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Bakgrund Inom hälso-och sjukvården är vårdrelaterade infektioner den mest förkommande typen av vårdskador. Vårdrelaterade infektioner kan leda till lidande för patienten samtidigt som det medför stora kostnader för samhället. Den basala handhygienrutinen är en grundläggande faktor för att kunna arbeta preventivt gentemot vårdrelaterade infektioner. Ämnet är viktigt att studera i syfte att förstå hur rutiner för handhygien ser ut i vården ur ett globalt perspektiv. Syfte Syftet var att belysa sjukvårdspersonalens efterlevnad av handhygienrutiner. Metod Denna studie har skrivits som en litteraturöversikt. Resultatet är baserat på tio vetenskapliga originaltitlar av både kvantitativ samt kvalitativ design som svarade på studien syfte. Sökmotorerna som användes för att hitta artiklarna var PubMed och Cinahl complete. Resultat I resultatet påvisade sjukvårdspersonalen en förhållandevis låg efterlevnad av handhygienrutiner. Personliga uppfattningar, tid, kunskap och utförande var faktorer som påverkade sjukvårdpersonalens efterlevnad. Det framkom att det fanns en stor variation av kunskap gällande handhygienrutiner. Kunskapsbristen berodde på personalens förhållningssätt samt i vilken utsträckning de fått utbildning i handhygienrutiner. En faktor som ökade sjukvårdspersonalens efterlevnad var kontinuerlig utbildning. Sammanfattning I studien framgick det att det fanns ett stort behov av att öka sjukvårdspersonalens efterlevnad av handhygienrutiner runt om i världen. Interventionen grundar sig att sjukvårdspersonalen bör följa de rekommenderade handhygienrutinerna så som handhygiens utförande, tidsåtgång samt aseptisk teknik. Regelbunden utbildning inom handhygien var en viktig faktor för efterlevnaden. Fortsättningsvis finns ett stort behov för vidareutbildning och kontinuerlig träning hos sjukvårdspersonalen. / Background In healthcare, healthcare-associated infections (HRI) are the most common type of healthcare injuries. Healthcare related infections can lead to unnecessary suffering for the patient, and it entails great costs for the society. The basic hand hygiene routine is a fundamental factor to be able to work preventively against healthcare related infections. The subject is important to study in order to understand what the routines for hand hygiene looks like in healthcare from a global perspective.  Aim The purpose was to highlight healthcare workers compliance regarding hand hygiene routines. Method This study has been written as a literature review. Based on ten original articles of both quantitative and qualitative design which answered the purpose of the study. The search engines used to find the articles were PubMed and Cinahl complete. Results Healthcare personnel showed relatively low compliance with hand hygiene routines. Attitudes, time, knowledge and hand performance were factors that had an influence on the health care workers compliance. It emerged that there was a large variation in knowledge regarding hand hygiene routines. The lack of knowledge was due to the healthcare workers approach and the extent to which they received training in hand hygiene routines. One factor that increased healthcare workers compliance was further education. Summary The study shows that there is a great need to increase healthcare personnel's compliance with hand hygiene routines around the world. The intervention is based on the fact that healthcare workers should follow the recommended hand hygiene routines such as hand hygiene washing technique, time consumption and aseptic technique. Regular training in hand hygiene proved to be an important factor for compliance.

No / Dementia is said to be under-recognized and sub-optimally managed in primary care, but there is little information about actual processes of diagnosis and clinical care. To determine general practitioners' concordance with clinical guidelines on the diagnosis and management of patients with dementia. Design: Unblinded, cluster randomized pre-test-post-test controlled trial involving 35 practices in the UK. METHODS: Patients with a diagnosis of probable or confirmed dementia were identified in practices, and permission sought from the older person and/or their carer to study the medical records of these patients. Medical records were reviewed using a data extraction tool designed for the study and based on published guidelines, and unweighted scores for diagnostic concordance and management concordance were calculated. RESULTS: We reviewed 450 records of patients aged 75 and over with a diagnosis of dementia and found that: only 4% of cases were identified first in secondary care; two-thirds of those identified in primary care were referred immediately; about one-third identified had informant history and blood tests documented at the Index consultation and one-fifth underwent cognitive function testing. DISCUSSION: The records analysed in this study came from a period before the Quality Outcomes Framework and show that the documentation in primary care of the diagnostic process in dementia syndromes is good, although there were significant gaps, particularly around depression case-finding. Information about management processes were less evident in the records.

United Nations has lately stated ambitious health targets for 2030 in the Sustainable Development Goal agenda, following the already achieved progress between 1990 and 2015 when the number of children dying before the age of five was reduced by more than half. However, the mortality reduction in the first month of life after birth has not kept the same pace. Furthermore, a large number of stillbirths have previously not been accounted for. The aim of this thesis was to evaluate the impact of clinical training in neonatal resuscitation, and to identify strategies for an effective implementation at a maternal health facility in Nepal. Focus group discussions were used to explore the perceptions of teamwork among staff working closest to the infant at the facility. A prospective cohort study with nested referents was applied to determine effect on birth outcomes after an intervention with Helping Babies Breathe, a simplified protocol for neonatal resuscitation. Sustainability of the acquired skills after training was addressed by employing a quality improvement cycle. Video recordings of health workers performance were collected to analyse adherence to protocol. Midwives described the need for universal protocols in neonatal resuscitation and management involvement in clinical audit and feedback. There was a reduction of intrapartum stillbirth (aOR 0.46, 95% CI 0.32–0.66) and neonatal mortality within 24 hours of life (aOR 0.51, 95% CI 0.31–0.83) after the intervention. Ventilation of infants increased (OR 2.56, 95% CI 1.67–3.93) and potentially harmful suctioning was reduced (OR 0.13, 95% CI 0.09–0.17). Neonatal death from intrapartum-related complications was reduced and preterm infants survived additional days in the neonatal period after the intervention. Low birth weight was not found to be a predictor of deferred resuscitation in the studied context. This study confirmed the robustness of Helping Babies Breathe as an educational tool for training in neonatal resuscitation. Accompanied with a quality improvement cycle it reduced intrapartum stillbirth and mortality on the day of delivery in a low-income facility setting. Improved postnatal care is needed to maintain the gains in survival through the neonatal period. Increased management involvement in audit and quality of care could improve clinical performance among health workers.

INTRODUÇÃO: A atenção primária à saúde (APS), porta de entrada dos sistemas de saúde organizados, é o nível de atenção de maior contato com as populações e onde as pessoas são atendidas como sujeitos sociais e emocionais com projetos existenciais, sofrimentos e riscos para a saúde e não apenas como portadores de doenças classificáveis. Esse é o modelo da integralidade, opção adotada pelo Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) brasileiro, desde sua criação oficial em 1990, para reorientação da assistência, em busca da consolidação dos seus princípios. Compatível com esses princípios estruturadores, a Medicina de Família e Comunidade (MFC) é a especialidade que atua na APS. Mas, os níveis de atenção secundária e terciária, que embasam seus conceitos no modelo explicativo biomédico, é que determinam discurso e prática da educação médica e delineiam a forma de registrar os eventos clínicos e de codificar os agravos. Essa forma de registrar e codificar revela-se insuficiente para abarcar o universo complexo de achados no cotidiano do atendimento à maioria das pessoas que acorrem à APS. Assim, este trabalho descreve um software de registro essencial, compatível com os princípios do SUS, com os atributos da APS e com as características estruturadoras da MFC, para os apontamentos do encontro terapêutico que ocorre na atenção primária à saúde. Propõe a integração do método Weed, de história clínica orientada ao problema, com a automatização das indicações de diretrizes clínicas, trazendo como exemplo o manejo e monitoramento dos principais fatores de risco cardiovascular. Mostra como a utilização de um protótipo funcional desse software impactou a quantidade e os custos de procedimentos (exames laboratoriais, consultas com especialistas, procedimentos hospitalares) realizados durante um ano de observação. MÉTODOS: Em um ambulatório de APS, foram observados dois grupos de pacientes com idade maior que 20 anos, atendidos durante o ano de 2003. O grupo intervenção foi atendido por uma equipe de saúde cujo médico de família e comunidade utilizou o software do registro clínico essencial. O grupo controle constou dos pacientes atendidos pelas equipes de saúde cujos médicos de família e comunidade não utilizaram o software. Ao final de um ano de observação, foram comparadas as diferenças entre os dois grupos, quanto ao perfil de indicação e utilização de recursos fora do ambulatório em foco. RESULTADOS: O número de pacientes sob observação foi de 4.193 (616 (15%) no grupo intervenção; 3.577 (85%) no grupo controle). Desses, 3280 realizaram 80.665 procedimentos. A média do número desses eventos foi de 29,28 e 22,00 eventos para cada paciente, nos grupos intervenção e controle, respectivamente (p <0,001). Da mesma forma, o custo médio por paciente/ano caiu de R$1.130,34 para R$611,51 (p < 0,001), e, a média do custo por procedimento, de R$25,96 para R$19,85 (p < 0,001), para os grupos controle e intervenção, respectivamente. CONCLUSÕES: A utilização de um registro clínico essencial que seja capaz de abrigar e dar suporte ao ritual terapêutico que de fato ocorre na APS, integrado a guidelines que automatizem manejo e monitoramento de fatores de risco cardiovascular, reduz significativamente o número e os custos com procedimentos realizados por pacientes atendidos na APS. / INTRODUCTION: Primary healthcare is the major portal of entry into organized health systems. In this setting attention to given not only to analysis of health risks characterized by classified diseases but also to social and emotional factors. The Brazilian public healthcare system (Sistema Único de Saúde - SUS) has utilized this integrated model since its inception in 1990. Family and community medicine is the specialty of Primary Care and is compatible with these principles. However, clinical education, often based on a dominance of clinical secondary and tertiary care with a strong bias towards experimental biomedicine has a strong influence over the manner in which clinical events are registered and coded. These factors can create limitations to data registry and is often inadequate to encompass the complex environment which is encountered in the day to day experience of the majority of patients encountered in Primary Care. The present work is based on the integration of the method of Weed of problem oriented medical record taking with an automation of clinical records and cardiovascular risk factor monitoring and management. We describe the results of the use of a software program for improving the essential clinical patient record during patient visits , including guided cardiovascular risk management surveillance. The software program is compatible with the principles of SUS, the Primary Care setting and the philosophy of Family Medicine. METHODS: In 2003, in an Primary Health Care ambulatory setting outpatients, 20 years or older, were either treated by care using the automated patient record including the riskfactor surveillance software (Intervention group, n= 616) or were treated following the standard practice protocols of their family physicians (Control Group, n=3577). At the end of the year patient outcomes and overall patient care costs were compared between the two groups. RESULTS: The average of the number of events (auxiliary tests, specialized referrals, and hospital admissions) decreased from 29.28 events per patient/year in the control group to 22.00 events per patient/year (p < 0,001) in the intervention group. Similarly the cost per patient/year decreased from R$1,130.34 to R$611.51 (p < 0.001), and the average cost per procedure decreased from R$25.96 to R$19.85 (p < 0.001) for the control and intervention groups, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Our results demonstrated that the use of an primary care automated clinical patient record, including a software program to automate cardiovascular risk factors guidelines, can decrease the number and cost of complementary exams, referrals to specialists, and hospital procedures arising from primary care consultations.

INTRODUÇÃO: A atenção primária à saúde (APS), porta de entrada dos sistemas de saúde organizados, é o nível de atenção de maior contato com as populações e onde as pessoas são atendidas como sujeitos sociais e emocionais com projetos existenciais, sofrimentos e riscos para a saúde e não apenas como portadores de doenças classificáveis. Esse é o modelo da integralidade, opção adotada pelo Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) brasileiro, desde sua criação oficial em 1990, para reorientação da assistência, em busca da consolidação dos seus princípios. Compatível com esses princípios estruturadores, a Medicina de Família e Comunidade (MFC) é a especialidade que atua na APS. Mas, os níveis de atenção secundária e terciária, que embasam seus conceitos no modelo explicativo biomédico, é que determinam discurso e prática da educação médica e delineiam a forma de registrar os eventos clínicos e de codificar os agravos. Essa forma de registrar e codificar revela-se insuficiente para abarcar o universo complexo de achados no cotidiano do atendimento à maioria das pessoas que acorrem à APS. Assim, este trabalho descreve um software de registro essencial, compatível com os princípios do SUS, com os atributos da APS e com as características estruturadoras da MFC, para os apontamentos do encontro terapêutico que ocorre na atenção primária à saúde. Propõe a integração do método Weed, de história clínica orientada ao problema, com a automatização das indicações de diretrizes clínicas, trazendo como exemplo o manejo e monitoramento dos principais fatores de risco cardiovascular. Mostra como a utilização de um protótipo funcional desse software impactou a quantidade e os custos de procedimentos (exames laboratoriais, consultas com especialistas, procedimentos hospitalares) realizados durante um ano de observação. MÉTODOS: Em um ambulatório de APS, foram observados dois grupos de pacientes com idade maior que 20 anos, atendidos durante o ano de 2003. O grupo intervenção foi atendido por uma equipe de saúde cujo médico de família e comunidade utilizou o software do registro clínico essencial. O grupo controle constou dos pacientes atendidos pelas equipes de saúde cujos médicos de família e comunidade não utilizaram o software. Ao final de um ano de observação, foram comparadas as diferenças entre os dois grupos, quanto ao perfil de indicação e utilização de recursos fora do ambulatório em foco. RESULTADOS: O número de pacientes sob observação foi de 4.193 (616 (15%) no grupo intervenção; 3.577 (85%) no grupo controle). Desses, 3280 realizaram 80.665 procedimentos. A média do número desses eventos foi de 29,28 e 22,00 eventos para cada paciente, nos grupos intervenção e controle, respectivamente (p <0,001). Da mesma forma, o custo médio por paciente/ano caiu de R$1.130,34 para R$611,51 (p < 0,001), e, a média do custo por procedimento, de R$25,96 para R$19,85 (p < 0,001), para os grupos controle e intervenção, respectivamente. CONCLUSÕES: A utilização de um registro clínico essencial que seja capaz de abrigar e dar suporte ao ritual terapêutico que de fato ocorre na APS, integrado a guidelines que automatizem manejo e monitoramento de fatores de risco cardiovascular, reduz significativamente o número e os custos com procedimentos realizados por pacientes atendidos na APS. / INTRODUCTION: Primary healthcare is the major portal of entry into organized health systems. In this setting attention to given not only to analysis of health risks characterized by classified diseases but also to social and emotional factors. The Brazilian public healthcare system (Sistema Único de Saúde - SUS) has utilized this integrated model since its inception in 1990. Family and community medicine is the specialty of Primary Care and is compatible with these principles. However, clinical education, often based on a dominance of clinical secondary and tertiary care with a strong bias towards experimental biomedicine has a strong influence over the manner in which clinical events are registered and coded. These factors can create limitations to data registry and is often inadequate to encompass the complex environment which is encountered in the day to day experience of the majority of patients encountered in Primary Care. The present work is based on the integration of the method of Weed of problem oriented medical record taking with an automation of clinical records and cardiovascular risk factor monitoring and management. We describe the results of the use of a software program for improving the essential clinical patient record during patient visits , including guided cardiovascular risk management surveillance. The software program is compatible with the principles of SUS, the Primary Care setting and the philosophy of Family Medicine. METHODS: In 2003, in an Primary Health Care ambulatory setting outpatients, 20 years or older, were either treated by care using the automated patient record including the riskfactor surveillance software (Intervention group, n= 616) or were treated following the standard practice protocols of their family physicians (Control Group, n=3577). At the end of the year patient outcomes and overall patient care costs were compared between the two groups. RESULTS: The average of the number of events (auxiliary tests, specialized referrals, and hospital admissions) decreased from 29.28 events per patient/year in the control group to 22.00 events per patient/year (p < 0,001) in the intervention group. Similarly the cost per patient/year decreased from R$1,130.34 to R$611.51 (p < 0.001), and the average cost per procedure decreased from R$25.96 to R$19.85 (p < 0.001) for the control and intervention groups, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Our results demonstrated that the use of an primary care automated clinical patient record, including a software program to automate cardiovascular risk factors guidelines, can decrease the number and cost of complementary exams, referrals to specialists, and hospital procedures arising from primary care consultations.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Umeå : Umeå universitet, 2010. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.

No description available.

<p><strong>Introduction:</strong> In Ontario alone, an estimated 6,700 people (3,000 women; 3,700 men) will die of lung cancer in 2011 (Canadian Cancer Society, 2011). A diagnosis of cancer is associated with complex decisions; the array of choices of cancer treatments brings about hope, but also anxiety over which treatment is best suited for the individual patient (Blank, Graves, Sepucha et al., 2006). The overall cancer experience depends on the quality of this decision (Blank et al., 2006). Clinical practice guidelines are knowledge translation tools to facilitate treatment decision-making. In Ontario, guidelines have been developed and disseminated with the purpose to inform clinical decisions, improve evidence based practice, and to reduce unwanted practice variation in the province. But has this been achieved? To study this issue, the purpose of the current study was to gain an in-depth understanding and develop a theoretical framework of how Ontario physicians are making treatment decisions with their non-small cell lung cancer patients. The following research questions guided the study: (a) How do physicians make treatment decisions with their stage II, stage IIIA and stage IIIB non-small cell lung cancer patients in Ontario? (b) How do knowledge translation tools, such as Cancer Care Ontario guidelines, influence the decision-making process?</p> <p><strong>Methods:</strong> A qualitative approach of grounded theory, following a social constructivist paradigm outlined by Kathy Charmaz (2006), was used in this study. 21 semi-structured interviews were conducted; 16 interviews with physicians and 5 with health care administrators. The method of analysis integrated grounded theory philosophy to identify the treatment decision-making process in non-small cell lung cancer, from the physician perspective.</p> <p><strong>Findings:</strong> The theory depicts the treatment decision-making process to involve five key “guides” (or factors) to inform the treatment-decision making process: the unique patient, the unique physician, the family, the clinical team, and the clinical evidence.</p> <p><strong>Conclusion:</strong> Decision-making roles in lung cancer are complex and nuanced. The use of evidence, such as, clinical practice guidelines, is one of many considerations. Information from a large number of sources and a wide array of factors, people, emotions, preferences, clinical expertise, experiences, and clinical evidence informs the dynamic process of treatment decision-making. This theory of the treatment decision-making process (from the physician perspective) has implications relevant to treatment decision-making research, theory development, and guideline development for non-small cell lung cancer.</p> / Master of Science (MSc)

No / This paper reports the findings of a study which was carried out to evaluate the educational preparation of cancer and palliative care nurses in England. The study was carried out in three stages and covered the following areas; documentary analysis of curriculae, assessment of practice, patients and professionals views of threshold and expert practice. The findings suggested that although there was widespread compliance with a national standard for cancer nursing, this was not the case for palliative care nursing. There was uncertainty about what should be assessed in practice and ambiguity about what was actually assessed. Partnership with children and their parents, clinical skills, multi-disciplinary working, and personal attributes were the main foci for expectations of threshold practice but an expert panel had difficulty in describing the attributes of higher level practice. The paper also describes how some of recommendations from the study are being taken forward in current policy and practice.