La sclérose en plaques est une maladie inflammatoire et démyélinisante caractérisée par la formation de lésions multifocales à travers le système nerveux central. Les lymphocytes pro- inflammatoires CD4 Th1 et Th17 sont considérés pathogéniques en sclérose en plaques et dans son modèle animal, l’encéphalomyélite auto-immune expérimentale. L’obésité et la composition du microbiome intestinal sont associées à une exacerbation de l’inflammation et à la progression de la sclérose en plaques, faisant des approches thérapeutiques métaboliques une méthode de choix afin d’améliorer l’évolution de cette maladie. La méthionine est un acide aminé essentiel métabolisé en S-adénosylméthionine (SAM), considéré comme le donneur universel de groupements méthyl, influençant l’expression génique. La restriction en méthionine est quant à elle associée à une diminution de la prise de poids et de l’inflammation, et in vitro, permet de réduire l’expansion des cellules Th17. Notre hypothèse est donc que diminuer l’activité du cycle de la méthionine permettrait de limiter la progression de l’encéphalomyélite autoimmune expérimentale en modulant le métabolisme des cellules T, la barrière hémo-encéphalique et le microbiome intestinal. Pour ce faire, l’encéphalomyélite autoimmune expérimentale est induite chez des souris mâles et femelles exposées à une diète réduite en méthionine ou contrôle afin d’effectuer une évaluation clinique quotidienne. Des expériences de cytométrie en flux, d’immunofluorescence et de séquençage d’ADN ribosomal 16S sont effectuées afin de déterminer l’activité des cellules immunitaires, la perméabilité de la barrière hémo-encéphalique et la composition du microbiome intestinal. Nos résultats montrent que la diète réduite en méthionine est associée à un délai significatif de l’apparition des symptômes neurologiques, avec une évolution clinique différente entre les mâles et les femelles. Ceci est associé à une diminution du nombre de cellules immunitaires infiltrant le système nerveux central, en plus d’influencer la composition du microbiome intestinal, suggérant des changements vers un profil plutôt anti-inflammatoire. La diète réduite en méthionine semble donc améliorer la progression de l’encéphalomyélite autoimmune expérimentale de manière différente selon les sexes et pourrait représenter une nouvelle voie thérapeutique contre la sclérose en plaques. / Multiple sclerosis is an inflammatory demyelinating disease of the central nervous system with a sex bias towards women. Proinflammatory Th1 and Th17 cells are considered pathogenic in multiple sclerosis and its animal model, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Obesity, western diet and gut dysbiosis increase inflammation and influence the course of this disease. Contrarily, dietary methionine restriction is associated with lower weight gain and reduced inflammation. In vitro, T cells upregulate components of methionine metabolism, including S- adenosylmethionine, upon activation and proliferation, while methionine restriction in the milieu reduces the expansion of Th17 cells. Thus, we hypothesized that limiting the activity of the methionine cycle will improve experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis course by modulating Th17 cells through sex-specific epigenetic mechanisms and modification of the gut microbiome. To test this hypothesis, active experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis is induced in male and female mice exposed to a methionine restricted or control diet. Clinical scores, flow cytometry, immunofluorescence and 16S rRNA sequencing are used to characterize the properties of immune cells, the blood-brain barrier, and the gut microbiome. Our results show that dietary methionine restriction is associated with a significantly delayed onset of neurological symptoms, with clinical differences in disease evolution between males and females. This is associated with a reduced number of immune cells and pathogenic proinflammatory T cells in periphery, then in the central nervous system. Methionine restricted diet is moreover associated with modification of the gut microbiome, suggesting a shift towards an anti-inflammatory profile. Finally, methionine restriction also influences the expression of adherence molecules such as VCAM-1, present in the blood-brain barrier, suggesting a neuro-protective effect. Our data reveal that methionine restricted diet ameliorates the clinical course and neuroinflammatory processes in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in a sex-dependent manner and could represent a new therapeutic avenue to improve multiple sclerosis course.

Inositolpolyphosphate (InsPs) bilden eine ubiquitäre Gruppe an hochphosphorylierten, intrazellulären Signalmolekülen in eukaryotischen Zellen. Trotz deren Beteiligung an unzähligen biologischen Prozessen bleibt die Detektion von InsPs (insb. einzelner Enantiomere) eine Herausforderung, da die momentan verfügbaren Analysemethoden immer noch limitiert sind. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird die stabile Isotopenmarkierung von myo-Inositol (Ins) und InsPs in Kombination mit Kernspinresonanzspektroskopie (engl. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance spectroscopy, NMR) erkundet, um diese Lücke zu schließen. Die Abhängigkeit von NMR-Daten und chemischer Struktur erlaubte die Analyse komplexer Mixturen aus InsPs aus in vitro-Experimenten und biologischen Proben. Durch stereospezifische 13C-Markierung konnten sogar Enantiomere voneinander unterschieden werden. Mit Hilfe dieser Methode wurden mehrere InsP-Stoffwechselwege untersucht. Als Erstes wurde das menschliche, Phytase-artige Enzym MINPP1 (engl. Multiple Inositol Polyphosphate Phosphatase 1) detailliert in vitro und in lebenden Zellen charakterisiert. Dabei wurde ein bisher unbeschriebener InsP-Stoffwechselweg in menschlichen Zellen erstmals beschrieben. Als Zweites wurden InsP verdauende Bakterien aus der menschlichen Darmflora untersucht, sodass der Abbauweg von Inositolhexakisphosphat beleuchtet werden konnte. Als Drittes wurden DUSP-Enzyme (engl. Dual-Specificity Phosphatases) identifiziert und in vitro charakterisiert, die in der Lage sind, die Phosphoanhydrid-Bindung von Inositolpyrophosphaten (PP-InsPs) zu spalten. Die vorliegende Arbeit demonstriert, dass 13C-Markierung in Verbindung mit NMR ein mächtiges Werkzeug darstellt, um InsP-Stoffwechselvorgänge zu untersuchen. / Inositol polyphosphates (InsPs) comprise a ubiquitous group of densely phosphorylated intracellular messengers in eukaryotic cells. Despite their contributions to a myriad of biological processes the detection of InsPs remains challenging to this day, especially with regards to differentiating enantiomers, as the available analytical toolset is still limited. In this thesis the use of stable isotope labelling of myo-inositol (Ins) and InsPs is explored to address this shortcoming. Combining 13C-labelling and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) provides both enhanced sensitivity and makes use of NMR’s strong structure-data dependency. This enabled the deconvolution of complex mixtures of InsPs from in vitro experiments or biological samples. With stereo-specific 13C-labels InsP mixtures could be resolved to individual enantiomers. Using this technique several InsP metabolic pathways were examined. Firstly, the human phytase-like enzyme Multiple Inositol Polyphosphate Phosphatase (MINPP1) was characterized in depth in vitro and in living cells, establishing a hitherto undescribed inositol polyphosphate metabolic path in humans. Secondly, inositol phosphate digesting bacteria isolated from the human gut microbiome were investigated, shedding light on the metabolic fate of inositol hexakisphosphate in the digestive track. Thirdly, a set of Dual-Specificity Phosphatases (DUSPs) were identified to be able to hydrolyze the phosphoanhydride bond of inositol pyrophosphates (PP-InsPs) and characterized in vitro. The 13C-labelling approach of InsPs in junction with NMR represents a powerful tool for the study of inositol polyphosphate metabolism. In the thesis at hand, this method has facilitated our understanding of inositol polyphosphate pathways and it will be continuing doing so in the future in several biological contexts.

This study explores the possible efficacy of a low carbohydrate and high fat nutritional intervention (LCHF) as a treatment possibility aiming to improve the ability of self-control and regulation in the context of carbohydrate-addiction. The study first outlines why increased simple carbohydrate consumption has been implicated as a risk-factor in numerous chronic conditions, and then explores the possibility that a reduction of such consumption could lower general medical expenditure in the healthcare sector of already overburdened institutions, especially in developing countries like South Africa. Since the neurobiological evidence for food addiction is compelling, this study investigates the impact of a low carbohydrate and high fat eating (LCHF) regimen by measuring the change in the severity of addictive behaviour in relation to a reduced carbohydrate consumption. Results indicate that a LCHF nutritional intervention lessened addictive behaviour after just 30 days, resulting in a statistically significant decrease in addiction symptoms from day 1 to day 30. The weight and BMI values of the participants recorded at the end of the study showed a reduction from those obtained during the pre- treatment stage, and the self-perceived ‘feeling in control’ also improved in all participants after the intervention. The introduction of a LCHF nutritional intervention presents a relatively cost-effective treatment and preventative measure to combat carbohydrate over-consumption and its numerous health complications, and it is therefore hoped that the positive findings of this study will foster further research, using larger samples, into this type of nutritional intervention against addictive eating behaviour. / Psychology / M.A. (Psychology)