There is great concern by the power systems utilities related to disturbances that generate induced overvoltages in the power network, as they reach the consumer sensitive equipment, causing damage and losses. In consequence of this framework, the power systems utilities get large financial losses every year due to indemnity for damage to such equipments. Among the disturbances that lead to induced overvoltages are lightning. Thus, in this work it was developed the study and analysis of the lightning´s effect on loads allocated on average (11kV/15kV) and low voltage (below 600V) under the influence caused by the resistance of grounding. For modeling and simulation of the system under analysis, the program for transient study ATP (Alternative Transient Program) was used. To develop the study, it was designed a system comprising of an 88kV transmission line, a substation, a distribution line of 13.8 kV and loads representing residential consumers. It was also analyzed the use of surge suppressor in the low voltage distribution transformers as a way to mitigate the induced overvoltages that reach consumers. / Existe uma grande preocupação por parte das concessionárias de energia relacionada aos distúrbios que geram sobretensões induzidas na rede elétrica, pois estas atingem os equipamentos sensíveis dos consumidores, causando danos e perdas. Em conseqüência deste quadro, as concessionárias contraem grandes prejuízos financeiros todos os anos devido ao ressarcimento por danos a tais equipamentos. Dentre os distúrbios causadores de sobretensões induzidas destacam-se as descargas atmosféricas. Sendo assim, neste trabalho foi desenvolvido o estudo e análise do efeito de descargas atmosféricas em cargas alocadas em média (11kV/15kV) e baixa tensão (abaixo de 600V) relacionada a influência causada pela resistência de aterramento. Para a modelagem e simulações do sistema sob análise utilizou-se o programa para estudo de transitórios ATP (Alternative Transient Program). Para a realização do estudo modelou-se um sistema composto de uma linha de transmissão de 88kV, uma subestação, uma linha de distribuição de 13,8kV e cargas que representam os consumidores residenciais. É analisada também a utilização de supressores de surto na baixa tensão dos transformadores de distribuição como forma de atenuar as sobretensões induzidas que atingem os consumidores. / Mestre em Ciências

Este trabalho fundamenta-se no desenvolvimento e aprimoramento de metodologias para a melhor representação do aterramento elétrico sob uma análise transiente. O estudo concentrase no estabelecimento de contribuições ao estado da arte associadas à análise e modelagem de aterramento impulsivo e em altas frequências. O estudo vincula-se também à avaliação da suportabilidade de seres humanos submetidos a potenciais produzidos na superfície do solo, provenientes da corrente elétrica gerada por um surto atmosférico. A concepção das metodologias propostas baseou-se no uso do Método da Modelagem por Linhas de Transmissão em uma dimensão (TLM-1D). Destacam-se três grandes tópicos da pesquisa. O primeiro concentra-se no desenvolvimento de formulação para a inclusão do fenômeno de ionização do solo ao Método TLM-1D clássico. A formulação desenvolvida tem como característica ser uma técnica generalista, independente das propriedades do meio, dimensões do eletrodo e do surto atmosférico. O segundo foco concentra-se no aprimoramento e desenvolvimento de equacionamento analítico para a estimação de potenciais gerados na superfície do solo, originados pela corrente elétrica estabelecida sobre eletrodo de aterramento. Tal equacionamento tem grande aplicabilidade em conjunto com metodologias numéricas unidimensionais, as quais não são capazes de determinar diretamente os referidos potenciais. Por fim, a realização de estudo de suportabilidade e segurança de seres humanos em contato com eletrodos de aterramento submetidos a surto atmosférico, considerando modelo representativo baseado em circuitos elétricos, consolida o trabalho desenvolvido. / This work is based on the development and improvement of methodologies for the best representation of the electrical grounding under a transient analysis. The study concentrated on establishing contributions to the state of the art related to the analysis and modeling of impulsive and high frequencies grounding systems. The study is also associated to the evaluation of the supportability of human beings submitted to the potentials produced on the soil surface from the electric current generated by a lightning. The conception of the proposed methodology was based on the Transmission Line Modeling Method in one dimension (TLM- 1D). Three major research topics can be highlighted. The first involves the development of a formulation to include the soil ionization phenomenon in the classic TLM-1D algorithm. The developed formulation is a generalist technique, independent of the medium properties, characteristic of the electrode and lightning surge. The second aims at the improvement and development of analytical equations for estimating the generated potential on the soil surface, originated by the electric current calculated in the grounding electrode. Such equationing has great applicability in conjunction with one-dimensional numerical methods which are not able to determine such potential directly. Finally, the achievement of a supportability study and personal safety of humans in contact with the grounding electrodes subjected to a lightning, considering a representative model based on electrical circuits, consolidates the developed work.

Qu’est-ce que la rationalité pratique ? Répondre à cette interrogation, c’est déterminer la nature du raisonnement pratique qu’un acteur se trouvant dans une situation concrète doit entreprendre ; comment, autrement dit, il doit délibérer, juger et agir. Afin de mener à bien ce projet, les philosophes contemporains mobilisent des héritages philosophiques distincts. Dans chacune des trois grandes traditions de la philosophie occidentale – les traditions française, allemande et anglo-américaine – des philosophes se revendiquant d’Aristote ou de Kant ont ainsi récemment débattu de la possibilité de fonder en raison des principes normatifs généraux, du rôle que de tels principes peuvent jouer au sein du raisonnement pratique et des liens que l’on doit tisser entre la rationalité pratique et les vertus. L’objectif général de notre recherche est de démontrer la fécondité des débats entre kantiens et aristotéliciens tout en défendant l’existence d’un kantisme transformé par l’aristotélisme qui nous permet aujourd’hui de mieux cerner les ressorts du raisonnement pratique. Un tel parcours nous fournira l’occasion de contribuer à la réception de travaux qui n’ont pas encore fait couler beaucoup d’encre en France, notamment ceux de Christine Korsgaard, d’Onora O’Neill, de Barbara Herman et de Nancy Sherman. / What is practical rationality? To answer this question, one must determine how an agent facing a specific challenge in a given situation should reason and determine how to act. In order to carry out this project, contemporary philosophers build on different historical perspectives. In each of the three main tradition of Western philosophy – the Anglo-American, German and French traditions – philosophers are thus rereading Aristotle and Kant to answer questions such as “Is it possible to ground general normative principles?”, “What role must principles play in our practical reasonings?” and “What is the relationship between practical rationality and virtue?”. My overall objective is to shed light on these debates, and then to defend a form of Kantianism infused with Aristotelian ideas that can help us paint a more satisfying picture of practical rationality. By doing so, I also contribute to the French reception of contemporary philosophical works such as the ones of Christine Korsgaard, Onora O’Neill, Barbara Herman and Nancy Sherman.

Submitted by Jaqueline Silva (jtas29@gmail.com) on 2016-08-29T17:39:21Z No. of bitstreams: 3 Dissertação - Bárbara Pereira Silva - 2016 - parte 1.pdf: 12258499 bytes, checksum: 8af480355ae4ffedb4ed79cbf7484361 (MD5) Dissertação - Bárbara Pereira Silva - 2016 - parte 2.pdf: 12730012 bytes, checksum: d173d49860226f3a2179be40d51ef666 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Jaqueline Silva (jtas29@gmail.com) on 2016-08-29T17:39:44Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 3 Dissertação - Bárbara Pereira Silva - 2016 - parte 1.pdf: 12258499 bytes, checksum: 8af480355ae4ffedb4ed79cbf7484361 (MD5) Dissertação - Bárbara Pereira Silva - 2016 - parte 2.pdf: 12730012 bytes, checksum: d173d49860226f3a2179be40d51ef666 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-29T17:39:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 3 Dissertação - Bárbara Pereira Silva - 2016 - parte 1.pdf: 12258499 bytes, checksum: 8af480355ae4ffedb4ed79cbf7484361 (MD5) Dissertação - Bárbara Pereira Silva - 2016 - parte 2.pdf: 12730012 bytes, checksum: d173d49860226f3a2179be40d51ef666 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03-29 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / In the grounding systems analysis, the investigation of the effects caused by lightning discharge is a crucial task, since it is the main electromagnetic phenomena responsible for electricity outages which can be the cause of severe mechanical and thermal stresses on electric installations. This dissertation presents a study of transient behavior for various grounding configurations subject to impulsive currents originated from incident discharges. The model is named hybrid electromagnetic model, because it is based on electromagnetic equations and it is used concepts of electrical circuit analysis. The modeling is performed in frequency domain considering the effects of electromagnetic propagation on the metal electrode and into surrounding soil. In the numerical solution of model is used the method of moments for the discretization of the electrodes and calculus of the impedances. This methodology also considers the variation of electric soil parameters when frequency varies. The modeling comprised the effects of propagation and electromagnetic couplings between the grounding electrodes. Results were obtained for simple electrodes (wire horizontally buried in the soil or a vertical rod) and grounding grid in square format from the computational implementation of the mathematical model. This tool and the results obtained lend itself to the determination of the grounding systems response subjected to an injection of a typical current of lightning discharge. The validation of the tool which resulted from this work is made by comparing the obtained results with results of similar cases reported in the technical literature. / Na análise de sistemas de aterramento elétrico é primordial a investigação dos efeitos causados pela incidência de descarga atmosférica, uma vez que esse é o principal fenômeno eletromagnético responsável pelos desligamentos não programados de instalações elétricas causando severas solicitações mecânicas e térmicas. Nesta dissertação é apresentado um estudo do comportamento transitório para diferentes configurações de eletrodos de aterramentos frente a descargas atmosféricas. O modelo adotado é nomeado de modelo eletromagnético híbrido, pois baseia-se nas equações eletromagnéticas e utiliza-se conceitos da análise de circuitos elétricos. A modelagem é realizada no domínio da frequência, considerando-se os efeitos da propagação eletromagnética no eletrodo metálico e no solo ao redor. Na solução numérica do modelo é empregado o método dos momentos para a discretizacão dos eletrodos e obtenção das impedâncias. É também levada em conta a variação dos parâmetros elétricos do solo com a frequência. São contemplados nesta modelagem os efeitos de propagação e os acoplamentos eletromagnéticos entre os eletrodos do aterramento. A partir da implementação computacional do modelo, foram obtidos resultados para eletrodos simples (em posição horizontal ou vertical) e para malhas quadradas. Esta ferramenta e os resultados obtidos permitem avaliar a resposta do aterramento submetido a uma injeção de uma corrente impulsiva típica de descargas atmosféricas. A validação da ferramenta desenvolvida é feita por meio de comparações dos resultados obtidos com resultados de casos semelhantes publicados na literatura técnica.

Submitted by Cássia Santos (cassia.bcufg@gmail.com) on 2016-12-16T12:38:56Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Rafael da Silva Ferraz - 2016.pdf: 8992095 bytes, checksum: 11544acef63b20e945753d7b895bb5ae (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Jaqueline Silva (jtas29@gmail.com) on 2016-12-16T16:57:34Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Rafael da Silva Ferraz - 2016.pdf: 8992095 bytes, checksum: 11544acef63b20e945753d7b895bb5ae (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-16T16:57:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Rafael da Silva Ferraz - 2016.pdf: 8992095 bytes, checksum: 11544acef63b20e945753d7b895bb5ae (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-11-04 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / This work presents the project and the implementation of a device that is capable of measuring the electrical effects, especially the impedance, in grounding meshes when subjected to atmospherical discharges. An analysis on the influence of the atmospheric discharges in electrical protection systems is performed and also a comparison between current and voltage impulsive circuits. The device is built of electronic circuits controlled by a microcontroller, with the possibility of parameter adjusting for shaping the generated impulse wave. The device was conceived such that it can be used for tests of soil impedance measurement and for verification of the behavior of electrical grounding systems under high frequencies. The results are presented for tests in different types of systems and there was satisfactory performance for the developed equipment when compared with a commercial device / Este trabalho apresenta o projeto e a implementação do dispositivo capaz de medir os efeitos elétricos, em especial, as impedâncias, em malha de aterramento, sujeito a descargas atmosféricas. Analisa-se as influências das descargas atmosféricas nos sistemas de proteção elétricos e desenvolve-se análise comparativa dos circuitos impulsivos de corrente e de tensão. Constrói-se o dispositivo que consiste de circuitos eletrônicos controlados por microcontrolador, com possibilidade de ajuste de parâmetros da onda gerada. O dispositivo produzido é utilizado para medição da impedância do solo e verificação do comportamento de sistemas de aterramento elétrico em baixas e altas frequências. São apresentados os resultados dos testes em diferentes tipos de sistemas, demonstrando o satisfatório desempenho quando comparado com instrumento comercial.

Orientador: Cesar José Bonjuani Pagan / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Elétrica e de Computação / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-20T02:16:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 TrindadedeOliveira_Murilo_M.pdf: 8021703 bytes, checksum: 3faa29c4fb8fec84d66f98a7389ed1b5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Resumo: Nesta dissertação propomos a análise de uma idealização estabelecida dentro da teoria eletromagnética. A partir de Um Tratado sobre Eletricidade e Magnetismo, James C. Maxwell expõe alguns conceitos físicos relativos ao aterramento elétrico em condutores. Assim, ele estima que a presença de um fio condutor que estabelece a conexão entre um corpo condutor e outro, ou mesmo ao terra elétrico, perturba as características do sistema envolvido (carga, potencial e campo elétrico). Desse modo, Maxwell preconiza que para sistemas teóricos ou idealizados, quão indefinidamente fino seja o fio, indefinidamente menor será a perturbação gerada. A contextualização de uma idealização física dentro do ensino da teoria eletromagnética, especialmente para um curso de engenharia, é necessária no intuito de enfatizar as diferenças entre modelos reais e teóricos, uma vez também que os estudantes destes cursos devem estar interessados no desenvolvimento prático dos conceitos apreendidos em sala de aula. Nesse sentido, quando tratamos do método das imagens, especificamente para o problema de uma carga na presença de um condutor esférico aterrado, temos a oportunidade de explorar os limites de um modelo teórico, delimitando quais nuances podem aproximá-lo de uma aplicação no mundo real. Em vista disso, notamos que a maioria dos livros didáticos usados no ensino do eletromagnetismo, quando lidam com o problema do aterramento da esfera, simplesmente negligenciam a questão suscitada por Maxwell, de modo a transformar o problema em um exercício puramente matemático, sem necessidade de explicar os fundamentos físicos que sustentam a solução do problema. Portanto, o intuito do presente trabalho é desenvolver um modelo cuja solução defina o comportamento físico para ambos os casos (levando em consideração ou não a existência da conexão da esfera com o terra elétrico), bem como verificar os limites deste modelo teórico / Abstract: In this work, we propose the analysis about an idealized established within electromagnetic theory. From A Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism, James C. Maxwell presents some physical concepts related to electrical conductors grounded. In this direction, he estimates that the presence of a straight metallic wire which establishes the connection between a conducting body and another, or even to electrical ground, disturbs the properties of the system involved (charge, potential and electric field). Thus, Maxwell preconize for theoretical or idealized systems, how indefinitely thin is the wire, indefinitely lower is the disturbance created. The context of a physical idealization into the teaching of electromagnetic theory, especially for an engineering degree is required in order to emphasize the differences between real and theoretical models, since the students of these courses should be also interested in the practical development of the concepts learned in the classroom. In this sense, when we discussed the method of images, specifically to the problem of a charge point charge in the presence of a grounded conducting sphere, we have the opportunity to explore the limits of a theoretical model, outlining which nuances can approach it to a real world application. In view of this, we note that most of the textbooks used in teaching electromagnetism, when deals with the problem of grounded sphere, they simply neglect the issue raised by Maxwell. In order to transform the problem into a purely mathematical exercise, without to explain the physical foundations that support the solution of the problem. Therefore, the aim of this work is to develop a model whose solution defines the physical behavior for both cases (taking into account or not the existence of a connection of the sphere with the electrical ground), and to verify the limits of this theoretical model / Mestrado / Eletrônica, Microeletrônica e Optoeletrônica / Mestre em Engenharia Elétrica

A common injury type associated with vessel groundings on coral reefs is generation of coral rubble. As a substrate rubble is dynamic and can be mobilized by normal wave agitation, causing secondary damage to surviving corals and preventing coral larvae and invertebrates from surviving. Typical rubble management options include offsite removal and onsite stabilization using artificial materials. Sponges show promise as a restoration tool for rubble stabilization, especially sponges that are known to have rapid regeneration rates, low mortality, and the capability to quickly form attachment points to natural and artificial substrates. As an effective restoration tool a sustainable source of sponge is required in order to minimize impact on natural populations. The purpose of this project is to evaluate the feasibility of sponge propagation for use as a restoration material following groundings on coral reefs in Biscayne National Park, FL. If small sponge fragments could be collected from donor sponges and propagated on artificial growout structures (i.e. nurseries) a sustainable source of sponge fragments could be maintained for future restoration activities. If feasible, this technique would create a continually growing sponge source that would require a single harvest, reducing pressure on the local sponge populations. Fragments of four species of native sponges, Aplysina fulva¸ Amphimedon compressa, Aplysina cauliformis, and Iotrochota birotulata, were harvested and attached to artificial growout structures composed of PVC rods and cement paver tiles. Fragment necrosis, attachment, sponge retention (persistence throughout the study), complexity, and growth rates for all four species were recorded monthly for one year. Two different PVC types were utilized to compare attachment material effects on growth. Donor sponges were monitored to assess recovery and growth after harvesting, and intact sponges in the natural population were also monitored as a control. Transplanted fragments had the highest retention of any treatment (96-100% of fragments remained), growth rates ranging from 105% to 424%, low necrosis rates, and all but one species increased in complexity. There was no significant difference in sponge growth on different PVC types or between sites. Within one month all donor wounds inflicted by harvest were completely healed, and by the end of the study donors had significantly higher growth rates than the control treatment, ranging from 400% to 781% of initial sponge volume. Donor sponges also had low necrosis rates, but were less complex than controls. This is a promising, practical and low cost method, and based on these results, is a feasible way of producing sponges for us in restoration, with little negative impact on the natural populations.

No description available.

Bientôt, les robots ne travailleront plus de manière isolée mais avec nous. Ils entrent peu à peu dans notre vie de tous les jours pour coopérer, assister, aider, servir, apprendre, enseigner ou même jouer avec l'homme. Dans ce contexte, nous considérons que ce ne doit pas être à l'homme de s'adapter au robot. Au contraire, le robot doit être capable d'intégrer, dans ses stratégies de planification et de décision, différents facteurs d'effort et de confort et de prendre en compte les préférences et désirs de l'homme ainsi que les normes sociales de son environnement. Tout en respectant les principes de sécurité réglementaire, le robot doit se comporter, naviguer, manipuler, communiquer et apprendre d'une manière qui soit pertinente, acceptée et compréhensible par l'homme. Cette thèse explore et définit les ingrédients clés nécessaires au robot pour développer une telle intelligence socio-cognitive. Elle définit également un cadre pour l'interaction homme-robot permettant de s'attaquer à ces challenges dans le but de rendre le robot socialement intelligent / Robots will no longer be working isolated from us. They are entering into our day-to-day life to cooperate, assist, help, serve, learn, teach and play with us. In this context, it is important that because of the presence of robots, the human should not be on compromising side. To achieve this, beyond the basic safety requirements, robots should take into account various factors ranging from human’s effort, comfort, preferences, desire, to social norms, in their various planning and decision making strategies. They should behave, navigate, manipulate, interact and learn in a way, which is expected, accepted, and understandable by us, the human. This thesis begins by exploring and identifying the basic yet key ingredients of such socio-cognitive intelligence. Then we develop generic frameworks and concepts from HRI perspective to address these additional challenges, and to elevate the robots capabilities towards being socially intelligent

本文旨從語用和語音方面，來探討中文「敘述性」言談(narrative discourse)對話中，說話者自然產生的節拍手勢。在語用方面，主要是觀察說話者使用節拍手勢表達前後景(Grounding)和新/舊訊息(Information state)的關係。研究結果發現，說話者較常使用節拍手勢來傳達前景(foreground)的新訊息，以提示聽話者注意。此外，說話者在敘述的過程中，常使用節拍手勢來預示前後景訊息的轉換。在語音方面，主要探討說話者使用節拍手勢時，其所對應的語句之音調高低及說話能量強度的關係。研究發現，語句的音高和強度無法預測這類手勢的產生；但是，當傳達前景的新訊息時，這類手勢的出現常伴隨著較強的語氣。此外，研究結果也顯示，說話者使用節拍手勢通常是有規律性的。 / This thesis investigates gestural beats in Chinese narrative discourse at both pragmatic and acoustic levels. The relationship among grounding, information state and beat gestures is examined at the pragmatic level, and at the acoustic level, the relationship among pitch, intensity, and gestural beats is analyzed. Moreover, whether there is a rhythmic pattern for beat gestures is further studied. The subjects were four undergraduates who were asked to view an animated color cartoon episode and then to immediately recount the events in it to a listener. The subjects were audio-video taped. They were not informed of the particular interest of the study. 291 beats were transcribed and analyzed. The audio data was analyzed on Praat and a Kay’s Model 4100. The continuous beats were further analyzed to investigate the rhythmic patterns and were annotated in Anvil, a video annotation tool. Gestural beats, narrative data, and the annotations were statistically analyzed and five phenomena for beat gestures were explored. First, gestural beats can appear in both foregrounded and backgrounded clauses. Second, the occurrence of beat gestures signals shifts between levels of the narrative structure. Third, speakers usually incline to utter new information in foregrounded clauses in Chinese narrative discourse with accompanying beats. Fourth, neither intensity nor pitch changes can predict and correlate with the occurrence of gestural beats in the relationship between beats and two acoustic factors. However, when grounding and the information state of the associated referents are considered, beats are produced for new information in foregrounded clauses with greater intensity. Finally, there is a rhythmic pattern in the production of continuous beats and the regularity of the patterns correlates with the clause boundary. A close relationship is revealed between speech and gestures in this thesis. The findings provide some linguistic details that may help explore the performance of gestural beats and speech in Chinese narrative discourse.