abstract: There is limited research on bullying among college students and even less research on hazing behaviors among students who are in a campus organization. Previously used scales were created for use with children and were not behavior specific, leaving out adult experiences college students may encounter and asking about bullying in general which leaves the definition up to the responder. This study aimed to create an instrument that examines behavior specific experiences with college students and their peers, in the general college setting and specific to a campus organization they belong to. Five hundred and two undergraduate students completed surveys of college experiences, affect, and well-being. Results indicate one factor for college bullying and one factor for hazing in college organizations. Bullying and hazing were found to be similar but different, with students having more experiences with bullying and the two experiences having different relations to affect and well-being. This study lends to the growing literature on bullying experiences of adults and begins the necessary evaluation of hazing in college organizations. / Dissertation/Thesis / Masters Thesis Counseling Psychology 2016

An individual’s years in college are a time of trial and transformation. This dissertation examined college students’ self-created accounts of their time in college in order to identify students’ significant meaning-making activities during those years. Four primary areas of student life were investigated: the rules that students were expected to adhere to, the ways in which students and their class cohorts antagonized one another, hazing, and class competitions. A comparative historical approach was used to analyze student-created accounts of college life in the years 1871-1941. Archival research at a geographically diverse sample of fourteen colleges and universities provided primary source materials created by students, including correspondence, diaries, photographs, and scrapbooks. Collectively, these sources affirm that students derived their significant meaning-making experiences from their extracurricular activities. An additional dimension of the study proposed an extension of the work of sociologist Burton Clark on organizational sagas. An analysis of students’ self-reported experiences suggest that Clark’s notion of organizational sagas extends beyond the bounds of discrete institutions, reaching down to the level of individuals and upward to college students as a collective entity.

Master of Science / Department of Special Education, Counseling and Student Affairs / Doris Wright Carroll / Privilege and its’ impact on the racial and social constructs of fraternity and sorority life is an issue that has plagued the past and continues to determine the future. The examination of literature and the application of both Critical Race Theory and Critical Race Feminist Theory provides the theoretical framework for defining this issue. While White privilege does not answer all questions regarding race and how it determines sorority and fraternity membership, it does seek to address issues surrounding the traditions and customs in fraternity and sorority life. Additionally, in using a Critical Race Feminist perspective it seeks to address issues regarding the formalized sorority recruitment process used by traditionally White sororities and its impact on multicultural students. As a result of the findings within the literature, the traditional practices fraternities and sororities cling to only further draw discriminatory barriers between traditionally White Greek organizations and potential multicultural members. Furthermore, if this issue is not addressed within both higher education and Greek life it could signal further racially dividing issues. With the impact of biracial and multiracial students becoming more prevalent on campuses, student affairs practitioners must work to redefine what race and ethnicity mean in terms of student affiliation and involvement. Future research must study the impact of segregated governing organizations and their impact on creating cohesion between multicultural and traditionally White fraternal organizations.

Thesis advisor: Heather T. Rowan-Kenyon / College fraternities are routinely associated with alcohol use and hazing (e.g., Wechsler, Kuh, & Davenport, 1996; Allan & Madden, 2008). These outcomes can lead to troubling consequences for fraternity members, and other stakeholders (DeSantis, 2007; Syrett, 2009). The masculine norm climates perpetuated by fraternities may contribute to fraternity men’s alcohol use and hazing motivations (Kimmel, 2008; Syrett, 2009). However, not all fraternity members conform to hegemonic masculinity (Anderson, 2008; Harris & Harper, 2014). The masculine norm climates collectively espoused by fraternities may vary between chapters, and these differences may explain members’ alcohol use and endorsement of hazing rationales (DeSantis, 2007). In addition, organizational socialization tactics have been found to relate to the outcomes of newcomers (e.g., Ashforth & Saks, 1996), and these tactics may explain differences that exist across the population of chapters for the relationships among members’ conformity to masculine norms and their alcohol use or endorsement of hazing rationales. No prior study had utilized a large, multi-institutional sample to examine if fraternity members’ alcohol use or support of hazing rationales varied between fraternity chapters, or if the masculine norm climates promoted by chapters predict these outcomes. To address this gap, this study collected data from 2,678 undergraduates from a single college men’s social fraternity represented at 76 colleges and universities in the United States and Canada. Utilizing a critical postmodern quantitative inquiry, the data were analyzed through descriptive analyses and hierarchical linear modeling (HLM). The findings indicate that fraternity members’ alcohol use and endorsement of hazing rationales varied between fraternity chapters. Chapter heterosexual presentation climate was positively related to a member’s alcohol use. Risk-taking, heterosexual-presentation and playboy climates were positively related to members’ endorsement of social dominance hazing rationale, whereas the violence climate perpetuated by a fraternity chapter was negatively related to this rationale. Risk-taking climate was positively associated with the endorsement of solidarity and instrumental education hazing rationales. Investiture socialization climate was found to not moderate relationships among individual masculine norms and hazing rationales. / Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2018. / Submitted to: Boston College. Lynch School of Education. / Discipline: Educational Leadership and Higher Education.

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This study contributes to the knowledge and understanding of the application of hazing law and response of courts to case law where hazing has been alleged between the years of 1980-2013. This study expands upon the 2009 research conducted by Carroll, Connaughton, Spengler and Zhang, which used a content analysis methodology to look at anti-hazing case law as applied in cases where educational institutions were named as defendants, and the 2002 unpublished dissertation of Guynn which explored anti-hazing case law and its application in cases involving high school students. This study examines all court cases between 1980-2013 where a judicial opinion was written and an allegation of hazing or an injury resulting from hazing occurred. This study uses content analysis methodology to identify, code and analyze cases and applies analogical reasoning to the case review to 1) examine the breadth of legal cases that occurred between 1980-2013, 2) identify the legal issues most likely to be created by an incident of hazing, and 3) apply predictive analysis for how those issues may impact individuals, organizations, and institutions. The study identified that legal issues related to 1) tort liability and negligence, 2) allegations of violations of 42 U.S.C. Section 1983 of the Civil Rights Act, 3) hazing, 4) assault and battery, and 5) Title IX of the Educational Amendments of 1972 were most commonly argued in courts of law following an incident of hazing. A discussion of each area of law and the parameters under which a court would make decisions in this area of law were provided for discussion.

The study of sport initiations is in its infancy. So far, the North American-centric research has focussed on ‘exposing and condemning’ morally unacceptable initiation activities, which are referred to as hazing. Hazing moral panics in North America has resulted in universities utilising sport initiation empirical research to construct anti-hazing policies; policies proven to be ineffective in banning sport initiations. The purpose of this research is to address some of the gaps in the knowledge of sport initiations. A two stage ethnographic research approach was utilised to collect information on British university sport initiations. An international student embedded himself as a student-athlete within a British university to learn the cultural meanings of a foreign sport culture and to possess an emic perspective. Semi-structured interviews were then conducted with key policy actors possessing differing organisational cultural perspectives (differentiational and fragmentational), specifically university staff and sport - rugby union, football, and track and field - club members from multiple higher education institutions. The researcher’s ethnographic confessional tale of his experience as a self-funded international student is combined with the data from interviewee participants to construct British university sport initiations as a resistance research topic.

Hazing in collegiate settings, both Greek and non-Greek, damages educational institutions’ reputations and creates liability as they seek to maintain the safety of their students. This study examines hazing activities that take place during the initiation process of Black Greek Letter Organizations (BGLOs). Utilizing qualitative research, it provides insight into the motivations of undergraduates who participate in BGLO hazing initiation rituals. Using National Pan-Hellenic Council (NPHC) and Pennsylvania State Law definition of hazing, this study focuses on an underexamined population generally overlooked by researchers in this field. Examining BGLO members’ familiarity with hazing prior to taking part revealed three levels of awareness: not aware, moderately aware, and very aware. Participants also indicated what kinds of dangers they were aware of, how they became aware of such dangers, and other facets of hazing they knew about prior to their participation in the activity. Members chose to join an organization where they believed hazing existed due to various factors: Confidence & Past Success, Intrapersonal Benefits, Societal Benefits, Perceptions of Hazing, Personal Relationships, Compatibility, Lack of Options, and Following Traditions. BGLO members’ willingness to undergo hazing sprang from the following factors: Long-term Benefits, Validation, The Bonds of Initiation, Personal Relationships, Acceptance, Perceptions of Hazing, Explanatory Justification. Finally, participants in this study indicated five roles that hazing plays in the initiation process of BGLO: Producing Better People, The Cycle of Re-Creation, Organizational Benefits, Validating Membership and Not Worth It. This project highlights the failure of higher educational institutions to play a key role in protecting students, specifically BGLO members, from the dangers of hazing and offers remedies for that oversight, including anti-hazing policies, hazing support services, membership intake processes, and fraternal organization advisement implications, as well as areas for future research on this topic. / Educational Leadership

Syfte och frågeställningar Studiens syfte var att studera unga idrottares och idrottsstudenters erfarenheter och upplevelser av inkilning i idrottsliga sammanhang. Centrala frågeställningar var (1) i vilken utsträckning har unga idrottare och idrottsstudenter erfarenhet av att ha blivit inkilade? (2) Hur går inkilningar till? (3) Hur beskriver unga idrottare och irottsstudenter sina upplevelser av inkilning? (4) Vilken inställning har unga idrottare och idrottsstudenter till inkilning? (5) I vilken utsträckning har unga idrottare och idrottsstudenter hört talas om inkilning? Metod Metoden var en enkät om 39 frågor med inslag av kvalitativa frisvarsfrågor. Urvalet var 209 idrottande ungdomar från åtta olika idrottsgymnasier samt 91 studenter från Gymnastik- och idrottshögskolans tränar- och lärarprogram. Datainsamlingen gjordes mestadels på plats alternativt via post. Kvantitativa data analyserades i SPSS via Pearson Chi-Square med signifikansnivå på p=0,05. Kvalitativa data tematiserades och sammanställdes för kvantifiering, därutöver gjordes en kritisk läsning efter teoretiska utgångspunkter i Pierre Bourdieus teorier. Resultat En majoritet av ungdomarna och idrottsstudenterna har hört talas om inkilning. Nära nog hälften av ungdomarna och var fjärde idrottsstudent har någon gång blivit inkilad, antingen vid sitt eget idrottsgymnasium eller i nuvarande eller tidigare förening. I respondenternas egna beskrivningar framträdde fem kategorier; många inkilningar innehöll antingen (1) alkoholförtäring, (2) avklädda aktiviteter eller aktiviteter med sexuell anspelning, (3) uppträdanden (med eller utan utklädnad), (4) intag av ”äcklig” mat eller dryck samt (5) allmänt beskrivna lekar, uppdrag, aktiviteter och tävlingar. En majoritet av respondenterna instämde i att inkilningar ofta innehåller drag av kränkningar och förödmjukelse och att den inkilade är i en utsatt position men också i att deras upplevelser varit positiva och att den inkilade brukar tycka att det är en kul grej. Få idrottare hade velat avstå inkilningen men var fjärde respondent har någon gång varit med om en inkilning som upplevts som obehaglig. Slutsats Inkilning förekommer inom idrotten (på olika sätt och i olika sammanhang) både i föreningar och vid idrottsgymnasier. Inkilning utgör en viktig del i reproduktionen av en idrottskultur; genom inkilningens prövningar och utmaningar får den nye medlemmen visa sig värdig medlemskap i gruppen eller laget, inordnas i dess hierarki och lära sig hur han/hon ska tänka, vara och bete sig inom den specifika idrottskulturen. / Aim The aim of the study was to examine the experience of hazing in sports among young athletes and sports students. Questions posed were (1) to what extent do young athletes and sports student have experience of hazing? (2) How does hazing work? (3) How do young athletes and sports students describe their experience of hazing? (4) What do young athletes and sports students think about hazing? (5) To what extent has young athletes and sports students heard about hazing? Method The method was a questionnaire of 39 questions with a number of qualitative open questions. The selection of respondents was 209 young athletes from eight different sport high schools and 91 sports students from the physical education teacher programs and sport coaches programs of The Swedish School of Sport and Health Sciences, GIH. The data collection was mostly made through visits to the schools, otherwise per postal mail. Quantitative data was analyzed in SPSS via Pearson Chi-Square with p-value at 0,05. Qualitative data was thematically sorted and categorized and thereafter interpreted through the theories of Pierre Bourdieu. Results A majority of the young athletes and sports students has heard about hazing. Almost half of the young athletes and every fourth sports student have been hazed, either at their own sport high school or in current or former sports club. In their own descriptions five categories emerged; a lot of the cases of hazing included either (1) alcohol, (2) undressed activities or activities with sexual reference, (3) putting on shows (with or without dress out), (4) eating or drinking “disgusting” food or drinks or (5) general games, tasks, activities and competitions. A majority of the respondents agreed to that hazing includes humiliation and degradation and that whom is being hazed is in a vulnerable position but also to that their experience was positive and that whom is being hazed usually thinks it is a fun thing. Few athletes wished to undo their hazing but every fourth respondent has sometime experienced a hazing as discomforting. Conclusions Hazing occurs in sports (in different ways and in different contexts) both in sports clubs and at sport high schools. Hazing is an important part of the reproduction of a sports culture; through the challenges and tests of hazing the new group or team member gets to prove his/her worth of being a member of the group, is conformed in its hierarchy and learns how he/she should think, act and behave within the specific sports culture. / <p>Studien genomfördes med ekonomiskt stöd av Centrum för idrottsforskning (CIF)</p> / Inkilning inom ungdomsidrotten

La thèse se propose de décrire et de tenter d’expliquer les phénomènes de bizutage. La question du bizutage dansles établissements de l’enseignement supérieur en France est une énigme sociologique. En effet, l’existence de cefait social ne se rencontre pas dans l’ensemble du milieu scolaire. Il est également une transgression des normesjuridiques qui le concernent. Pourtant, il perdure et constitue une expérience collective qui prend la forme d’unpassage quasi-obligé lorsqu’il est institutionnalisé dans le contexte scolaire où il se manifeste. A travers une sériede brimades mettant à l’épreuve les nouveaux venus, c’est-à-dire les étudiants récemment entrés dansl’établissement, un ensemble de normes, de valeurs et de représentations collectives spécifiques se développe. Lebizutage implique alors des procédés d’acceptation, de signification et de justification qui ont pour finalité deconférer une légitimité au phénomène. Sur ces bases, se construisent les interactions individuelles, orientées parla caractéristique collective rattachée au vécu du parcours bizutant. Une référence identitaire émerge ainsi sur labase des procédés précédents afin de favoriser la pérennité de la croyance en l’efficacité du bizutage. / The thesis proposes to describe and try to explain the phenomena of hazing. The question of hazing inestablishments of higher education in France is a sociological enigma. Indeed, the existence of this socialphenomenon is not found throughout the whole educational environment. It is equally a transgression of thejuridical norms which concern it. Nevertheless it continues and constitutes a collective experience that takes theform of a quasi-obligatory passage when it is institutionalised in the educational context where it appears.Through bullying, newcomers are put to the test, that is to say students recently entered in the establishment, anda collection of norms, values and specific collective representations are developed. Hazing, thus, implies aprocess of acceptance, meaning and justification which as a result confer legitimacy to the phenomenon. Onthese bases individual interactions are built, orientated by the collective characteristic attached to the survival ofthe experience of hazing. An identity reference emerges based on these preceding processes which favours theendurance of the belief in the efficiency of hazing.