Food-borne illness outbreaks are occasionally associated with fresh-vegetable consumption, in part due to lack of a microbial inactivation step before consumption. Raw manure or improperly composted manure applied as soil amendments is an established source of pathogenic bacterial contamination. However, less is known about whether such soil amendments could serve as a source of transmission of antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB) or antibiotic-resistance genes (ARGs) via fresh produce. As such knowledge is developing, it is useful to identify strategies for mitigating ARGs and ARB on vegetable surfaces, especially those that are synergistic with known benefits in terms of general pathogen reduction on fresh produce. Sanitizers play an important role in post-harvest processing of vegetables, especially in terms of disinfecting the wash water and preventing cross-contamination. Further, temperature and time of storage of vegetables are critical to prevent the growth of microorganisms. To provide a background inoculum representing potential pre-harvest carryover of ARB and ARGs, carrots or romaine lettuce leaves were dipped in a slurry derived from composted manure from dairy cows previously dosed with antibiotics and further inoculated with multi-drug resistant E. coli O157:H7, a human pathogen, and a spoilage-associated and opportunistic pathogenic strain of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Inoculated carrots (n=3, 25 g) were washed with water containing different sanitizers (sodium hypochlorite or peroxyacetic acid) or unwashed (control), packaged and stored at 10ºC for 7d or 2ºC for up to 60 d. Inoculated lettuce leaves (n=3, 100 g) were washed with sodium hypochlorite, packaged in modified atmosphere conditions (98% nitrogen), irradiated (1.0 kGy) and subsequently stored at 4ºC for 14 d. The effect of post-harvest treatment were compared at various times by enumeration on selective media. In addition, cultureindependent techniques were also performed to determine changes to the surficial carrot and lettuce microbiota by sequencing bacterial 16S rRNA gene amplicons. The effect of post-harvest treatments on the types and relative abundance of ARGs, also known as the “resistome,” were profiled by shotgun metagenomic sequencing and qPCR. Addition of a sanitizer during wash, storage temperature, and duration of storage affected the bacterial community structures on carrots, represented by the weighted Unifrac distance matrices (ANOSIM, R=0.465). Storage of sanitizer-washed carrots at 10ºC was associated with an increase in relative abundance of Pseudomonadaceae compared to 2ºC storage for 7 d (Wilcoxon, p<0.05). Increase in storage temperature from 2ºC (optimum) to 10ºC (temperature abuse) of sanitizer-washed carrots resulted in enrichment of ARGs conferring resistance to the following antibiotic classes: multidrug, peptide, polymyxin, quinolone, triclosan, aminoglycoside, bacitracin, β-lactam, and fosfomycin. Irradiation resulted in significant reductions (~3.5 log CFU/g) of inoculated antibiotic-resistant E. coli O157:H7 and Pseudomonas sp. on lettuce surfaces (ANOVA, p<0.05). The lettuce resistome, represented by the Bray-Curtis similarity of ARG occurrence, was affected by irradiation (ANOSIM, R=0.406). Irradiation of lettuce followed by 14 d of storage at 4ºC resulted in 2-4-fold reductions in relative abundance of ARGs encoding resistance to the following antibiotic classes: triclosan, quinolones, multidrug, polymyxin and β-lactam (Wilcoxon, p<0.05). No additional increase or reduction of the tet(A) gene present on inoculated P. aeruginosa was evident after 14d storage at 4ºC on irradiated samples. Results of this study suggest that inclusion of a sanitizer in wash water, irradiation, and storage at optimum refrigerated temperatures may offer effective strategies to combat proliferation of antibiotic resistant bacteria and antibiotic resistance genes on fresh produce. Further research is needed develop interventions that can mitigate tet(A) and other ARGs on produce that were not significantly reduced by irradiation. This study will guide future research on microbiome and metagenome of processed produce and assessment of critical control points to reduce the risk of antibiotic resistance from farm-to-fork. / PHD / Post-harvest interventions; such as washing, irradiation and cold storage, are employed to provide safe and wholesome fresh vegetables to consumers. Washing of vegetables in water that includes a sanitizing agent, such as chlorine or peroxyacetic acid (POAA), removes soil from the surface, reduces the bacteria in wash water and prevent cross-contamination between vegetables. It has an additional benefit to reduce microorganisms on produce surfaces that may cause the vegetables to spoil or result in illness in humans. Low temperature storage of produce, usually 0-5ºC, decreases the respiration rate of vegetables and reduces growth of microorganisms during storage. Some of the spoilage and/or pathogenic bacteria may also be antibiotic-resistant, which are commonly termed as antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB). Antibiotic resistance is a significant public health concern that leads to ineffective medical treatments, prolonged duration of illnesses and increased hospitalization costs. Antibiotic resistance is encoded by genes that confer resistance to wide range of antibiotic classes, including antibiotics used to treat human illnesses. These genes are termed as antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). In this study we examined the effect of three common post-harvest interventions, washing with sanitizers, gamma irradiation, and cold storage to reduce antibiotic-resistant bacterial pathogens and antibiotic-resistant spoilage bacteria on carrots and lettuce. Storage temperature, inclusion of sanitizer in wash water, and length of chilled storage significantly influenced the diversity of bacteria found on carrot surface. Inclusion of either sanitizer in the wash water significantly reduced the populations of antibiotic-resistant E. coli O157:H7 (a pathogenic bacterium that causes a dangerous form of gastrointestinal illness) and Pseudomonas sp. (a bacterial species that commonly causes food spoilage). Storage at recommended temperature (2ºC) did not allow these bacteria to regrow and also reduced total ARGs on carrot surfaces. Washing of lettuce with sodium hypochlorite followed by irradiation (1.0 kGy) and storage at recommended temperature (4ºC) were effective in reducing the populations of antibiotic-resistant E. coli O157:H7 and Pseudomonas sp., and additionally reduced the number of some ARGs conferring resistance to select classes of antibiotics, including triclosan, quinolones, multidrug, polymyxin and β-lactam antibiotics on the lettuce surface. A novelty of this research is that it employed new, cutting-edge “metagenomic” DNA sequencing technique to identify and track antibiotic resistance through the various post-harvest interventions. Overall results of this research suggest that inclusion of sanitizer in wash water for fresh produce, followed by storage at refrigerated temperatures below 4ºC may reduce the risk posed by antibiotic resistant bacteria and antibiotic resistance genes on produce.

Submitted by Jorge Silva (jorgelmsilva@ufrrj.br) on 2016-08-17T18:27:17Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2000 - Pedro Nilson Alves Berto.pdf: 654186 bytes, checksum: ef66a21a2e6b0ca326c348f84fb13d3e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-17T18:27:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2000 - Pedro Nilson Alves Berto.pdf: 654186 bytes, checksum: ef66a21a2e6b0ca326c348f84fb13d3e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2000-12-12 / CHAPTER I: In a Inceptisol soil, at Santa Cruz Sugar Mill, Campos dos Goytacazes/RJ, an experiment was conducted with the purpose to evaluate, during the cycle of second ratoon answers to the application of sugarcane agroindustry wastes, in consitions of harverst management with and without previous burning, using the growth quantitative analysis and utilizing the RB72454 sugarcane variety. The experimental field was planted in April 1992. The plant cane cut ocurred in July 1993. The first ratoon was harvested in August 1994, when the test was reinstalled to evaluation in the second ratoon, which harvest was in September 1995. The tested treatment were: 1 = CC = raw cane; 2 ? CC + TF = raw cane + 30 t.ha-1 of filter cake; 3 ? CC + TF + B = raw cane + 20 tons of filter cake ha-1 + 10 t.ha-1 of bagasse; 4 ? CQ = burned cane; 5 ? CQ + TF = burned cane + 30 t.ha-1 of filter cake; 6 ? CQ + TF + B = burned cane + 20 t.ha-1 of filter cake + 10 t.ha-1 of bagasse. The physiological rates discussed and interpreted were: a) Number of stalks by linear meter; b) Stalk height (m); c) Total biomass (g.m-2 soil); d) Leaf area index (m2 leaf. m-2 soil); e) Growth tax of the cultural (g.m-2 leaf. day-1); f) Liquid assimilation tax (g.m-2 leaf.day-1); g) Leaf nitrogen concentration; h) Stalk nitrogen concentration. The results allowed the following conclusions: 1) The application of the sugar agroindustry wastes (filter cake and bagasse) in areas harvest with or without burning, didn?t increased the stalks number and canes height. 2) The fact of not have significant differences to the stalks number rates by linear meters and canes height, reflected directly in a not statistical difference among the evaluated treatments, beeing relative a industrial stalks final productivity in t.ha. 3) The value of total biomass, obtained in the various treatments, was very low, mainly in function of hydric deficit ocurred in the period of the development of the experiment. 4) O I.A.F. (leaf area index), showed little significant changes in the first samples (second, fourth and sixth months), with higher values to burning treatments, in function of a higher stalks number by meter found in this parcels. 5) The straw index calculated (20, 6 t.ha-1) affected the ratoon budding, lowing the stalks population. 6) The leaf area index stayed lower than that considered ideal to the development of a productive sugarcane plantation, correlating with the law productivity obtained, beeing a good physiological parameter to the estimation of a sugarcane?s production. 7) The growth tax of the culture showed the highest values between 120 e 240 days after cut, similar to all treatments during the vegetative development cycle and coincided to the highest foliar area index. 8) The liquid assimilation tax was affected by the hydric stress in the period of the maximum growth of the culture. 9) The nitrogen leafs concentration, as the nitrogen stalks concentration didn?t show differences among the treatments. The fact that the soil studied was a Inceptisol soil, with great natural fertility and that ocurred a great hydric stress during the culture cycle, may have equalized the answers. -------------------------------------------------------------------- CHAPTER II: In a Inceptisol soil of Santa Cruz sugar mill; located at Campos dos Goytacazes,RJ, an experiment was conducted to evaluate the influence, in the chemical and biological properties of the soil, during the sugar cane second ratoon, of the sugar industry wastes (filter cake and bagasse) applied into experimental parcels harvested with and without previous burning of the cane. The experimental field was planted in April 1992. The harvest of the cane ocurred in July 1993. The first 1994, ratoon was harvested in August when the experiment was reinstalled for evaluation in the second ratoon, which harvest was done in September 1995. The tested treatments were: 1= CC= raw cane; 2- CC+TF= raw cane + 30 t.ha -1 of filter cake; 3-CC+TF+B= raw cane + 20 tons of filter cake ha-1 + 10 t. ha-1 of bagasse; 4-CQ= burned cane; 5- CQ +TF= burned cane + 30 t ha-1 of filter cake; 6-CQ + TF + B= burned cane + 20 t.ha-1 of filter cake + 10 T.ha-1 of bagasse. The parameters discussed and interpreted were: a) manufacturable stalks productivity in t.ha-1; b) Sugar production in t Pol ha -1; c) microbial soil biomass-carbon in mgCg -1 of soil; d) agroindustrial wastes effect among treatments on the productivity of second and the third curts of the in t.sugarcane ha-1; e) treatments effects on soil chemical properties; f)straw index determination. The results allowed the following conclusions: 1- The application of the sugar agroindustry wastes (filter cake and bagasse), in the sugar cane fields harvested with or without burning, didn`t result in increasing of productivity, in t.ha-1 or in t.ha-1. 2- Raw cane treatments, that received industrial wastes, showed expressive higher values of BMS-C, in comparison with burned cane treatments, mainly in raw cane treatment with filter cake. 3- The Inceptisol soil, may have facilitaded the similarity of the production results (t cane ha-1), due to the its high natural fertility. 4- Straw index, equivalent to 20,6 t. straw ha, may have affected the ratoon budding of the raw cane treatments. 5- generally speaking, the soil chemical properties studied haven`t been modified when the treatments are compared. / CAP?TULO I: Em solo Cambissolo eutr?fico, da usina Santa Cruz, RJ, foi conduzido experimento objetivando avaliar, durante ciclo de segunda soca (terceiro corte da cultura da cana-de-a??car), respostas ? aplica??o de res?duos da agroind?stria a?ucareira, em condi??es de manejo de colheita com e sem pr?via queima, utilizando-se da an?lise quantitativa de crescimento e empregando-se a variedade RB72454. O campo experimental foi plantado no m?s de abril de 1992. O corte da cana-planta ocorreu em julho de 1993. A primeira soca foi colhida em agosto de 1994, ocasi?o em que se reinstalou o ensaio para avalia??o na Segunda soca ou terceiro corte, cuja colheita aconteceu em setembro de 1995. Os tratamentos efetuados foram: 1 ? CC = cana-crua; 2 ? CC + TF = cana crua + 30 toneladas. ha-1 de torta de filtro; 3 ? CC + TF + B = cana-crua + 20 toneladas de torta de filtro . ha-1 + 10 toneladas . ha-1 de baga?o; 4 ? CQ = cana queimada; 5 ? CQ + TF = cana queimada + 30 toneladas . ha-1 de torta de filtro; 6 ? CQ + TF + B = cana queimada + 20 toneladas . ha-1 de torta de filtro + 10 toneladas . ha-1 de baga?o. Os par?metros fisiol?gicos discutidos e interpretados foram: a) n?mero de colmos por metro linear; b) altura do colmo (m); c) fitomassa total (g.m-2 solo); d) ?ndice de ?rea foliar (m2 folha . m-2 solo); c) taxa de crescimento da cultura (g. m- 2 solo.dia-1); f) taxa de assimila??o l?quida (g.m-2 folha.dia-1); g) concentra??o de nitrog?nio nas folhas; h) concentra??o de nitrog?nio no colmo. Os resultados obtidos permitiram as seguintes conclus?es: 1. A aplica??o dos res?duos da agroind?stria a?ucareira (torta de filtro e baga?o), nas ?reas colhidas com e sem queima, n?o resultou em aumento no n?mero de colmos por metro linear e nem na altura das canas. 2. O fato de n?o haver diferen?as significativas para os par?metros n?mero de colmos por metro linear e de altura das canas, refletiu-se diretamente na n?o diferen?a estat?stica entre os tratamentos avaliados, no que se refere ? produtividade final dos colmos industrializ?veis em t.ha-1. 3. O valor da fitomassa total, obtida nos diversos tratamentos, apresentou-se muito baixo, em fun??o principalmente do d?ficit h?drico ocorrido no per?odo de condu??o do experimento. 4. O I.A.F. (?ndice de ?rea foliar), apresentou varia??es significativas nas primeiras amostragens (segundo, quarto e sexto meses), com valores maiores para os tratamentos com queima, em fun??o de maior n?mero de colmos por metro encontrado nestas parcelas. 5. O ?ndice de palhi?o calculado (20,6 t.ha-1) afetou a brota??o de soqueiras dos tratamentos com cana crua, prejudicando a popula??o de colmos. 6. O ?ndice de ?rea foliar ficou abaixo do considerado ideal para a forma??o de lavoura produtiva, correlacionando-se com a baixa produtividade obtida, mostrando-se como um bom par?metro fisiol?gico para estimativa da produ??o canavieira. 7. A taxa de crescimento da cultura apresentou valores m?ximo entre 120 e 240 dias ap?s o corte, foi semelhante para todos tratamentos ao longo do ciclo de desenvolvimento vegetativo e coincidiu com os per?odos de ?ndice de ?rea foliar m?ximos. 8. A taxa de assimila??o l?quida foi afetada pelo estresse h?drico no per?odo de m?ximo crescimento da cultura. 9. A concentra??o de nitrog?nio nas folhas, assim como a concentra??o de nitrog?nio nos colmos, n?o apresentou diferen?as entre tratamentos. O fato de o solo estudado ser um Cambissolo eutr?fico, com alta fertilidade natural e de ter ocorrido forte stress h?drico durante o ciclo da cultura, pode ter nivelado as respostas. -------------------------------------------------------------------- CAP?TULO II: Num Cambissolo eutr?fico da usina Santa Cruz, localizada no munic?pio de Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, foi conduzido experimento objetivando avaliar, durante ciclo de segunda soca (terceiro corte) da cultura da cana-de-a??car, o efeito de res?duos da fabrica??o do a??car, (torta de filtro e baga?o), aplicados em parcelas experimentais posteriormente colhidas com cana crua e com cana sem queima, nas suas propriedades qu?micas e biol?gicas. O campo experimental foi plantado no m?s de abril de 1992. O corte da cana-planta ocorreu em julho de 1993. A primeira soca foi colhida em agosto de 1994, ocasi?o em que se reinstalou o ensaio para avalia??o na segunda soca ou terceiro corte, cuja colheita aconteceu em setembro de 1995. Os tratamentos efetuados foram: 1 ? CC = cana crua; 2 ? CC + TF = cana crua + 30 toneladas.ha-1 de torta de filtro; 3 ? CC + TF + B = cana crua + 20 toneladas de torta de filtro.ha-1 + 10 toneladas.ha-1 de baga?o; 4 ? CQ = cana queimada; 5 ? CQ + TF = cana queimada + 30 toneladas .ha-1 de torta de filtro; 6 ? CQ + TF + B = cana queimada + 20 toneladas.ha-1 de torta de filtro + 10 toneladas.ha-1 de baga?o. Os par?metros discutidos e analisados foram: a) produtividade de colmos industrializ?veis em t.ha-1; b) produ??o de a??car em t POL.ha-1; c) biomassa microbiana do solo-carbono em mgC.g-1 de solo; d) efeito dos res?duos agroindustriais entre tratamentos, nas produtividades dos segundo e terceiro cortes, em t cana.ha-1; e) efeito dos tratamentos sobre as propriedades qu?micas do solo; f) determina??o do ?ndice do ?palhi?o?. Os resultados obtidos permitiram as seguintes conclus?es: 1 ? A aplica??o dos res?duos da agroind?stria a?ucareira (torta de filtro e baga?o), nos canaviais colhidos com e sem queima, n?o resultou em aumentos de produtividade, quer seja em t cana.ha-1 ou em t pol.ha-1. 2 ? Os tratamentos com cana crua que receberam res?duos industriais, apresentaram valores significativamente maiores de BMS-C, em compara??o ao tratamento cana queimada. Houve uma maior propor??o de carbono imobilizado na biomassa microbiana do solo, principalmente no tratamento cana crua com torta de filtro adicionada. 3 ? O tipo de solo estudado, Cambissolo Eutr?fico, pode ter facilitado a semelhan?a dos resultados de produ??o (t cana.ha-1), em fun??o de sua alta fertilidade natural. 4 ? O ?ndice de Palhi?o, equivalente a 20,6 t.ha-1 de palha, pode ter afetado a brota??o de soqueiras dos tratamentos com cana crua. 5 ? De modo geral, as propriedades qu?micas do solo estudadas n?o foram alteradas quando se compararam os tratamentos.

This thesis focuses on two extreme weather years in 1867-1868 that led to crop failure and subsistence crisis in parts of Sweden. Specifically it focus on Gävleborgs County and one parish, Hanebo Parish, in south west Hälsingland. The study presents contemporary examples from original sources on the national, regional and local level and one secondary source. With a qualitative approach, the study investigates the social impacts of sudden extreme weather and following harvest failure and assess signs of a possible subsistence crisis on regional and local level in the years of 1867-68. The empirics are analyzed trough demographic methodology often used to evaluate ”famine-like” situations, theories on famine and its causes and the three concepts: vulnerability, resilience and exchange entitlement. The result of the study shows a subsistence crisis in Gävleborg county and Hanebo Parish, in the years of 1867-68. These indications included poor harvest, demographic impact on parochial level and visible mitigating strategies for coping with the situation. Social hierarchies which are making impact on attitudes within the contemporary context of crisis are also discovered in the empiric material. The study also shows that state incentives and publically organised incentives can mitigate disaster both over short and long term.

Dashiell Hammett's The Maltese Falcon and Red Harvest are examples of iconic hard-boiled detective literature that reflect on the anxieties and tensions of the 1930s-1940s. With the Great Depression looming over these decades, the genre uses the hard-boiled detective as a way to communicate with and understand this time period. In our analysis of game theory, we look at how Dashiell Hammett's characters make decisions based on the actions of other players in the game, illustrating the influences of bargaining power and manipulation. With characters that oftentimes find themselves in situations where they must collude to reach maximum utility, the novels explore the various ways in which one player takes advantage of another, almost always leading towards the detective's best payoff. Game theory provides us with a unique method to looking at literature, hard-boiled fiction particularly, as a reflection of the historical period of its conception and prime.

The seafood industry is of considerable importance to both the New Zealand and global economies and therefore tissue preservation technologies that increase product quality and/or prolong shelf life have the potential to add significant value. Technologies for maintaining the viability of isolated tissues also have a wide range of other medical and industrial applications. This thesis examines the relationship between metabolic function, oxidation and cell death and the resulting stability of the non-viable tissues during long term storage in chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) red and white skeletal muscle tissue. This research also looks at the role of the aquatic anaesthetic AQUI-S™, in which the active ingredient is isoeugenol (a lipid soluble antioxidant), and other antioxidant compounds in preserving metabolic function in viable tissues and tissue stability in nonviable tissues. Perfusion of salmon tails at 15℃ over 5 or 10 hours with oxygen saturated saline resulted in significant increases in protein and lipid oxidation (protein carbonyl and TBARS concentrations respectively) in the red muscle, but not the white muscle. The introduction of ascorbic acid and uric acid into the saline did not reduce the oxidation in the red muscle despite significantly increasing their respective concentrations in the tissue. This indicates the difficulties associated with attempting to extend tissue viability by delivering free oxygen to the tissue and also highlights the difference in susceptibility of the two muscle types to oxidation. Tail fillets from salmon harvested in both rested and exhausted physiological states using AQUI-S™, and fillets from exhausted salmon harvested without AQUI-S™, were exposed to air at 15℃ for up to 96 hours. Protein carbonyls increased in a roughly linear fashion over the entire 96 hours in all three groups. Both lipid peroxides (TBARS) and uric acid concentrations began to increase in the exhausted group after 30 hours. In contrast, no significant increases in lipid peroxides or uric acid was seen in the fillets from either group harvested using AQUI-S™. Vitamin E concentrations reduced slowly but did not change significantly despite the oxidation that was evident in the tissue. These processes also occurred in salmon tail fillets during storage at 6℃. The measurement of ATP related compounds provides an effective indicator of both the metabolic state of the tissue post-harvest and the quality. The breakdown of these compounds is also associated with the production of ammonia and hydrogen peroxide. Fresh rested salmon fillets had high concentrations of ATP and creatine phosphate, which were both depleted after 12 hours storage at 15℃. This indicates that cell viability lasted a number of hours following harvesting. These metabolites were depleted in exhausted fillets and metabolic potential appeared to be immediately compromised. The concentration of the taste enhancing compound IMP was significantly reduced in fresh rested tissue, but increased during storage, and was significantly higher than in exhausted tissues following 12 hours of storage at 15℃. This indicates that some properties of rested tissues may improve with limited storage times. The accumulation of uric acid - the metabolic end point for ATP related compounds - was also significantly reduced in rested tissue and increases in K-value were slowed. AQUI-S™ showed an ability to preserve tissue function through its anaesthetic action allowing tissue to be harvested in a rested state, and to reduce late stage lipid oxidation in stored salmon tail fillets. The antioxidant action of isoeugenol in salmon fillets may be mediated through its ability to chelate transition metals released during tissue degradation. This research shows that during reperfusion and during fillet storage there is a significant level of oxidative stress, which needs to be minimized while maintaining basic tissue metabolism to prolong tissue and cellular viability. The development of future technologies to preserve tissue viability may depend on the development of a synthetic oxygen carrying compound with properties similar to red blood cells. This may allow more control over oxygen delivery, potentially reducing the oxidative stress associated with high concentrations of free oxygen in solution. However, preserving cell viability will also require the maintenance of endogenous antioxidant function and there is also the potential to use iron chelating compounds including plant derived flavonoids to preserve non-viable tissues. Future research in these areas is necessary.

Dviejų veiksnių mulčiavimo tyrimai buvo vykdyti 2004 – 2009 m. Lietuvos žemės ūkio universiteto Pomologiniame sode. 2010 m. tirtas organinių mulčių liekamasis poveikis. Visuose laukeliuose eilutėmis augintas valgomojo svogūno (Allium cepa) pasėlis. Atstumas tarp eilučių - 0,5 m. Nevartotos trąšos ir cheminės augalų apsaugos priemonės. Norint išsiaiškinti greitesnį organinių mulčių poveikį dirvožemio savybėms ir augančių augalų pasėliams, nuo 2004 m. nevartotos trąšos ir cheminės augalų apsaugos priemonės. Tyrimų variantai – veiksnys A - skirtingi organiniai mulčiai: Al - nemulčiuota (NE), A2 - šiaudai (ŠD), A3 - durpės (DU), A4 - pjuvenos (PJ), A5 - smulkinta žolė (ŽO), veiksnys B - mulčio sluoksnio storis: Bl - 5 cm, B2 - 10 cm. Pradinis bandymo laukelio ilgis 6 m., plotis 2 m., plotas 12 m2. Apskaitinio laukelio ilgis 5 m., plotis 1 m., plotas 5 m2. Variantai pakartojimuose išdėstyti rendomizuotai. Pakartojimai išdėstyti dviem eilėmis. Bandymas vykdytas 4 pakartojimais. Nustatyta, kad anksčiau įterpti organiniai mulčiai esmingai nepakeitė dirvožemio temperatūros, tačiau esmingai didino dirvožemio drėgnumą. Storesnis mulčio sluoksnis turėjo tendenciją didinti dirvožemio temperatūrą ir dirvožemio drėgnumą. Ilgametis organinių mulčių įterpimas esmingai nepakeitė dirvožemio pH, tačiau dirvožemio azotingumą esmingai didino šiaudų mulčias, o fosforingumą ir kalingumą esmingai didino šiaudų ir žolės mulčiai. Vegetacijos periodo metu piktžolių dygimas kito nevienodai... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Two factors mulching studies were carried out 2004 - 2009 in Lithuanian University of Agriculture Pomology garden. 2010 studied the residual effect of organic mulch. All lines grown in the fields of edible onion (Allium cepa) crops. The distance between the lines – 0,5 in Unused fertilizer and chemical plant protection measures. To find out more rapid organic mulches on soil properties and crop-growing plants since 2004 unused fertilizer and chemical plant protection measures. Study options - a factor - the different mulches in Al – no mulching (N) A2 - straw (ND), A3 - peat (DU), A4 - sawdust (PJ), A5 - minced herb (ZO), factor B - mulch thickness: BL - 5 cm, B2 - 10 cm. Initial field testing of length 6, width of 2, an area of 12 m2. Accounting field, length 5 m, width 1, the area 5 m-2. Variants rendomizuotai reps out. Reps set in two rows. The test is carried out by four repetitions. It was found that mulches before insert substantially changed the soil temperature, but substantially increased soil moisture. A thicker layer of mulch tended to increase soil temperature and soil moisture. Insert a long-time organic mulch on soil pH did not change substantially, however, substantially increased the soil nitrogen content of straw mulch, phosphorus and potassium and substantially increased the straw and grass mulches. During the growing season germination of weeds did not move. Short-emergence weed mulches had previously used sedative. Promoted the regeneration of perennial... [to full text]

Magistrantūros studijų baigiamajame darbe pateikiami ekologiškai auginamų juodojo serbento veislių fenologinių fazių eigos, krūmo augumo, kekių ir derliaus kokybinių rodiklių bei pažeidimo grybinėmis ligomis ir serbentine erkute tyrimo duomenys. Darbo objektas – 10 ekologiškai auginamų juodojo serbento veislių: ‘Titania’, ‘Geo’, ‘Smaliai’, ‘Minaj Šmyriov’, ‘Blizgiai’, ‘Vakariai’, ‘Katiuša’, ‘Gagatai’, ‘Almiai’ ir perspektyvus selekcinis numeris ‘Aldoniai’ (Vakariai x 70-88-9-1). Darbo metodai: Grybinės ligos ir serbentinė erkutė įvertinti maksimalaus pasireiškimo metu. Atskirai apžiūrėjus kiekvieną krūmą, grybinių ligų ir serbentinės erkutės pažeidimai vertinti 6 balų skale (0 – ūgliai, lapai ir pumpurai sveiki; 5 – pažeista virš 75 proc. lapų, ūglių ir pumpurų). Krūmo augumas vertintas prasidedant ir baigiantis vegetacijai. Juodojo serbento kekės ir derliaus kokybė bei produktyvumas nustatytas įvertinus kiekvieno krūmo derlių, uogų nokimo darnumą ir kekių rodiklius. Darbo rezultatai. Veislės ‘Smaliai’ vaiskrūmiai ekologinei sodininkystei tinka dėl vėlyvo žydėjimo, pražysta tik gegužės 10 dieną, tai vertinga veislės savybė, nes vėlai žydinčių serbentų žiedai apsisaugo nuo pavasarinių šalnų pavojaus ir tuo pačiu, išsiskiria stabiliu kasmetiniu derliumi. Juodojo serbento veislės ‘Aldoniai’ (Vakariai x 70-88-9-1) augalai išaugino esmingai daugiau uogų kekėje, daugiau derančių šakų ir šios veislės augalai pasižymėjo geriausiu žiedų ir uogų kekėje santykiu (pakanka 1... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / In the thesis of Master degree studies is presented the study data about the process of phenological phases of the species of ecologically cultivated blackcurrant, bush height, qualitative indicators of bunches and harvest, also the data about affection by diseases and blackcurrant gall mite. Object of the work – 10 species of ecologically cultivated blackcurrant: ‘Titania’, ‘Geo’, ‘Smaliai’, ‘Minaj Smyriov’, ‘Blizgiai’, ‘Vakariai’, ‘Katiusa’, ‘Gagatai’, ‘Almiai’ and perspective selection number ‘Aldoniai’ (Vakariai x 70-88-9-1). Methods of the work: Fungal diseases and blackcurrant gall mite were assessed during maximum manifestation. Affections by fungal diseases and blackcurrant gall mite after inspection of each bush separately were assessed in accordance with the scale of 6 points (0 - shoots, leaves and buds are healthy; 5 – over 75 percent of leaves, shoots and buds are affected). The bush height was assessed at the beginning and the end of vegetation. Assessment of the quality of blackcurrant bunch and harvest was performed through application of ordinary methods. The results of the work. The breed ‘Smaliai’ is suitable for ecological currant field due to its late blooming, plants bloom only on the 10th of May, this is valuable feature of the breed because the blossoms of the currants that bloom lately are protected against a danger of spring frosts and at the same time exudes a stable annual yield. The number of berries in the bunch of blackcurrant breed... [to full text]

The purpose of this study is to provide an introduction and analysis of Harvest Festival, a work for piano four hands by Taiwanese composer Yann-Jong Hwang. This work incorporates elements of traditional Taiwanese music that is largely unfamiliar to performers and listeners beyond the border of Taiwan. With the exception of Professor Hwang’s own journal article on this piece, this project is the only study of Harvest Festival available in the United States or Taiwan. This research will be meaningful to both performers and piano teachers as an encouragement to include Yann-Jong Hwang’s work within their concert repertory. This document examines the background of Yann-Jong Hwang; briefly introduces Taiwan, the Amis tribe, and the Harvest Festival event; provides a structural analysis of all four sections of Harvest Festival; and concludes with an appendix consisting of a complete score of Harvest Festival.

Il mais rappresenta una delle colture più diffuse nel Nord Italia. Negli ultimi anni si è assistito ad un notevole incremento della superficie a mais legato soprattutto all'uso dell'insilato di mais come substrato per la produzione di biogas. Per questo motivo è necessario avere il maggior numero di informazioni possibili per migliorare le performance della coltura. In letteratura ci sono molti studi che valutano l’impatto dell’ambiente e del management sulle caratteristiche chimico nutrizionali e sul potenziale metanigeno del foraggio di mais ma non ci sono lavori che considerano entrambi i parametri. L’obiettivo della tesi è stato quello di investigare come il danno da grandine , la genetica e il momento di raccolta possano influenzare la composizione della pianta intera tradotta come potenziale metanigeno e valore nutrizionale del foraggio. / In the Po Valley the maize crop represent one of the most cultivated plant used for cattle feeding but in the last 10 years it is also used as biogas substrate. Considering the importance of this cultivation, there is the continuous need to obtain information about this plant with the aim to improve the crop performance. There are numerous studies investigating the impact of environmental aspects and management practices on chemical and nutritional composition, and methane production in the literature but very few that evaluate those parameters together. The general objective of this thesis is to investigate how hail damage, type of hybrid and the harvesting date affect the whole plant composition. To accomplish this, two specific objectives are posed: i) verify the effects of hail damage levels on yield, chemical and nutritional feature as well as on BMP of maize grown in the Po Valley; and ii) to evaluate the value of different hybrids for animal nutrition and methane production in anaerobic fermenters and as delaying harvesting after the usual stage of maturity affects these features. It was also aimed to verify if chemical composition and in vitro digestibility tests could allow to estimate methane yield potential in maize whole plant.

L'industrie viti-vinicole est affectée par la présence d’Ochratoxine A (OTA) dans ses produits en raison de la contamination des raisins par des souches fongiques d'Aspergillus section Nigri, notamment A. carbonarius. Le vin et le jus de raisin sont considérés comme les deuxièmes contributeurs en Europe à l'ingestion par les consommateurs de cette mycotoxine ayant des effets néphrotoxiques, neurotoxiques et tératogènes. L'objectif principal de ce travail est de proposer des méthodes alternatives aux traitements phytosanitaires chimiques pour prévenir la contamination en OTA dans les raisins et le vin, dans le respect de l'environnement et de la santé des producteurs et consommateurs. Différents traitements ont été comparés en station expérimentale après contamination artificielle du cépage Mourvèdre par une souche d’A. carbonarius fortement productrice d’OTA (CP-OTA) isolée de raisin : un fongicide chimique (Scala®) servant de témoin conventionnel et 3 traitements alternatifs, un extrait de plante agissant comme éliciteur (Stifénia®), et Saccharomyces cerevisiae et Trichoderma atroviride utilisés comme agents biologiques antagonistes. Deux parcelles non traitées ont servi de témoins non traités, l'une a été artificiellement contaminée. Une réduction significative de la teneur en OTA dans les jus (de 38 à 42 %) a été observée pour les traitements avec le fongicide chimique, la levure en tant qu’agent biologique et l’éliciteur Stifenia permettant une amélioration notable de la qualité sanitaire des jus et une réduction en dessus de la norme à 2 g/Kg. Les dénombrements microbiologiques et la Q-PCR utilisant des amorces spécifiques d’A. carbonarius ont montré les plus fortes réductions de son occurrence dans les jus de raisin et les rafles après traitement avec l’éliciteur. L’analyse des résultats de PCR-DGGE a permis de bien de discriminer les différents traitements par rapport à des modifications d’écosystèmes. Des espèces des genres Penicillium et Fusarium non productrices d’OTA ont été isolée des baies traitées par le Stifénia® alors qu’elles n’ont pas été mises en évidence sur les autres parcelles. Les deux traitements biologiques et le traitement par éliciteur ont considérablement augmenté l'épaisseur des peaux de baies (quantités de cire et de cuticule et épaisseur de la peau de la baie). Ceci pourrait être due à des mécanismes de résistance des baies de raisin à certains agents pathogènes et pourraient expliquer simultanément la réduction d’OTA ainsi que l'amélioration de la qualité globale du jus de raisin, qui présentent notamment des teneurs en polyphénols augmentées. Le trans-6-nonenal et trans-2-octenal, rencontrés à plus haute concentration dans les feuilles traitées au Stifénia® lors de l’analyse des profils des composés organiques volatils (COV) des feuilles ont montré une activité antifongique sur la croissance et toxinogenèse du CP-OTA alors qu’aucune activité antifongique de la poudre Stifénia® n’a pu être mesurée. Cela pourrait expliquer en partie le mode d'action de défense de la plante suite au traitement éliciteur par production au niveau des feuilles des COV induisant des modifications métaboliques sur le CP-OTA et engendrant les teneurs d’OTA réduites dans les raisins. Suite aux modifications d’écosystème obtenus, l’autre possibilité envisagée de défense induite par le Stifénia serait la promotion de souches microbiennes antagonistes des souches fongiques mycotoxinogènes. Lors de test d’antagonisme, certaines souches des genres Penicillium et Fusarium, isolées sur parcelles traitées au Stifenia, ont eu un effet positif de réduction de la croissance et toxinogenèse du CP-OTA. C'est notamment le cas pour Penicillium adametzioides qui présente la meilleure réduction de toxinogenèse du CP-OTA. Le traitement par éliciteur présente donc de très bonnes alternatives aux traitements phytosanitaires chimiques pour lutter contre les champignons toxinogènes ainsi que des potentialités de nouveaux agents biologiques. / The grape and wine industry is affected by the presence of Ochratoxin A (OTA) in its products because of contamination of grapes by strains of Aspergillus section Nigri. Grapes and wine are considered as the second contributors in Europe to the ingestion of this mycotoxin with nephrotoxic, neurotoxic and teratogenic effects. The main objective of this work is to provide non-chemical alternative methods to control OTA contamination in grapes and wine, in respect with environment and health of producers and consumers. Different treatments were compared in experimental vineyard PECH-ROUGE of INRA and IFV, Narbonne, France on near parcels after artificial contamination of the Mourvèdre grape cultivar by A. carbonarius: (OTA producing fungus; OTA-PF) a chemical fungicide (Scala®); Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Trichoderma atroviride as antagonists; and a plant extract as elicitor (Stifénia®). Two untreated parcels served as controls, one was artificially contaminated. A significant reduction (38 - 42%) was observed in the OTA juice content by the chemical, yeast bioagent and elicitor treatments with juice safety improvement under the standard at 2 g/Kg. The microbiological enumeration and Q-PCR using universal and specific primers for A. carbonarius had shown the highest reduction of its occurrence on grapes and stems from elictor treatment. The DGGE gave an overview on their effect on the fungal ecosystem, that showed higher similarity between the non-contaminated and elicitor treatment (76%) followed by yeast one and the lowest treatment was the contaminated one. The results obtained from traditional methods of isolation showed that the elicitor treatment had a higher proportion of fungal species from Penicillium and Fusarium genera not isolated in the other treatments. The two biological treatments and one elicitor treatment significantly increased the thickness of the berry skins in general (wax, cuticle layers and skin thickness), which could be related to the enhancement of the disease resistance of the grape berries to certain pathogens and could also simultaneously explain the OTA reduction and the grape juice quality improvement whith particular increasment of polyphenol contents. Further study was conducted in order to understand the Stifénia® mode of action because the reduction effect of the black aspergilli incidence and the OTA contamination while the isolated strains still have the high ability of producing OTA. Trans-6-nonenal and trans-2-octenal, which recognized in Stifénia® treatment leaves with the highest significant concentration regarding to their concentration with the chemical treatment during volatile organic compound (VOC) analyses, have antifungal activity against the OTA-PF growth and OTA production with low concentrations. No antifungal activity of the Stifénia® powder against the OTA-PF mycelial growth or toxigenesis were measured. That may partially explain the mode of action of plant defence by producing leaf VOCs that induce positive changes on the OTA-PF and its OTA contents in grapes. Due to ecosystem changes observed, an other potential effect of the induced defense with Stifénia treatment could be to promote fungal strains with antagonistic effect on A. carbonarius. In vitro antagonistic test was performed with Stifénia® non-Aspergillus isolates from Penicillium and Fusarium genera. Certain strains had a positive effect on mycelial growth reduction on OTA-PF and have also an effect on OTA production of OTA-PF. Penicillium adametzioides showed the highest reduction of toxigenesis of OPT-PF. This could be accomplished by applying as the elicitor one of the tested fungi with an antagonistic effect on OTA production, such as P. adametzioides. The Elicitor treatment therefore offers very good alternatives to chemical treatments to fight against toxigenic fungi directly or by giving new potential biological agents.