Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of California, San Diego, 2007. / "UMI Number: 3274592." includes abstract and vita. Includes bibliographical references (p. 234-245).

Esta dissertação versa sobre as estratégias e trajetórias de trabalho apresentadas por imigrantes senegaleses e haitianos na cidade de Porto Alegre – Rio Grande do Sul, entre os anos de 2010 e 2016. Os fluxos haitiano e senegalês estão inseridos na nova onda migratória para o Brasil, que ingressou no país a partir de 2010 e teve o seu boom nos anos de 2013 e 2014. A partir de 24 entrevistas semiestruturadas – 11 com haitianos, 12 com senegaleses e uma com uma profissional de um dos principais centros de atendimento à população migrante do estado – foi constatado que ambas as nacionalidades apresentaram similitudes nas trajetórias de trabalho, como as atividades desempenhadas no trabalho formal; as más condições de trabalho e o preconceito existente na sociedade local. Ademais, o contexto de crise econômica no período da pesquisa empírica e as suas consequências no trabalho dos imigrantes, bem como os vínculos com o país de origem, também foram influentes nas trajetórias de ambos os imigrantes. No entanto, observamos dois aspectos que se destacaram entre os haitianos e senegaleses em Porto Alegre que estão envolvidos em suas distintas estratégias de trabalho: a rede de contatos dos senegaleses e a importância da legalidade para os haitianos. / This thesis discusses the labour trajectories and strategies presented by Senegalese and Haitian immigrants in the city of Porto Alegre - Rio Grande do Sul, between 2010 and 2016. The Haitian and Senegalese flows are inserted in the new migratory wave to Brazil, which started in 2010 and had its boom between 2013 and 2014. From 24 semi-structured interviews - 11 with Haitians, 12 with Senegalese and one with a professional from one of the main centers of assistance to the migrant population in the State of Rio Grande do Sul - it was found that both nationalities showed similarities in the labour trajectories, such as the activities performed in the context of formal labour market; the poor working conditions and the prejudice that exists in the local society. In addition, the context of economic crisis in the period of the empirical research and its consequences on the work of immigrants, as well as the ties with the country of origin, were also influential in the trajectories of both immigrant groups. However, we note two aspects that stood out among the Haitians and Senegalese in Porto Alegre which relate to their distinct labour strategies: the network of contacts of the Senegalese and the importance of legality for the Haitians.

Nearly 175, 000 Haitian immigrants have settled in South Florida since the 1970s. Their lives are often lived transnationally with persistent connections and obligations to family members in Haiti. Yet, traditional theories of immigrant assimilation focus on the integration of immigrants into host countries, giving little consideration to relationships and activities that extend into migrants' countries of origin. Conversely, studies of transnational families do not explicitly address incorporation into the receiving country. This dissertation, through the experiences of Haitian immigrants in South Florida, reveals a transnational quest “to raise the family up” through migration, remittances, and the pursuit of higher levels of education. I argue that familial duties and obligations, which have cultural foundations in the Haitian lakou, structure the activities of Haitian transnational families as they pursue socioeconomic advancement through migration and education. With the support of transnational families, many students cross boundaries to academic achievement and improve their opportunities for socioeconomic mobility in the US. With higher levels of education, these individuals contributed to a more favorable incorporation into the United States for their extended families, as well. The data were collected through participant observation and 78 in-depth interviews documenting the migration histories of 27 Haitian immigrant families in South Florida. This dissertation contributes to the existing literature on Haitian immigrants in the United States and to an understanding of the transnational dimensions of immigrant incorporation more broadly.

Esta dissertação versa sobre as estratégias e trajetórias de trabalho apresentadas por imigrantes senegaleses e haitianos na cidade de Porto Alegre – Rio Grande do Sul, entre os anos de 2010 e 2016. Os fluxos haitiano e senegalês estão inseridos na nova onda migratória para o Brasil, que ingressou no país a partir de 2010 e teve o seu boom nos anos de 2013 e 2014. A partir de 24 entrevistas semiestruturadas – 11 com haitianos, 12 com senegaleses e uma com uma profissional de um dos principais centros de atendimento à população migrante do estado – foi constatado que ambas as nacionalidades apresentaram similitudes nas trajetórias de trabalho, como as atividades desempenhadas no trabalho formal; as más condições de trabalho e o preconceito existente na sociedade local. Ademais, o contexto de crise econômica no período da pesquisa empírica e as suas consequências no trabalho dos imigrantes, bem como os vínculos com o país de origem, também foram influentes nas trajetórias de ambos os imigrantes. No entanto, observamos dois aspectos que se destacaram entre os haitianos e senegaleses em Porto Alegre que estão envolvidos em suas distintas estratégias de trabalho: a rede de contatos dos senegaleses e a importância da legalidade para os haitianos. / This thesis discusses the labour trajectories and strategies presented by Senegalese and Haitian immigrants in the city of Porto Alegre - Rio Grande do Sul, between 2010 and 2016. The Haitian and Senegalese flows are inserted in the new migratory wave to Brazil, which started in 2010 and had its boom between 2013 and 2014. From 24 semi-structured interviews - 11 with Haitians, 12 with Senegalese and one with a professional from one of the main centers of assistance to the migrant population in the State of Rio Grande do Sul - it was found that both nationalities showed similarities in the labour trajectories, such as the activities performed in the context of formal labour market; the poor working conditions and the prejudice that exists in the local society. In addition, the context of economic crisis in the period of the empirical research and its consequences on the work of immigrants, as well as the ties with the country of origin, were also influential in the trajectories of both immigrant groups. However, we note two aspects that stood out among the Haitians and Senegalese in Porto Alegre which relate to their distinct labour strategies: the network of contacts of the Senegalese and the importance of legality for the Haitians.

No description available.

The Canadian response following the Haitian earthquake of 2010 was not solely focused on providing humanitarian assistance. Canada also used several immigration measures both at the federal level and the provincial level in Quebec in order to facilitate the immigration of eligible Haitians to Canada and their subsequent reunification with their Canadian family members. This thesis explores these immigration measures and evaluates their effectiveness. In addition, the research examines the role that the large Haitian Diaspora in Canada played in bringing about the adoption of a set of immigration measures specifically for Haitians. The research shows that the Canadian measures implemented were both multi-dimensional – as a variety of immigration mechanisms were used, and multi-level – as the Canadian response included both federal and provincial initiatives in Quebec. While a number of measures were introduced federally, none of these measures could be considered “special” as they were all possible under Canada’s immigration legislation, and they were not unique to the post-earthquake context. In contrast, Quebec’s Humanitarian Sponsorship Program for Haitians was very “special” in that it was the first time such a program was implemented for a large group of people. The research also points to the fact that although using immigration mechanisms to respond to a humanitarian crisis has its benefits, these mechanisms are not designed to provide prompt protection and relief to individuals affected by crisis situations. The research also demonstrates that the use of the available complementary protection measures (humanitarian and compassionate considerations, moratorium and protected person status) did not make up the primary thrust of the Canadian immigration response to the earthquake in Haiti. This fact is indicative of the inadequacy of these measures in providing protection to individuals displaced by environmental factors. Finally, it is argued that although the existence of a large Haitian Diaspora was influential in creating a climate open to the adoption of special measures for Haitians, the Haitian Diaspora did not necessarily influence the specifics of the measures adopted to a significant degree.

Twenty five years after AIDS was first scientifically described, the disease continues to take its toll on the human population. HIV/AIDS disproportionately affects marginalized groups such as poor, underserved, minority populations. In the United States, Blacks become infected with and die from HIV/AIDS more than any other ethnic or racial group. Despite a vast body of literature on HIV/AIDS, little research has focused on black heterosexual men and even fewer studies have explored the context of risk among subgroups of black men. Using qualitative research methods and a socio-ecological framework, this study explored the intrapersonal, socio-cultural, and behavioral factors that influence sexual behaviors in ethnic subgroups of black men who identify as heterosexual. Further, the study examined black women's perceptions of the sexual behaviors of black men. Conducted in a metropolitan area in Southwest Florida, the study consisted of two phases: 1) semi-structured in-depth interviews were conducted among U.S.-born (N=15) and Haitian-born (N=14) heterosexual men who are 18 years and older and have lived in the U.S. for at least 3 years. 2) Using focus group methodology, phase 2 explored black women's (N=23) perceptions of black male sexual behaviors. Study findings have significant implications for public health education, research and practice. Findings reveal that while Haitian-born and U.S.-born men have high levels of knowledge about HIV, they also ascribe to HIV conspiracy beliefs and practice high risk sexual behaviors such as unprotected sex and partner concurrency. Results show that black men's sexual behaviors are influenced by socio-ecological factors such as family norms, hip-hop culture and religious beliefs. Female study participants perceived factors such as masculine ideologies, socialization, and the male-to-female ratio imbalance as critical influences on male sexual behaviors. While intrapersonal approaches are important to address HIV risk behaviors, ecological frameworks are necessary to inform the development of HIV prevention programs that address the socio-ecological factors that create an environment of risk. This inquiry underscores cultural and gender differences in the conceptualization of HIV/AIDS. Findings have implications for HIV prevention and demonstrate the need for gender-specific and culturally relevant HIV prevention approaches for U.S.-born and Haitian-born blacks.

Ce mémoire de master analysera les flux migratoires des Haïtiens et des Sénégalais vers l'état du Rio Grande do Sul, dans les premières décennies du 21éme siècle, étant insérés dans un nouveau contexte migratoire dans lequel cet état et le Brésil participent et sont de nouveaux acteurs ; aujourd'hui, ils sont consolidés dans l’ordre du jour international des migrations et de refuge, à côté des pays d'accueil traditionnels des immigrants, des réfugiés et des exilés politiques. Cette recherche est soutenue par les théories économiques, sociologiques et géographiques, ainsi que par la cartographie thématique et elle a également eu des enquêtes de terrain aux principaux lieux de la route des immigrants Haïtiens et Sénégalais, depuis leur entrée sur le territoire brésilien jusqu'à leur distribution spatiale dans le Rio Grande do Sul. Nous avons constaté quelques similitudes entre les deux flux, comme la couleur, l’appartenance ethnique, les routes et les réseaux, mais aussi nous signalons de différentes particularités par le biais de l'examen critique de la science géographique en concernant la question de leur profil social-démographique et leur insertion dans le marché du travail, de l'économie et dans la société du Rio Grande do Sul. De cette façon, nous avons conclu que ces deux groupes apparaissent comme les principaux acteurs du nouveau profil migratoire Gaucho et le Brésilien, composés de centaines de nationalités de nouveaux immigrants et d'une nouvelle caractérisation socio-spatiale de ceux qui les reçoivent, que ce soit dans les relations de travail, dans l'insertion et l’acceptation sociale ou même sur la praxis xénophobe. Le Rio Grande do Sul et le Brésil sont, de facto, dans un nouveau boum migratoire après deux siècles depuis les premières immigrations et, aujourd'hui, ils les présentent au monde comme une nouvelle alternative aux immigrations économiques, cependant, avec un caractère plus humanitaire, dans une économie en développement et avec un vaste territoire à explorer par ces immigrants dans les domaines sociaux et du travail. C’est alors à la Géographie et à ce mémoire de master le rôle de fomenter la discussion à ce sujet et souligner les caractéristiques et les conséquences de ces flux qui ne sont pas juste une « vague migratoire », mais une nouvelle condition du territoire et de l'espace social du Brésil et du Rio Grande do Sul. / Esta dissertação analisará os fluxos imigratórios de haitianos e senegaleses em direção ao Estado do Rio Grande do Sul nas primeiras décadas do século XXI, estando inseridos num novo contexto migratório da qual o estado e o Brasil fazem parte e são novos atores; agora consolidados na agenda internacional das migrações e refúgio, ao lado dos tradicionais países receptores de imigrantes, refugiados e asilados políticos. Este processo de pesquisa, amparado em teorias econômicas, sociológicas e geográficas, além do instrumental da cartografia temática, também contou com pesquisas de campo em lugares-chave da rota dos imigrantes haitianos e senegaleses, desde o seu ingresso no território brasileiro até a sua distribuição espacial no Rio Grande do Sul. Observaram-se similaridades entre os dois fluxos, desde a cor, etnias, rotas e redes, mas também distintas peculiaridades sob um olhar crítico da Ciência Geográfica e seus aportes, principalmente no que tange a questão do seu perfil demográfico-social e inserção destes no mercado de trabalho, economia e sociedade sul-rio-grandense. Deste modo, inferiu-se que estes dois grupos despontam como os principais atores do novo perfil imigratório gaúcho e brasileiro, constituído de uma centena de novas nacionalidades imigrantes e de uma nova caracterização social-espacial daqueles que lhes recebem, seja nas relações de trabalho, na inserção e aceitação social ou até mesmo na práxis xenofóbica. O Rio Grande do Sul e o Brasil, de fato, estão num novo boom imigratório após dois séculos desde as primeiras imigrações e agora apresentam-se ao mundo como uma nova alternativa às imigrações econômicas, porém, com um caráter mais humanitário, em uma economia em desenvolvimento e com um vasto território a ser desbravado por estes imigrantes nas searas social e laboral. Cabe então à Geografia e a esta dissertação fomentarem a discussão sobre o tema e apontarem as feições e repercussões destes fluxos que não se tratam apenas de uma “onda imigratória”, mas sim de uma nova condição do território e do espaço social brasileiro-sul-rio-grandense. / This thesis will analyse the immigration flows of Haitians and Senegalese towards the state of Rio Grande do Sul in the first decades of 21st Century, being inserted in a new migratory context which this state and Brazil take part and are new actors; nowadays they are consolidated in the international agenda of migrations and refuge, next to the traditional receiving countries of immigrants, refugees and political asylees. This research is supported in economic, sociological and geographical theories, as well as in the thematic cartography and also had field surveys on key-places of the route of Haitians and Senegalese immigrants, since their entry on the Brazilian territory up to their spatial distribution in Rio Grande do Sul. We have observed some similarities between the two flows, since the colour, ethnicity, routes and networks, but also we point some different peculiarities under the critical review of Geographic Science regarding the issue of their social-demographic profile and their insertion in the labour market, economy and Rio Grande do Sul’s society. In this way, we have concluded that these two groups emerge as the main actors of the new Gaucho and Brazilian migratory profile, composed of hundreds of new immigrants’ nationalities and of a new social-spatial characterization of those who receive them, whether in the labour relations, in the social insertion and acceptation or even on the xenophobic praxis. Rio Grande do Sul and Brazil are, de facto, in a new migratory boom after two centuries since the first immigrations and nowadays they present them to the world as a new alternative to the economic immigrations, however, with a more humanitarian character, in a developing economy and with a vast territory to be explored by these immigrants in the social and labour fields. It is then for Geography and to this dissertation foment the discussion about the issue and point out the features and consequences of these flows that are not just a “migratory wave”, but a new condition of the territory and social space of Brazil and Rio Grande do Sul. / Esta disertación analizará los flujos inmigratorios de haitianos y senegaleses para el estado de Rio Grande do Sul en las dos primeras décadas del Siglo XXI, inseridos en un nuevo contexto migratorio en el cual el estado y Brasil hacen parte y son nuevos actores; ahora consolidados en la agenda internacional de las migraciones y refugio, al lado de los tradicionales países receptores de los inmigrantes, refugiados y asilados políticos. Este proceso de investigación, amparado en las teorías económicas, sociológicas y geográficas, además del instrumental de la cartografía temática, también se utilizó de investigaciones de campo en lugares clave de la ruta de los inmigrantes haitianos y senegaleses, desde su ingreso en el territorio brasileño hasta su distribución espacial en Rio Grande do Sul. Se han observado también similitudes entre los dos flujos, desde la color, etnias, rutas y redes, pero también distintas peculiaridades bajo una mirada crítica de la Ciencia Geográfica y sus aportes, principalmente en relación a la cuestión de su perfil demográfico social e inserción de estos en el mercado de trabajo, economía y sociedad del sur riograndense. Así, se ha inferido que estos dos grupos emergen como los principales actores del nuevo perfil inmigratorio gaucho y brasileño, constituido de un centenar de nuevas nacionalidades inmigrantes y de una nueva caracterización social espacial de aquellos que los reciben, sea en las relaciones de trabajo, en la inserción y aceptación social o incluso en la praxis xenofóbica. Rio Grande do Sul y Brasil, en efecto, están en un nuevo boom inmigratorio después de dos siglos desde las primeras inmigraciones y ahora se presentan al mundo como una nueva alternativa a las inmigraciones económicas, sin embargo, con un carácter más humanitario, en una economía en desarrollo y con un vasto territorio a ser desbravado por estos inmigrantes en las áreas social y laboral. Entonces es de la Geografía y de esta disertación el papel de fomentar la discusión sobre el tema y señalar los rasgos y repercusiones de estos flujos que no son solo una “ola inmigratoria”, pero sí una nueva condición del territorio y del espacio social de Brasil y Rio Grande do Sul.

At a government hospital in the town of Dajabon, in the northwestern Dominican Republic, doctors and nurses must make decisions on whether or not to treat Haitian patients who have crossed the border in search of health care. This thesis examines the discourses and practices of Haitian patients and Dominican health care providers in the context of two co-existing but contrasting rhetorics: health as a human right, and medical humanitarianism. Using data collected through semi-structured interviews and participant observation, I examine how social, political, and economic forces shape medical encounters on the Haitian-Dominican border.

Ce mémoire de master analysera les flux migratoires des Haïtiens et des Sénégalais vers l'état du Rio Grande do Sul, dans les premières décennies du 21éme siècle, étant insérés dans un nouveau contexte migratoire dans lequel cet état et le Brésil participent et sont de nouveaux acteurs ; aujourd'hui, ils sont consolidés dans l’ordre du jour international des migrations et de refuge, à côté des pays d'accueil traditionnels des immigrants, des réfugiés et des exilés politiques. Cette recherche est soutenue par les théories économiques, sociologiques et géographiques, ainsi que par la cartographie thématique et elle a également eu des enquêtes de terrain aux principaux lieux de la route des immigrants Haïtiens et Sénégalais, depuis leur entrée sur le territoire brésilien jusqu'à leur distribution spatiale dans le Rio Grande do Sul. Nous avons constaté quelques similitudes entre les deux flux, comme la couleur, l’appartenance ethnique, les routes et les réseaux, mais aussi nous signalons de différentes particularités par le biais de l'examen critique de la science géographique en concernant la question de leur profil social-démographique et leur insertion dans le marché du travail, de l'économie et dans la société du Rio Grande do Sul. De cette façon, nous avons conclu que ces deux groupes apparaissent comme les principaux acteurs du nouveau profil migratoire Gaucho et le Brésilien, composés de centaines de nationalités de nouveaux immigrants et d'une nouvelle caractérisation socio-spatiale de ceux qui les reçoivent, que ce soit dans les relations de travail, dans l'insertion et l’acceptation sociale ou même sur la praxis xénophobe. Le Rio Grande do Sul et le Brésil sont, de facto, dans un nouveau boum migratoire après deux siècles depuis les premières immigrations et, aujourd'hui, ils les présentent au monde comme une nouvelle alternative aux immigrations économiques, cependant, avec un caractère plus humanitaire, dans une économie en développement et avec un vaste territoire à explorer par ces immigrants dans les domaines sociaux et du travail. C’est alors à la Géographie et à ce mémoire de master le rôle de fomenter la discussion à ce sujet et souligner les caractéristiques et les conséquences de ces flux qui ne sont pas juste une « vague migratoire », mais une nouvelle condition du territoire et de l'espace social du Brésil et du Rio Grande do Sul. / Esta dissertação analisará os fluxos imigratórios de haitianos e senegaleses em direção ao Estado do Rio Grande do Sul nas primeiras décadas do século XXI, estando inseridos num novo contexto migratório da qual o estado e o Brasil fazem parte e são novos atores; agora consolidados na agenda internacional das migrações e refúgio, ao lado dos tradicionais países receptores de imigrantes, refugiados e asilados políticos. Este processo de pesquisa, amparado em teorias econômicas, sociológicas e geográficas, além do instrumental da cartografia temática, também contou com pesquisas de campo em lugares-chave da rota dos imigrantes haitianos e senegaleses, desde o seu ingresso no território brasileiro até a sua distribuição espacial no Rio Grande do Sul. Observaram-se similaridades entre os dois fluxos, desde a cor, etnias, rotas e redes, mas também distintas peculiaridades sob um olhar crítico da Ciência Geográfica e seus aportes, principalmente no que tange a questão do seu perfil demográfico-social e inserção destes no mercado de trabalho, economia e sociedade sul-rio-grandense. Deste modo, inferiu-se que estes dois grupos despontam como os principais atores do novo perfil imigratório gaúcho e brasileiro, constituído de uma centena de novas nacionalidades imigrantes e de uma nova caracterização social-espacial daqueles que lhes recebem, seja nas relações de trabalho, na inserção e aceitação social ou até mesmo na práxis xenofóbica. O Rio Grande do Sul e o Brasil, de fato, estão num novo boom imigratório após dois séculos desde as primeiras imigrações e agora apresentam-se ao mundo como uma nova alternativa às imigrações econômicas, porém, com um caráter mais humanitário, em uma economia em desenvolvimento e com um vasto território a ser desbravado por estes imigrantes nas searas social e laboral. Cabe então à Geografia e a esta dissertação fomentarem a discussão sobre o tema e apontarem as feições e repercussões destes fluxos que não se tratam apenas de uma “onda imigratória”, mas sim de uma nova condição do território e do espaço social brasileiro-sul-rio-grandense. / This thesis will analyse the immigration flows of Haitians and Senegalese towards the state of Rio Grande do Sul in the first decades of 21st Century, being inserted in a new migratory context which this state and Brazil take part and are new actors; nowadays they are consolidated in the international agenda of migrations and refuge, next to the traditional receiving countries of immigrants, refugees and political asylees. This research is supported in economic, sociological and geographical theories, as well as in the thematic cartography and also had field surveys on key-places of the route of Haitians and Senegalese immigrants, since their entry on the Brazilian territory up to their spatial distribution in Rio Grande do Sul. We have observed some similarities between the two flows, since the colour, ethnicity, routes and networks, but also we point some different peculiarities under the critical review of Geographic Science regarding the issue of their social-demographic profile and their insertion in the labour market, economy and Rio Grande do Sul’s society. In this way, we have concluded that these two groups emerge as the main actors of the new Gaucho and Brazilian migratory profile, composed of hundreds of new immigrants’ nationalities and of a new social-spatial characterization of those who receive them, whether in the labour relations, in the social insertion and acceptation or even on the xenophobic praxis. Rio Grande do Sul and Brazil are, de facto, in a new migratory boom after two centuries since the first immigrations and nowadays they present them to the world as a new alternative to the economic immigrations, however, with a more humanitarian character, in a developing economy and with a vast territory to be explored by these immigrants in the social and labour fields. It is then for Geography and to this dissertation foment the discussion about the issue and point out the features and consequences of these flows that are not just a “migratory wave”, but a new condition of the territory and social space of Brazil and Rio Grande do Sul. / Esta disertación analizará los flujos inmigratorios de haitianos y senegaleses para el estado de Rio Grande do Sul en las dos primeras décadas del Siglo XXI, inseridos en un nuevo contexto migratorio en el cual el estado y Brasil hacen parte y son nuevos actores; ahora consolidados en la agenda internacional de las migraciones y refugio, al lado de los tradicionales países receptores de los inmigrantes, refugiados y asilados políticos. Este proceso de investigación, amparado en las teorías económicas, sociológicas y geográficas, además del instrumental de la cartografía temática, también se utilizó de investigaciones de campo en lugares clave de la ruta de los inmigrantes haitianos y senegaleses, desde su ingreso en el territorio brasileño hasta su distribución espacial en Rio Grande do Sul. Se han observado también similitudes entre los dos flujos, desde la color, etnias, rutas y redes, pero también distintas peculiaridades bajo una mirada crítica de la Ciencia Geográfica y sus aportes, principalmente en relación a la cuestión de su perfil demográfico social e inserción de estos en el mercado de trabajo, economía y sociedad del sur riograndense. Así, se ha inferido que estos dos grupos emergen como los principales actores del nuevo perfil inmigratorio gaucho y brasileño, constituido de un centenar de nuevas nacionalidades inmigrantes y de una nueva caracterización social espacial de aquellos que los reciben, sea en las relaciones de trabajo, en la inserción y aceptación social o incluso en la praxis xenofóbica. Rio Grande do Sul y Brasil, en efecto, están en un nuevo boom inmigratorio después de dos siglos desde las primeras inmigraciones y ahora se presentan al mundo como una nueva alternativa a las inmigraciones económicas, sin embargo, con un carácter más humanitario, en una economía en desarrollo y con un vasto territorio a ser desbravado por estos inmigrantes en las áreas social y laboral. Entonces es de la Geografía y de esta disertación el papel de fomentar la discusión sobre el tema y señalar los rasgos y repercusiones de estos flujos que no son solo una “ola inmigratoria”, pero sí una nueva condición del territorio y del espacio social de Brasil y Rio Grande do Sul.