boundary. Grounding means that direct contact with the Earth's electric field has a scientifically proven antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effect on the body. I have studied specific examples and references from architect Gunnar Asplund's work which, although not explicitly stated, harmonized with principles within neurodesign and biophilic design. The place I situate my proposal is part of his drawings for the premises and park environments around the Stockholm City Library on Sveavägen, built in 1928. In the design proposal "Stötta" (Support), I have materialized my ideas and studies in a bench that, through its form, function, and placement, can open up conversations about supportive design and contribute to creating conditions for a sustainable future in our indoor environments. By integrating my ideas and studies into the bench's design, I strive to be part of providing visitors at the location with the necessary conditions for well-being. My proposal includes transforming the premises from a fast-food restaurant into an integrated part of the library's facilities, thereby becoming a public space accessible to everyone.

Orientador: Sérgio Kurokawa / Resumo: Este trabalho apresenta uma proposta de representação de sistemas de aterramento elétrico diretamente no domínio do tempo, tendo como vantagem os benefícios da modelagem realizada no domínio da frequência, com os resultados fornecidos diretamente no domínio do tempo, sem passar por transformadas inversas (Laplace ou Fourier). Os modelos no domínio do tempo são facilmente inseridos nos softwares convencionais de análise transitória, onde as tensões e correntes são melhor compreendidas. A maior contribuição deste trabalho está no desenvolvimento de uma técnica capaz de representar o aterramento com elementos discretos e positivos de circuitos (resistores-R, capacitores-C e indutores-L). Assim, o circuito equivalente representativo do aterramento será sempre um circuito possível de ser implementado fisicamente. Nesta proposta o aterramento é inicialmente modelado no domínio da frequência, sua impedância harmônica é obtida e representada por meio de elementos discretos de circuitos (RLC) associados em série e/ou paralelo. Aterramentos constituídos por um eletrodo horizontal ou uma haste vertical foram representados por meio de aproximação usando o método dos mínimos quadrados (vector fitting), que permite obter a função racional equivalente à admitância do aterramento, a partir da qual são extraídos os ramos de circuitos e consequentemente o circuito equivalente. Apesar de ser possível representar uma infinidade de aterramentos, dependendo do comprimento e diâmetro do eletrodo/ha... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Doutor

Submitted by SBI Biblioteca Digital (sbi.bibliotecadigital@puc-campinas.edu.br) on 2018-02-19T16:48:56Z No. of bitstreams: 1 CAMILA MADEIROS ALCANTARA PIMENTA.pdf: 4765494 bytes, checksum: dac59f354329911b1dfcb8422a61af1b (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-02-19T16:48:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 CAMILA MADEIROS ALCANTARA PIMENTA.pdf: 4765494 bytes, checksum: dac59f354329911b1dfcb8422a61af1b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-12-15 / Electrical grounding is part of the Atmospheric Discharge Protection System (ADPS), whose functions are to provide a path for the circulation of electric current in the ground and to enable the detection of a possible fault between the energized conductors and the earth. For grounding to be efficient, some characteristics must be taken into account, such as soil type and resistivity. In this sense, measurements of resistivity and soil stratification are important for a correct sizing of the grounding system. Soils with high water concentration (low resistivity) are better current conductors than dry soils, for example. Soils with high resistivity can cause a return current. Thus, some decisions aimed at strengthening the grounding system should be taken when there are soils with inadequate grounding characteristics. Therefore, this work aims to evaluate the influence of soil electrical resistivity and enveloping types using concrete types in the substation electrical grounding system through software simulations, taking into account soil resistivity characteristics. In the analysis of types of envelopment, it was possible to observe that the concretes with greater amount of water in their composition have a lower electrical resistivity. The use of concrete enveloping is feasible for soils with high resistivity, as in the case of the land located in the city of Campinas, and it was possible to verify that for soils with low resistivity its use may be impractical since other options such as inclusion of more cables and installation of the rods in the layers with less resistivity are sufficient and more economical. / O aterramento el?trico faz parte do Sistema de Prote??o Contra Descargas Atmosf?ricas (SPDA), cujas fun??es s?o fornecer um caminho para a circula??o de corrente el?trica na terra, escoamento para a terra de cargas induzidas nas carca?as dos equipamentos el?tricos e, em conjunto com os dispositivos diferenciais-residuais, possibilitar a detec??o de uma poss?vel falha entre os condutores energizados e a terra. Para que o aterramento seja eficiente, algumas caracter?sticas devem ser levadas em considera??o, tais como o tipo e a resistividade do solo. Neste sentido, medi??es da resistividade e a estratifica??o do solo s?o importantes para um dimensionamento correto do sistema de aterramento. Solos com alta concentra??o de ?gua (baixa resistividade) s?o melhores condutores de corrente do que um solo seco, por exemplo. Solos com alta resistividade podem ocasionar uma corrente de retorno. Assim, algumas decis?es visando o refor?o do sistema de aterramento devem ser tomadas quando se tem solos com caracter?sticas inadequadas ao aterramento. Portanto, esse trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a influ?ncia da resistividade el?trica do solo e de tipos de envelopamento utilizando tipos de concreto no sistema de aterramento el?trico de subesta??es atrav?s de simula??es em software, levando em conta as caracter?sticas de resistividade do solo. Nas an?lises de tipos de envelopamento, foi poss?vel observar que os concretos com maior quantidade de ?gua em sua composi??o possuem uma resistividade el?trica mais baixa. A utiliza??o do envelopamento de concreto ? vi?vel para solos com alta resistividade, como ? o caso do terreno localizado na cidade de Campinas, e foi poss?vel verificar que para solos com resistividade baixa sua utiliza??o pode ser invi?vel j? que outras op??es como inclus?o de mais cabos e instala??o das hastes nas camadas com menor resistividade s?o suficientes e mais econ?micas.

Cette thèse considère l'apprentissage de motifs récurrents dans la perception multimodale. Elle s'attache à développer des modèles robotiques de ces facultés telles qu'observées chez l'enfant, et elle s'inscrit en cela dans le domaine de la robotique développementale.Elle s'articule plus précisément autour de deux thèmes principaux qui sont d'une part la capacité d'enfants ou de robots à imiter et à comprendre le comportement d'humains, et d'autre part l'acquisition du langage. A leur intersection, nous examinons la question de la découverte par un agent en développement d'un répertoire de motifs primitifs dans son flux perceptuel. Nous spécifions ce problème et établissons son lien avec ceux de l'indétermination de la traduction décrit par Quine et de la séparation aveugle de source tels qu'étudiés en acoustique.Nous en étudions successivement quatre sous-problèmes et formulons une définition expérimentale de chacun. Des modèles d'agents résolvant ces problèmes sont également décrits et testés. Ils s'appuient particulièrement sur des techniques dites de sacs de mots, de factorisation de matrices et d'apprentissage par renforcement inverse. Nous approfondissons séparément les trois problèmes de l'apprentissage de sons élémentaires tels les phonèmes ou les mots, de mouvements basiques de danse et d'objectifs primaires composant des tâches motrices complexes. Pour finir nous étudions le problème de l'apprentissage d'éléments primitifs multimodaux, ce qui revient à résoudre simultanément plusieurs des problèmes précédents. Nous expliquons notamment en quoi cela fournit un modèle de l'ancrage de mots acoustiques / This thesis focuses on learning recurring patterns in multimodal perception. For that purpose it develops cognitive systems that model the mechanisms providing such capabilities to infants; a methodology that fits into thefield of developmental robotics.More precisely, this thesis revolves around two main topics that are, on the one hand the ability of infants or robots to imitate and understand human behaviors, and on the other the acquisition of language. At the crossing of these topics, we study the question of the how a developmental cognitive agent can discover a dictionary of primitive patterns from its multimodal perceptual flow. We specify this problem and formulate its links with Quine's indetermination of translation and blind source separation, as studied in acoustics.We sequentially study four sub-problems and provide an experimental formulation of each of them. We then describe and test computational models of agents solving these problems. They are particularly based on bag-of-words techniques, matrix factorization algorithms, and inverse reinforcement learning approaches. We first go in depth into the three separate problems of learning primitive sounds, such as phonemes or words, learning primitive dance motions, and learning primitive objective that compose complex tasks. Finally we study the problem of learning multimodal primitive patterns, which corresponds to solve simultaneously several of the aforementioned problems. We also details how the last problems models acoustic words grounding.

Les phénomènes de couplage électromagnétique entre les lignes aériennes de transmission d'énergie et des structures voisines sont inévitables, surtout dans les zones densément peuplées. Les effets indésirables découlants de cette proximité sont variés, allant de l'établissement des tensions dangereuses à l'apparition de phénomènes de corrosion dus au courant alternatif. L'étude de cette classe de problèmes est nécessaire pour assurer la sécurité dans les alentours de la zone d'interaction et aussi pour préserver l'intégrité des équipements et des dispositifs présents. Cependant, la modélisation complète de ce type d'application implique la représentation tridimensionnelle de la région d'intérêt et nécessite des méthodes numériques de calcul de champs spécifiques. Dans ces travaux, des problèmes liés à la circulation de courants électriques dans le sol (ou de couplage dit conductif) seront abordés avec la méthode des éléments finis. D'autres problèmes résultants de la variation temporelle des champs électromagnétiques (ou de couplage dit inductif) seront aussi considérés et traités avec la méthode PEEC (Partial Element Equivalent Circuit) généralisée. Plus précisément, une condition limite particulière sur le potentiel électrique est proposée pour tronquer le domaine de calcul dans l'analyse par éléments finis des problèmes de couplage conductif et une formulation PEEC complète pour la modélisation de problèmes de couplage inductif est présentée. Des configurations tests de complexités croissantes sont considérées pour valider les approches précédentes. Ces travaux visent ainsi à apporter une contribution à la modélisation de cette classe de problèmes, qui tendent à devenir communs avec l'expansion des réseaux électriques. / Electromagnetic coupling phenomena between overhead power transmission lines and other nearby structures are inevitable, especially in densely populated areas. The undesired effects resulting from this proximity are manifold and range from the establishment of hazardous potentials to the outbreak of alternate current corrosion phenomena. The study of this class of problems is necessary for ensuring security in the vicinities of the interaction zone and also to preserve the integrity of equipment and devices there present. However, the complete modeling of this type of application requires the three-dimensional representation of the region of interest and needs specific numerical methods for field computation. In this work, the modeling of problems arising from the flow of electrical currents in the ground (the so-called conductive coupling) will be addressed with the finite element method. Those resulting from the time variation of the electromagnetic fields (the so-called inductive coupling) will be considered as well, and they will be treated with the generalized PEEC (Partial Element Equivalent Circuit) method. More specifically, a special boundary condition on the electric potential is proposed for truncating the computational domain in the finite element analysis of conductive coupling problems, and a complete PEEC formulation for modeling inductive coupling problems is presented. Test configurations of increasing complexities are considered for validating the foregoing approaches. These works aim to provide a contribution to the modeling of this class of problems, which tend to become common with the expansion of power grids. / Fenômenos de acoplamento eletromagnético entre linhas aéreas de transmissão de energia e outras estruturas vizinhas são inevitáveis, sobretudo emáreas densamente povoadas. Os efeitos indesejados decorrentes desta proximidadesão variados, indo desde o estabelecimento de potenciais perigosos até o surgimento de processos de corrosão por corrente alternada. O estudo desta classe de problemas é necessária para a garantia da segurança nas imediações da zona de interação e também para se preservar a integridade de equipamentos e dispositivos ali presentes. Entretanto, a modelagem completa deste tipo de aplicação requer a representação tridimensional da região de interesse e necessita de métodos numéricos de cálculo de campos específicos. Neste trabalho, serão abordadas as modelagens de problemas decorrentes da circulação de correntes elétricas no solo (ditos de acoplamentocondutivo) com o método dos elementos finitos. Também serão considerados problemas produzidos pela variação temporal dos campos eletromagnéticos (ditos de acoplamento indutivo), que serão tratados com o método PEEC(Partial Element Equivalent Circuit) generalizado. Mais especificamente, uma condição de contorno particular sobre o potencial elétrico é proposta para o truncamento do domínio de cálculo na análise de problemas de acoplamento condutivo com o método dos elementos finitos, e uma formulação completa tipo PEEC para a modelagem de problemas de acoplamento indutivo é apresentada. Problemas teste de complexidades crescentes são considerados para a validação das abordagens precedentes. Estes trabalhos visam fornecer desta forma uma contribuição à modelagem desta classe de problemas, que tendem a se tornar comuns com a expansão das redes elétricas.

This thesis addresses the division that exists between theory and praxis. Theology in general and practical theology as a specific discipline has allowed this division to arise and indeed grow. The problem facing us is that faith communities now operate out of blind theory and/or blind praxis. To address this situation a reintegration of the theory and practice of the entire ecclesial praxis is needed. This thesis proposes “Practical Theological Ecclesiology” as the way forward. Practical theological ecclesiology is defined as: The dynamic critical purposeful engagement with the human-divine interactive life of the ecclesial praxis to: ground, integrate, align and improve its essence and expression dimensions as the revelational incarnational sign of God and his purposes in and for the world and directed toward his eschatological kingdom goal. Practical theological ecclesiology addresses both the abstractness of pure ecclesiology and the pragmatics of the praxis through the development of an operational ecclesiology model that integrates the essence, expression and goal dimensions of the ecclesial praxis. By applying the operational ecclesiology model to praxis, practical theological ecclesiology, through the tasks of grounding, integrating, aligning and improving, uncover the gaps that exist in and between the theory and praxis of a faith community. The resulting analysis provides ecclesial pictures of what is, compared to what should be, according to the operational ecclesiology model. The areas of ecclesial life which need to be grounded, integrated, aligned and improved are therefore exposed for ongoing work. Historical and contemporary research of the Christian Community Churches of Australia, provide the data for a case study which illustrates the potential and the analysis process of practical theological ecclesiology. The research underlines the importance of having an integrated operational ecclesiology, of grounding and integrating the theory, of aligning of theory and praxis, and of providing improvement direction for the praxis, thus removing theory and praxis division, avoiding both blind theory and blind praxis, and giving a clear pathway for the future . / Practical Theology / D. Th. (Practical Theology)