Buscando trazer luzes à relação entre arte, cultura e desenvolvimento rural, investigou-se o campo artístico-cultural no norte/noroeste de Minas Gerais (municípios de Arinos e Chapada Gaúcha). Este espaço é particularizado por uma “efervescência” artístico-cultural que se desdobra como produto ao mesmo tempo cultural, político e contingencial. Tal processo é contextualizado a partir da história recente da região, na qual atores diversos buscam imprimir características modernas em desfavor de uma “época” fundada na administração personalista de fazendas, na relação íntima com os recursos naturais e em modos particulares de vida. Tomando isso por base, (i) a realização de manifestações culturais por ex-residentes de áreas rurais, (ii) a organização de redes de artesanato, (iii) as ações artístico-culturais empenhadas pelas prefeituras e (iv) a ocorrência de festivais de cultura popular constituem pontos investigativos distintos que se integraram em uma etnografia conduzida a partir de uma Perspectiva Orientada aos Atores. De um modo, a pesquisa revela a interligação profunda entre esses temas, a despeito de sua aparente independência. De outro, revela arranjos sociais multimotivados que são usados para problematizar aspectos relacionados à construção de subjetividades, à articulação em redes e à realização de poder; aspectos estes fundados em uma ideia e em um idioma de desenvolvimento amalgamado (político-literário-ambiental-cultural). A análise é tensionada problematizando-se agência enquanto produto situado entre “algo que está saindo” e “algo que está chegando”. Por fim, reflete-se sobre o campo artístico-cultural e sua intersecção com questões de desenvolvimento rural. / Seeking to light the relation between art, culture and rural development, we have immersed the artistic-cultural field in the north/northwest of the State of Minas Gerais (municipalities of Arinos and Chapada Gaúcha), Brazil. This place can be characterizated by its artistic-cultural "spirit" resulted as product simultaneously cultural, political and contingential. Such a process is contextualized considering region’s recent history, in which several actors seek to print modern features despite of an "age" based on personalistic farm management, on people’s proximity to nature and on particular ways of life. Taking this into account, (i) the organization of artistic-cultural events by former residents of rural areas, (ii) the organization of craft networks, (iii) the artistic-cultural activities committed by local prefectures and (iv) the occurrence of festivals of popular culture constituted distinct research points that have been integrated in an ethnography conducted on an Actor-oriented Approach. On the one hand, the research reveals the deep interconnection between these issues, despite their apparent independence. On the other, reveals multimotivated social arrangements that are used to discuss aspects related to constructions of subjectivity, networks articulations and power attainment; these aspects are founded on an amalgamated (political-literary-environmental-cultural) development idea and idiom. The analysis is tensioned by positioning agency as a product located between "something that is coming out" and "something that is just coming." Finally, it is reflected on the artistic-cultural field and its intersection with rural development issues.

O objetivo deste trabalho é desvelar as contradições inerentes às políticas ou ações que preconizam o artesanato enquanto meio de sobrevivência nas comunidades indígenas Mbyá-Guarani no estado do Rio Grande do Sul (RS). A atividade artesanal integra programas de inclusão social na condição de solução para a geração de renda e preservação identitária dessas comunidades. Entretanto, oculta uma estratégia que procrastina o enfrentamento do problema da concessão e demarcação das terras indígenas. O consenso social formado em torno dessa política fragiliza a luta pela terra por parte dos povos originários, e o incentivo ao artesanato acaba por desviar as atenções dessa questão crítica. Ainda assim, o artesanato indígena é uma alternativa legítima para a preservação de modos de fazer e formas de organização autóctones que definem padrões de interação social autônomos. É, portanto, uma atividade capaz de manter vivos os sistemas societais específicos de cada etnia indígena. Mas, em contraponto a esse consenso, formula-se a hipótese de que tal política impede o fortalecimento de uma agenda pública realmente efetiva no que diz respeito ao cumprimento da legislação que determina a demarcação e registro das terras indígenas. Para viver em acordo com seus modos tradicionais, as comunidades indígenas precisam dispor de amplos espaços naturais preservados. E isso não é contemplado quando ocorrem assentamentos em áreas de tamanho diminuto e pobres em recursos naturais. Trata-se, pois, da defesa de um posicionamento que confronta tanto a política indigenista quanto a pesquisa em administração no Brasil, que têm se pautado por doutrinas que não oferecem respostas a questões como essas. A filosofia positivista, que propunha a conversão do indígena tido como selvagem em cidadão civilizado, integrado à sociedade, foi dominante em praticamente toda a história da política indigenista brasileira, e seus resquícios ainda se fazem presentes. O paradigma sistêmico-estrutural funcionalista, por outro lado, tem constituído a ortodoxia nos estudos em administração no Brasil e tanto o questionamento de seus pressupostos quanto a busca por outras formas organizativas têm sido feitos de modo fragmentado. Por fim, compreende-se que a questão indígena, pela carga de interesses, preconceitos e toda sorte de equívocos que a cercam, torna-se um meio privilegiado para que se explore a crítica nos estudos organizacionais. Uma crítica que se propõe a desvelar a aparência de que se estaria diante de políticas transformadoras quando, de fato, permanecem incontestes os mecanismos fundamentais da exploração capitalista. Ainda que imersos no discurso positivo do respeito e da valorização da diversidade. / The goal of this Thesis is to address the contradictions contained in the policies, and the actions that uses handicrafts as a means of survival in indigenous communities Mbyá-Guarani in the State of Rio Grande do Sul (Brazil). Handicraft activities are part of social inclusion programs as a solution for generating income and preserving the identity of these communities. However, it cloaks a strategy which defers addressing the problem of the allocation and demarcation of indigenous lands. The social consensus formed around this policy weakens the struggle for land of the indigenous peoples. It is argued that incentives to engage in handicrafts serve to deflect attention from this critical issue. Nonetheless, handicrafts represent a legitimate alternative for preserving indigenous ways of operating and forms of organization that define independent patterns of social interaction. It is, therefore, an activity capable of maintaining the specific societal systems of each indigenous ethnic group. However, in opposition to this consensus, it is defended the hypothesis that this policy prevents the strengthening of a truly effective public agenda with regard to the enforcement of legislation which determines the demarcation and registration of indigenous lands. To live according to their traditional ways, indigenous communities need to have preserved natural areas. And this is not taken into account when settlements occur in small areas that are poor in natural resources. This position challenges both the indigenous policy and management research in Brazil, which have been based on doctrines that do not provide answers to these questions. The positivist philosophy, which proposed the conversion of the Indians, held as savages, into civilized citizens, integrated into society, has predominated virtually the entire history of Brazil's indigenous policy and its remnants are still present today. The systemic-structural functionalist paradigm, on the other hand, has constituted the orthodoxy of management studies in Brazil and both the questioning of its assumptions as well as the search for other organizational forms have been conducted in piecemeal fashion. Lastly, it is understood that the indigenous issue, given the weight of interests, prejudices and all the misconceptions surrounding it, has become a prime means to critically explore these organizational studies. A criticism which, in this Thesis, endeavors to lay bare the appearance that we are dealing with transformational policies, when, in fact, the underlying mechanisms of capitalist exploitation remain unchallenged. Though immersed in positive discourse about respect and valuing diversity.

FundaÃÃo Cearense de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento Cientifico e TecnolÃgico / nÃo hà / A presente dissertaÃÃo analisa a construÃÃo, em 1979 do Centro das Rendeiras da Prainha em Aquiraz-Ce, ressaltando a importÃncia deste fato para a organizaÃÃo e profissionalizaÃÃo das artesÃs da comunidade. Privilegiando as tÃcnicas da oralidade, somados à investigaÃÃo da documentaÃÃo institucional da AssociaÃÃo das Rendeiras da Prainha, este estudo procurou destacar as culturas tradicionais da renda de bilros e da pesca como atividades complementares para a sobrevivÃncia e manutenÃÃo das famÃlias locais. Por fim, o estudo evidencia as aÃÃes polÃticas das rendeiras na perspectiva da cultura associativa, bem como suas prÃticas na criaÃÃo e manutenÃÃo do espaÃo de trabalho; algo possÃvel, considerando-se a delimitaÃÃo do objeto de pesquisa, por meio da produÃÃo historiogrÃfica dedicada à histÃria social do trabalho. / The present dissertation analyses the construction, in 1979, of the âCentro das Rendeiras da Prainhaâ (community located at Aquiraz, CearÃ, Brazil), and emphasizes this fact as a landmark of the local craftwomenâs organization and professionalization. Focusing on oral techniques, added to the investigation of some institutional documentation of the âAssociaÃÃo das Rendeiras da Prainhaâ, this research aimed to highlight traditional cultures (such as ârenda de bilrosâ and fishing) as complementary activities to local familiesâ survival and maintenance. Finally, this study evidences the rendeirasâ political action in the perspective of associative culture, as well as their practices in the creation and maintenance of their place of work; something that is possible once considering the limitation of the object of study, through historiographic production dedicated to the social history of labour.

In this project a collection of clothing, based on the handicraft of knitting and crocheting, has been developed. Today most garments are produced on industrial machines, cheaply, fast and with a low quality. An alternative to this is slow fashion which aims for long-lasting, locally manufactured clothing, primarily made from sustainably sourced fair-trade fabrics. The aim of this project is to raise awareness of slow fashion by working with the handicraft of knitting and crochet. The work has a slow process of making, and the items are carefully made by hand which raises the value of the garments and is a more sustainable way of using the materials.  Traditional flat pattern construction is based on symmetrical squares and vertical and horizontal lines. This work's construction is based on diagonal lines around the women's body, as a suggestion that it fits the knitted fabric property and the women's body better. Design decisions were made by looking at renaissance fashion and paintings. To highlight an older way of making fashion and to push the expression in knitwear and show the potential in the craft.

The purpose of this study is to find and evaluate a course in crafts in a small rural school with the hope that it may be of some value to teachers in rural districts, and that it may help provide a more general education for the rural school child. The results of an interest questionnaire, projects suggested by the students, projects made, and direct observations will be the means used in determining the needs and interests of the Waneta School students. A comparison of suggested projects and of projects made by the students, and the results of an evaluation questionnaire and a rating sheet will be used in evaluating the course in terms of the students' needs and interests.

This thesis addresses the significant but often overlooked relationship between Jane Austen's works and the body of criticism about them and the two major craft movements of the nineteenth century: the Handicraft Movement and the Arts and Crafts Movement. The connections occur at two important moments during that century—first, at the moment of Austen's career during the Regency/Romantic period, and second, at the Victorian moment of the years surrounding the 1869 publication of James Edward Austen-Leigh's Memoir about Austen. In both of these moments, critics and reviewers repeatedly respond to Austen's life and works by using craft-related diction. This diction and the coetaneous nature of the craft and critical movements are indicative of the ongoing struggle throughout the nineteenth century to negotiate, eliminate, or redefine the art versus craft aesthetic binary. During the Regency moment, this negotiation begins to emerge in the heyday of the Handicraft Movement and its love for ornamentation. However, it is not until the years surrounding the publication of Austen-Leigh's Memoir that the interdisciplinary ideologies of craft and literary aesthetics burst forth. This period of overlap is short-lived, lasting approximately two decades. Nevertheless, by acknowledging its existence and examining its influence upon the Memoir and the criticism surrounding it, we can gain a greater appreciation for the aesthetic context in which the Memoir was published and for the image of Austen crafted by Victorian reviewers—an image that would ultimately become the literary inheritance of readers and scholars in the twentieth century.

The purpose of this study is to find the function of handicrafts in life adjustment education. It should also help in determining sound methods of organizing and teaching handicrafts.

The purpose of this study is to find and evaluate a course in crafts in a small rural school with the hope that it may be of some value to teachers in rural districts, and that it may help provide a more general education for the rural school child.

D.Litt. et Phil. (Anthropology) / Please refer to full text to view abstract

Thesis (MBA (Business Management))--Stellenbosch University, 2008. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This study proposes to deal with the challenge of getting craft products efficiently and sustainably to the market.The objective of the study is to suggest an integrated framework for interventions led by the state to ensure that the right products reach the right markets at the right price at the right time, thus ensuring that South Africa's contribution to global trade is increased. The South African Government has recognized the importance of the craft sector from the onset of democracy and has developed a number of policies to ensure its growth and development. These policies range from the economic to cultural to social dimensions. The thesis has largely focused on the economic aspects of these policies. Key amongst these is the Customised Sector Programme (CSP) for Craft, developed by the DTI since it focuses on strategies aimed at commercialising the sector. According to the CSP, South Africa's comparative global advantage and strategic positioning lies with its very strong design and innovation skill; its strong global reputation; combined with a relatively sophisticated communication and IT industry and well established infrastructure and logistics environment. However, SA contributes just less than 1 % of global trade in craft because of a number substantive issues constraining it. These include amongst others: • a weak skills base on the manufacturing enterprise side • high and uncompetitive product prices • poor ability to capitalise on market opportunity • lack of research and development • lack of reliable national sector profile data and up-to-date market intelligence. There are many government departments and entities that currently support the craft sector. They have different objectives and approaches ranging from enterprise support and economic development to social, welfare and cultural support. These objectives and approaches have been translated into a number of programmes. These programmes essentially function as separate units and do not necessarily tie up in creating a continuum of support to ensure the development of globally competitive craft enterprises. The Cape Craft and Design Institute, established as a craft development agency, is the exception. Two case studies were undertaken to demonstrate the fact that the South African craft sector is complex, uncompetitive and unable to capitalize on market opportunities. The products are commercial, while the systems supporting them are not. These systems include internal business systems, infrastructure and logistics, language and communication, business development support etc. The case studies highlighted how these factors undermine the sector's ability to contribute to global trade. This is compounded by the fact that the vast majority of enterprises are rural in origin and the support systems do not adopt a Bottom of the Pyramid approach to development. The thesis makes a case for the integration of support and alignment of objectives of stakeholders involved in the sector. This integration is crucial to the South African craft sector's success in the global arena and is envisaged as follows: • The creation of a craft industry cluster to include both government and private sector stakeholders. • The nucleus of this cluster should be a craft development agency. • This agency should drive an economic agenda, but should adopt a holistic approach to development - the triple bottom line approach with a market driven agenda. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die doel van hierdie verhandeling is om inligting te verskaf ter ondersteuning van 'n geintegreerde mikro-ekonomiese intervensie van die Departement van Handel en Nywerheid (DHN) wat sal bydra tot die ontwikkeling van 'n globale handwerkbedryf en 'n verhoogde bydrae tot wereldwye handel in handwerk. Die Suid-Afrikaanse regering het die belangrikheid van die handwerksektor reeds sedert die aanvang van demokrasie in Suid-Afrika erken en het 'n aantal beleide ontwikkel om groei en ontwikkeling van hierdie sektor te verseker. Hierdie beleide strek oor die ekonomiese, kulturele en sosiale spektrum. Die verhandeling fokus hoofsaaklik op die ekonomiese aspekte van hierdie beleide. Die belangrikste daarvan is die Doelvervaardigde Sektor Program (DSP) vir Handwerk, wat deur die DHN ontwikkel is, omdat dit gemik is op die kommersialisering van die sektor. Volgens die DSP is die vergelykbare globale voordeel en strategiese posisionering van Suid-Afrika gelee in sy sterk ontwerp en innoverende vaardigheid; sy goeie wereldwye reputasie; saam met 'n relatiewe gesofistikeerde kommunikasie en IT - industrie en goed gevestigde infrastruktuur en logistieke vermoe. Nietemin lewer Suid-Afrika net minder as 1 % van die wereld se handel in handwerk. Dit kan toegeskryf word aan 'n aantal beperkende faktore, waaronder die volgende genoem kan word nl.: • 'n swak vlak van vaardighede van vervaardigingsondernemings; • hoe en swak kompeterende produkpryse; • onvermoe om op markgeleenthede te reageer; • gebrek aan navorsing en ontwikkeling; en • 'n gebrek aan 'n betroubare data-profiel van die nasionale sektor en markinformasie, wat op datum is. Daar is baie regeringsdepartemente en entiteite wat tans die handwerksektor ondersteun. Laasgenoemde het verskillende doelwitte en benaderings wat strek van ondememingsondersteuning en ekonomiese ontwikkeling tot sosiale welsyn en kulturele ondersteuning. Hierdie doelwitte en benaderings het ontwikkel tot 'n aantal programme. Hierdie programme funksioneer essensieel as aparte eenhede en sluit nie noodwendig bymekaar aan om kontinuum-ondersteuning te bied wat ontwikkeling van globale handwerkondernemings verseker nie. Die Kaapse Handwerk- en Ontwerpinstituut wat as 'n handwerkontwikkelingsagentskap gevestig is, is 'n uitsondering. Twee gevallestudies is ondemeem om die feit te illustreer dat die Suid-Afrikaanse handwerksektor ingewikkeld en nie mededingend is en nie die vermoe het om op markgeleenthede te kapitaliseer nie. Die produkte is kommersieel lewensvatbaar, maar die ondersteuningsstelsels is nie. Hierdie stelsels sluit in interne sake-stelsels, infrastruktuur en logistiek, taal en kommunikasie, en sakeontwikkellingsondersteuning. Die gevallestudies werp lig op hierdie faktore, en hoe dit die sektor se vermoe om globaal mee te ding ondermyn. Dit word vererger deur die feit dat die groot meerderheid van die ondernemings landelik van aard is en dat ondersteuningsstelsels nie besigheid doen aan die onderkant van die inkome-piramiede - van onder tot bo - nie. Die verhandeling maak 'n saak uit vir die integrasie van ondersteuning en doelwitgerigtheid van alle spelers wat betrokke is by hierdie sektor. Hierdie integrasie is van die uiterste belang vir die Suid-Afrikaanse handwerksektor se sukses op die wereldarena en word as volg gevisualiseer: • Die vestiging van 'n handwerkindustriegroep wat beide regerings- en privaatsektorspelers insluit. • Die kern van hierdie groep moet 'n handwerkontwikkelingsagentskap wees. • Die agentskap moet 'n ekonomiese agenda navolg met 'n holistiese benadering tot ontwikkeling, - die drievoudige-onderstelyn benadering met 'n markgedrewe agenda.