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The purpose of this study was two-fold: First, to qualitatively explore mainstreamed hard of hearing adolescent athletes' psychosocial development, centering on their perspectives of cultural identity, self-concept, and self-esteem and the interaction of these psychological constructs with sport participation. Second, to follow-up with a quantitative measure objectively assessing the impact of sport participation on these psychological domains. Participants were hard of hearing adolescent athletes in the Northeast Atlantic Region, all of whom were currently engaging in some level of sport participation at the time of the study. Five mainstreamed hard of hearing athletes, three male and two female, participated in a semi-structured interview format. Interviews were performed at a time and place convenient for the participant. The purpose of the interview was to elicit detailed, authentic, rich content related to their experiences as hard of hearing athletes both in school and on the field and how these experiences have impacted their self-concept, cultural identification, and social lives. Utilizing grounded theory and adapting the consensual qualitative methods described by Hill, Knox, Thompson, Williams, and Hess (2005), seven conceptual categories and additional sub-categories were derived from the coding process. These conceptual categories and subthemes were found: (a) hearing loss, consisting of severity, age of diagnosis, assistive devices, and familial hearing status, (b) sporting background, sporting initiation, and current team standing, (c) parental roles, consisting of parental support of hearing and parental support of sport, (d) team experience, consisting of teammates, coaches, and opponents, (e) adaptations to being hard of hearing, consisting of working with coaches, on the field and in the classroom, (f) self-esteem/self-concept, consisting of biculturalism, self identity, and on the field mentality, and (g) benefits of sports, consisting of confidence, friends, and other. Participants also completed the Piers-Harris Children's Self-Concept Scale, which provides a total self-concept score and scores across six subscales: physical appearance and attributes, intellectual and school status, happiness and satisfaction, freedom from anxiety, behavioral adjustment, and popularity. All participants scored "average" or "above average" on total self-concept and the six subscales. The population did not consist of enough participants for a quantitative analysis. / Kinesiology

Η παρούσα εργασία αποτελεί μια πρώτη μελέτη των ορθογραφικών δεξιοτήτων των κωφών και βαρήκοων μαθητών της πρωτοβάθμιας και της δευτεροβάθμιας εκπαίδευσης στην Ελλάδα. Σκοπό έχει να διερευνήσει εάν οι κωφοί και βαρήκοοι μαθητές είναι περισσότερο επιρρεπείς σε ορθογραφικά λάθη σε σύγκριση με τους ακούοντες, τι είδους λάθη κάνουν και εάν οι παράγοντες βαθμός ακουστικής απώλειας, είδος επικοινωνίας, εκπαιδευτική βαθμίδα και τύπος σχολείου επηρεάζουν τις ορθογραφικές επιλογές τους. Στην έρευνα συμμετείχαν 52 κωφοί μαθητές από σχολεία της Αθήνας, της Πάτρας και της Θεσσαλονίκης και 41 ακούοντες ως ομάδα ελέγχου. Τα αποτελέσματα έδειξαν ότι οι κωφοί και βαρήκοοι μαθητές κάνουν όλα τα είδη ορθογραφικών λαθών (φωνολογικά, γραμματικά, οπτικό-ορθογραφικά), ότι είναι περισσότερο επιρρεπείς σε ορθογραφικά λάθη συγκριτικά με τους ακούοντες και διαφέρουν σημαντικά από τους ακούοντες στην κατηγορία των φωνολογικών λαθών. Επιπλέον, οι παράγοντες βαθμός ακουστικής απώλειας, τύπος σχολείου και μέθοδος επικοινωνίας δεν επηρεάζουν τις ορθογραφικές επιλογές, ενώ η εκπαιδευτική βαθμίδα επηρεάζει τις ορθογραφικές επιλογές των κωφών και βαρήκοων μαθητών στο θεματικό μόρφημα (ρίζα) των λέξεων. / This paper is a first study of spelling skills of deaf and hard of hearing students in primary and secondary education in Greece. Specifically, it is examined whether the deaf and hard of hearing students are more prone to misspellings than hearing students, what kind of errors make and if hearing loss, method of communication, educational level and type of school affect their spelling choices. 52 deaf students from schools in Athens, Patras and Thessaloniki and 41 hearing as a control group participated in this study. The results showed that deaf and hard of hearing students make all kinds of spelling errors (phonological, grammatical, visual-orthographic), that they are more prone to misspellings than hearing students and differ significantly from the hearing in the category of phonological errors. Moreover, the degree of hearing loss, school type and method of communication do not affect spelling choices, while the level of education affects the spelling choices of deaf and hard of hearing students in the root of the words.

<p> </p><p> </p><p>I föreliggande studie undersöktes ordförrådet (ordförståelse och benämning) hos 21 barn med hörselskada och 21 normalhörande barn i åldrarna 7-9 år, matchade till ålder, kön och bostadsort. Deltagarna delades även in i undergrupper med avseende på hörselskadans typ (ledningshinder, sensorineural skada samt kombinerad skada) och grad (lätt, måttlig, grav och döva/hörselskadade barn med CI) samt typ av skolform. Ordförståelse undersöktes med Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test III och benämning undersöktes med Word Finding Vocabulary Test. Som förväntat hade gruppen med hörselskada lägre resultat på båda testen, men endast benämningstestet visade en statistiskt signifikant gruppskillnad (<em>p </em>= 0,002 jämfört med <em>p </em>= 0,054 för ordförståelse). För benämningstestet hade barn med hörselskada i 7-års ålder ett signifikant lägre resultat jämfört med åldersmatchad kontrollgrupp, medan skillnaden inte var signifikant i de äldre åldersgrupperna (8 och 9 år). Typ, grad, kön eller skolform (hörselklass kontra integrerad skolform) hade ingen signifikant effekt på något av testen, men samband kan inte uteslutas pga relativt få barn i varje undergrupp i denna studie. Explorativ analys av individuella åldersekvivalenta resultat för benämningstestet indikerade följande: (a) majoriteten av de hörselskadade barnen låg inom den nedre halvan av normalresultatet; (b) två barn med cochleaimplantat hade särskilt låga resultat; (c) deltagare med lätt hörselskada tenderade att ha sämre resultat än deltagare med grav hörselskada, vilket kan tyda på otillräckligt stöd vid lätt skada; och (d) en deltagare med måttlig hörselskada hade lika högt resultat som det högsta resultatet i kontrollgruppen.</p><p> </p><p> </p> / <p>This study examined the receptive and expressive vocabulary in 21 children with hearing impairment and 21 children with normal hearing between the ages of 7-9. The groups were matched in regard to age, gender and home district. The material was divided into categories of hearing impairment based on type (conductive, sensorineural and combined hearing impairment), severity (mild, moderate, severe and children with profound deafness/hearing impairment with cochlear implant) and children in hard of hearing classes versus children integrated in ordinary classes. The tests used were Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test III (word comprehension) and Word Finding Vocabulary Test (word production). As expected, the group of children with impaired hearing achieved lower results on both tests. However, only the result on the word production test was significant for children with hearing impairment (<em>p </em>= 0,002 compared with <em>p </em>= 0,054 for comprehension). 7 years old children with hearing impairment reached a significantly lower result on the word production test compared with their peers with normal hearing, whereas the difference between the groups of 8 and 9 years old children was not significant. Type, severity, gender or school placement (hard of hearing classes versus ordinary classes) had no significant effect on neither word comprehension nor word production, but a correlation can not be out ruled because of a relatively low number of children in each subgroup. Explorative analyze of the individual age equivalent results for the word production test indicated: (a) the majority of children with hearing impairment performed within the lower half of the normal results; (b) two children with cochlear implants achieved a particularly low result; (c) participants with a mild hearing impairment tend to have a lower result than the participants with a severe hearing impairment, which might indicate insufficient support; and (d) one participant with moderate hearing impairment performed a result at the same level as the highest result in the control group.</p>

I föreliggande studie undersöktes ordförrådet (ordförståelse och benämning) hos 21 barn med hörselskada och 21 normalhörande barn i åldrarna 7-9 år, matchade till ålder, kön och bostadsort. Deltagarna delades även in i undergrupper med avseende på hörselskadans typ (ledningshinder, sensorineural skada samt kombinerad skada) och grad (lätt, måttlig, grav och döva/hörselskadade barn med CI) samt typ av skolform. Ordförståelse undersöktes med Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test III och benämning undersöktes med Word Finding Vocabulary Test. Som förväntat hade gruppen med hörselskada lägre resultat på båda testen, men endast benämningstestet visade en statistiskt signifikant gruppskillnad (p = 0,002 jämfört med p = 0,054 för ordförståelse). För benämningstestet hade barn med hörselskada i 7-års ålder ett signifikant lägre resultat jämfört med åldersmatchad kontrollgrupp, medan skillnaden inte var signifikant i de äldre åldersgrupperna (8 och 9 år). Typ, grad, kön eller skolform (hörselklass kontra integrerad skolform) hade ingen signifikant effekt på något av testen, men samband kan inte uteslutas pga relativt få barn i varje undergrupp i denna studie. Explorativ analys av individuella åldersekvivalenta resultat för benämningstestet indikerade följande: (a) majoriteten av de hörselskadade barnen låg inom den nedre halvan av normalresultatet; (b) två barn med cochleaimplantat hade särskilt låga resultat; (c) deltagare med lätt hörselskada tenderade att ha sämre resultat än deltagare med grav hörselskada, vilket kan tyda på otillräckligt stöd vid lätt skada; och (d) en deltagare med måttlig hörselskada hade lika högt resultat som det högsta resultatet i kontrollgruppen. / This study examined the receptive and expressive vocabulary in 21 children with hearing impairment and 21 children with normal hearing between the ages of 7-9. The groups were matched in regard to age, gender and home district. The material was divided into categories of hearing impairment based on type (conductive, sensorineural and combined hearing impairment), severity (mild, moderate, severe and children with profound deafness/hearing impairment with cochlear implant) and children in hard of hearing classes versus children integrated in ordinary classes. The tests used were Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test III (word comprehension) and Word Finding Vocabulary Test (word production). As expected, the group of children with impaired hearing achieved lower results on both tests. However, only the result on the word production test was significant for children with hearing impairment (p = 0,002 compared with p = 0,054 for comprehension). 7 years old children with hearing impairment reached a significantly lower result on the word production test compared with their peers with normal hearing, whereas the difference between the groups of 8 and 9 years old children was not significant. Type, severity, gender or school placement (hard of hearing classes versus ordinary classes) had no significant effect on neither word comprehension nor word production, but a correlation can not be out ruled because of a relatively low number of children in each subgroup. Explorative analyze of the individual age equivalent results for the word production test indicated: (a) the majority of children with hearing impairment performed within the lower half of the normal results; (b) two children with cochlear implants achieved a particularly low result; (c) participants with a mild hearing impairment tend to have a lower result than the participants with a severe hearing impairment, which might indicate insufficient support; and (d) one participant with moderate hearing impairment performed a result at the same level as the highest result in the control group.

Σκοπός της εργασίας αυτής ήταν μια πρώτη μελέτη του παιχνιδιού και της επικοινωνίας των κωφών/βαρηκόων παιδιών με τα ακούοντα παιδιά μέσα σε ένα νηπιαγωγείο. Συγκεκριμένα, σκοπός μας είναι η μελέτη του κοινωνικού παιχνιδιού και του μη κοινωνικού παιχνιδιού των κωφών/βαρηκόων παιδιών, καθώς και της επικοινωνίας τους με το περιβάλλον τους (κωφά ή ακούοντα παιδιά) μέσα και έξω από τη τάξη. Στη παρούσα εργασία έγινε προσπάθεια να απαντηθούν τα εξής ερωτήματα: α) το είδος παιχνιδιού που χρησιμοποιούν τα κωφά/βαρήκοα παιδιά μόνα τους, μεταξύ τους ή/και με τα ακούοντα παιδιά, μέσα και έξω από τη τάξη και β) τον τρόπο επικοινωνίας που χρησιμοποιούν τα κωφά/βαρήκοα παιδιά μεταξύ τους ή/και με τα ακούοντα παιδιά, μέσα και έξω από τη τάξη. Στην έρευνα έλαβαν μέρος 10 παιδιά (Ν=10), από τα οποία τα πέντε ήταν κωφά/βαρήκοα και τα υπόλοιπα πέντε ήταν ακούοντα παιδιά, τα οποία αποτέλεσαν και την ομάδα ελέγχου. Τα αποτελέσματα της εργασίας έδειξαν ότι τα κωφά/βαρήκοα παιδιά αλληλεπιδρούν και επικοινωνούν με τα ακούοντα παιδιά, μέσα στη τάξη, ενώ δεν συμβαίνει το ίδιο, έξω από τη τάξη, αφού τα αποτελέσματα έδειξαν ότι τα κωφά/βαρήκοα παιδιά αλληλεπιδρούν και επικοινωνούν μόνο μεταξύ τους. Τέλος, τα αποτελέσματα αυτά θα πρέπει να ληφθούν υπόψη από τους εκπαιδευτικούς, προκειμένου οι τελευταίοι να αποκτήσουν τις απαραίτητες γνώσεις και πληροφορίες για τη σχολική ένταξη κωφών/βαρηκόων παιδιών σε σχολεία ακουόντων, με σκοπό να προσφέρουν ευκαιρίες για θετικές αλληλεπιδράσεις μεταξύ κωφών/βαρήκοων και ακουόντων παιδιών. / The aim of this assignment was a first study of the play and the communication among the deaf/hard of hearing children in the kindergarten. In particular, our aim is the study of social and non social play of deaf/hard of hearing children inside and outside of the classroom. At the present study, an effort was made to answer the following questions: a) the type of play that the deaf/hard of hearing children are using by themselves, between them or/and between hearing children, inside and outside the classroom and b) the way of communication, the deaf/hard of hearing children are using between them and/or the hearing children, inside and outside the classroom. In the study 10 children (N=10) participated, five of which were deaf/hard of hearing and the rest five were hearing children, which represented also the control group. The results of this assignment showed that the deaf/hard of hearing children interact and communicate with the hearing children, inside the classroom, but it does not happen the same outside the classroom, since the results showed that the deaf/hard of hearing children interact and communicate only among them. Finally, these results have to be taken under consideration by the teachers, so that they acquire the necessary knowledge and information for the school integration of the deaf/hard of hearing children in regular schools, with the purpose of offering opportunities for positive interactions between deaf/hard of hearing children and hearing children.