Orientador: Rosemeire da Silva Filardi / Resumo: Em diversas regiões do Brasil, o desempenho das aves é afetado negativamente pelas variações climáticas. Altas temperaturas associadas a alta umidade relativa do ar determinam muitas alterações fisiológicas, dentre elas os distúrbios acidobásicos, diminuição no desempenho produtivo das aves e na qualidade externa dos ovos. Dentro desta problemática, o estudo avaliou os efeitos de níveis do balanço parcial de cátions-ânions na dieta (Na+ + K+ - Cl-), balanço eletrolítico (BE), sobre as respostas produtivas, qualidade dos ovos, hemograma e parâmetros bioquímicos de poedeiras comerciais em segundo ciclo de produção, mantidas em condições de altas temperaturas e umidade. Cento e vinte e oito poedeiras comerciais em segundo ciclo produtivo, com 122 semanas de idade, foram distribuídas em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado em esquema de parcelas subdivididas, onde ciclo foi considerado como apenas uma medida repetida no tempo, composto por quatro balanços eletrolíticos (170, 220, 270, 320 mEq.kg-1), quatro repetições de oito aves cada em quatro ciclos de 14 dias, perfazendo um total de 56 dias de experimento. Ao final do experimento foram obtidas amostras sanguíneas de duas aves por parcela para determinar o hemograma e parâmetros bioquímicos sanguíneos. Os BE influenciaram o consumo de ração (P<0,01), a produção (P<0,05) e massa de ovos (P<0,01), tendo comportamento quadrático para essas variáveis. Considerando-se o comportamento da produção e da massa de ovos o valor médio ... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: In several regions of Brazil, the performance of laying hens is affecting negatively by climatic variations. High temperatures and relative humidity determine many physiological changes, among them the acid-base disturbances, decrease in the productive performance of the laying hens and the external quality of the eggs. In this problem, the study evaluated the effects of partial levels of cation-anions in the diet (Na+ + K+ - Cl-), electrolytic balance (BE), on productive responses, egg quality, hemogram and biochemical parameters of laying hens in the second production cycle maintained under high temperature and humidity conditions. One hundred and twenty-eight commercial laying hens in the second productive cycle, at 122 weeks of age, were distributed in a completely randomized design in subdivided plots scheme, where cycle was considered as only one measure repeated in time, composed of four electrolytic balances (170 , 220, 270, 320 mEq.kg-1), four replicates of eight laying hens each in four cycles of 14 days, making a total of 56 days of experiment. At the end of the experiment blood samples of two laying hens were obtained per plot to determine the hemogram and blood biochemical parameters. The BE influenced feed intake (P <0.01), production (P <0.05) and egg mass (P <0.01), with quadratic behavior for these variables. Considering the production behavior and egg mass, the mean electrolytic balance value 265.24 mEq.kg-1 provided the best result. Within the ranges of the... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Four studies were performed to evaluate the independent influence of core temperature and heat acclimation on sweating responses when exercise is fixed for a given evaporative heat balance requirement (Ereq) during compensable and uncompensable heat stress. By using circadian rhythm to modulate absolute core temperature, study 1 investigated whether absolute core temperature altered the steady-state sweat rate during compensable heat stress at a fixed Ereq. Study 2 compared the influence of partial and complete heat acclimation on core temperature and sweating responses between a compensable and uncompensable heat stress condition. Study 3 quantified how maximum skin wettedness is altered with partial or complete heat acclimation. Study 4 determined whether aerobic fitness (i.e. maximum rate of oxygen consumption; VO2max) per se independently alters the sweating and core temperature responses to uncompensable heat stress or if the frequent bouts of exercise-induced heat stress that accompany aerobic training are required to augment thermoregulatory capacity. Study 1 demonstrated that when absolute core temperature is different between AM and PM by ~0.2°C, steady-state sweat rates were the same for a fixed Ereq. Only when a different level of Ereq was attained, were differences in steady-state sweating observed. Moreover, steady-state sweat rates were similar despite differences in skin and core temperature when exercise intensity was matched to elicit a fixed Ereq in two different ambient temperatures (23°C and 33°C). In study 2, neither partial nor complete heat acclimation altered the core temperature response to compensable heat stress despite a marginally greater sweat rate compared to an unacclimated state. However, the sudomotor adaptations associated with heat acclimation were evident during uncompensable heat stress and mitigated the rise in core temperature during 60 minutes of exercise compared to an unacclimated state. Study 3 determined that the biophysical parameter that defines the upper limit for evaporative heat loss, that is the maximum skin wettedness achievable, increased following partial (0.84±0.08) and complete heat acclimation (0.95±0.05) compared to unacclimated (0.72±0.06) which directly explains the reduced change in core temperature reported in study 2 during uncompensable heat stress. Lastly, study 4 demonstrated that VO2max per se does not alter the sudomotor responses to uncompensable heat stress. Rather, it is the repetitive exercise-induced heat stress experienced during aerobic training that induces a partial heat acclimation thereby mitigating the rise in core temperature during uncompensable heat stress. Taken together, when exercise is prescribed in a compensable environment, the steady-state sweat rate observed will be primarily determined by Ereq independent of absolute core temperature, while heat acclimation will slightly increase the sweat rate despite providing no additional reduction in the change in core temperature. However, progressive heat acclimation increases the upper limit of compensability via a greater maximum skin wettedness thereby mitigating the rise in core temperature during uncompensable heat stress.

The world’s coral reefs are being impacted by myriad disturbances, from localized overfishing and nutrient pollution to global climate change-induced temperature increases and ocean acidification. Conservation of coral reefs in the face of increasing variability and uncertainty requires an understanding of the interacting effects of multiple stressors on the diverse components of these vital ecosystems. In this thesis, I use data from reefs around Kiritimati atoll (Republic of Kiribati) in the central equatorial Pacific Ocean to examine the effects of a severe pulse heat stress event and local human disturbance on two important components of the coral reef ecosystem – three-dimensional (3D) structural complexity and reef fish assemblages. Using 3D reef models constructed through structure-from-motion photogrammetry, I examined changes in reef structural complexity in the year following the 2015-2016 El Niño and mass coral bleaching event. I found that exposure to prolonged thermal stress and subsequent coral mortality resulted in declines in reef structural complexity, particularly reef surface rugosity and terrain ruggedness. Baseline levels of structural complexity were also negatively influenced by local human disturbance, while complexity was positively related to the densities of branching and massive coral growth forms. These findings have important implications for the maintenance of healthy reef ecosystems, as high levels of structural complexity are important for supporting diverse reef-associated fish assemblages. Next, using underwater visual censuses of reef fish assemblages, I quantified fish abundance, biomass, species richness, and assemblage structure before, during, and after the 2015-2016 El Niño. Total reef fish abundance, biomass, and species richness declined during the El Niño, suggesting that pulse heat stress events may have short-term, negative consequences for reef fish. Although these metrics did not vary substantially across the local human disturbance gradient, recovery of assemblages following the heat stress event was impeded by higher levels of local human disturbance. Reef fish assemblage structure was influenced by a more diverse array of factors, showing significant shifts in response to heat stress, human disturbance, and net primary productivity. Given the many important roles that fish play on coral reefs, declines such as those observed here may impair the ecological functioning of these ecosystems. Together, my results highlight the negative impacts of heat stress and local human disturbance on coral reefs, demonstrating ways in which these stressors may interact to limit reef resilience in the face of increasing anthropogenic pressures. / Graduate / 2019-12-07

Foi conduzido um experimento para caracterizar as unidades de produção leiteira de duas regiões do Estado de Santa Catarina (Oeste e Sul), quanto ao rebanho, à infraestrutura para ordenha e conservação do leite, estratégias de alimentação e características físico-químicas do leite. Foram aplicados questionários aos produtores e realizadas coletas mensais de leite durante 11 meses, totalizando 1034 observações. Posteriormente foi realizado um experimento para avaliar a inclusão de níveis crescentes de feno de tifton 85 (Cynodon dactylon) em substituição à silagem de milho nas proporções feno: silagem de 80:20; 60:40 e 40:60, respectivamente sobre a produção leiteira e as características físico-químicas do leite de 21 vacas Jersey durante 28 dias. Complementarmente foram realizados três experimentos na estação quente para avaliar o efeito do provimento de sombra sobre as características produtivas, fisiológicas e metabólicas das vacas leiteiras e os atributos físicoquímicos do leite. Foi realizado um experimento em um laticínio da região sul de Santa Catarina para avaliar a produção de queijos tipo prato quanto as características físico-químicas e rendimento utilizando leite cru com baixa, média e alta estabilidade ao teste do álcool. A análise estatística dos dados foi efetuada com o programa SAS (2001), usando análise descritiva, avaliando a frequência de ocorrência das observações, correlação, análise de variância e regressão. O nível de produção das propriedades das regiões oeste e sul foi relacionado às características de área, número de animais no rebanho, produtividade das vacas, uso de salas de ordenha. Entretanto, existe variabilidade nas características ligadas à infra-estrutura e manejo das unidades de produção como alimentos usados, práticas de ordenha e instalações além da proporção das categorias do rebanho e raça entre as regiões. De modo geral as diferenças quanto à composição físico-química do leite foram maiores entre as regiões que entre as escalas de produção. A inclusão de 20 a 60% de feno de tifton 85 em substituição à silagem de milho não modificou o peso e escore corporal, produção leiteira e as características físico-químicas do leite. No estresse calórico moderado a severo, a privação de sombra diminuiu a produção leiteira, a estabilidade do leite, a densidade e os teores de proteína bruta, mas aumentou acidez titulável e os teores de gordura e nitrogênio ureico. Houve efeitos positivos do provimento de sombra sobre os aspectos fisiológicos, hematológicos, sobretudo em estresse moderado a severo, mas mesmo em estresse leve, o acesso à sombra manteve melhor as condições metabólicas como equilíbrio ácido-básico e reduziu o dano ao DNA. A estabilidade no teste do álcool de 72 a 76% não alterou as características físico-químicas e de rendimento do queijo tipo prato. / An experiment was conducted to characterize the dairy farms in two regions of the State of Santa Catarina (West and South), in relation to the aspects related to herd, total area, milking parlour, feeding strategies and physicochemical characteristics of milk. Questionnaires were applied to producers and raw bulk milk was collected monthly for 11 months, totaling 1034 observations. Afterwards, we conducted a trial to evaluate the increasing levels of Tifton 85 hay (Cynodon dactylon) replacing corn silage in the proportions hay:silage 80:20; 60:40 and 40:60 respectively on milk production and the physicochemical characteristics of the 21 Jersey cows fed for 28 days. In addition trials were carried out on the hot season to evaluate the effect shade provision on milk production, physiological and metabolic traits of dairy cows and the physico-chemical characteristics of milk. Finally an experiment was conducted in a dairy industry at the southern region of Santa Catarina to assess the production of dish type cheese as well as the physico-chemical characteristics using raw milk with low, medium and high stability the test of alcohol. Statistical analysis was performed with SAS (2001), evaluating descriptively the frequency of occurrence of observations, linear correlation, variance and regression. The production level of the properties of the western and southern regions were related to the area characteristics, number of animals in the herd, cows’ productivity, use of milking parlors. However, there is variability in characteristics related to the infrastructure of production units used as food, milking practices and facilities and the proportion of the categories of the herd and breed. Overall variation among observation revealed greater differences among regions than among production scales. The inclusion of 20 to 60% of Tifton 85 hay replacing corn silage did not change the weight and body condition, milk production and the physicochemical characteristics of milk. In moderate to severe heat stress, shade deprivation decreased milk production, milk stability, density and crude protein but increased titratable acidity, fat and urea nitrogen contents. Positive effects of shade provision were detected on the physiological, hematological aspects, especially in moderate to severe stress. But even in mild stress, access to shade allow cows keep better metabolic conditions such as adequate values for acid-base balance and reduced DNA damage. Stable milk from 72 to 76% of ethanol did not change the physico-chemical and yield of cheese plate.

xvii, 245 p. : ill. A print copy of this thesis is available through the UO Libraries. Search the library catalog for the location and call number. / There has been a lot of research investigating the effects of heat stress and exercise on the physiological adaptations to heat acclimation. It is well documented that heat acclimation improves heat tolerance and performance in a hot environment; however, some of the mechanisms of adaptation are not clear. Furthermore, the role of heat acclimation on exercise performance in cool environments is currently unknown. Therefore, in Chapter IV we aimed to determine the effects of heat acclimation on lactate threshold and maximal oxygen uptake (VO 2max ) in cool and hot conditions. We also sought to investigate the effects of heat acclimation on leg blood flow and oxygen delivery during a single-leg knee extensor exercise. We found that heat acclimation improved lactate threshold and VO 2max in cool and hot environments but did not alter the leg blood flow and oxygen delivery during the leg kicking exercise. In Chapter V we investigated the heat acclimation effects on performance during a 1-hour time trial in hot and cool environmental conditions and the potential mechanisms by which this occurs. A secondary objective was to study whether the pacing strategy was modified during the time trial post-heat acclimation. The results demonstrated that heat acclimation improved time trial performance in both thermal environments by approximately 7% but pacing strategy was not altered. The purpose of the studies in Chapter VI were twofold. First, we sought to investigate how heat acclimation affects the skin blood flow and sweating responses to pharmacological treatment with specific dosages of the muscarinic receptor agonist acetylcholine. Second, we examined the maximal skin blood flow responses to a period of heat acclimation by locally heating the forearm with a water spray device for 45 minutes and measured brachial artery blood flow via ultrasound. We found that heat acclimation increased sweat rate and skin blood flow responses to given concentrations of acetylcholine, suggesting a role for peripheral mechanisms. On the other hand, maximal skin blood flow remained unchanged after heat acclimation. / Committee in charge: Christopher Minson, Chairperson, Human Physiology; John Halliwill, Member, Human Physiology; Andrew Lovering, Member, Human Physiology; Michael Sawka, Member, Not from U of 0; Scott Frey, Outside Member, Psychology

Submitted by Leonardo Tedeschi null (leonardotedeschi@uol.com.br) on 2016-04-30T14:07:00Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao-LeonardoTedeschi.pdf: 1623389 bytes, checksum: 41374a3d719687f19252e03b62fc4848 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Felipe Augusto Arakaki (arakaki@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-05-03T16:25:14Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 tedeschi_l_me_ilha.pdf: 1623389 bytes, checksum: 41374a3d719687f19252e03b62fc4848 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-05-03T16:25:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 tedeschi_l_me_ilha.pdf: 1623389 bytes, checksum: 41374a3d719687f19252e03b62fc4848 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03-03 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a viabilidade técnica e econômica da utilização de diferentes formas de cálculo e valores de balanço eletrolítico na formulação de rações para poedeiras comerciais no segundo ciclo de produção. Foram utilizadas 216 poedeiras comerciais leves, da linhagem Lohmann, em segundo ciclo de produção, distribuídas em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial (2 x 4 + 1) com parcela subdividida no tempo. Duas fórmulas de cálculo do Balanço Eletrolítico (Mongin = [Na+ + K+] – [Cl-] e Ender = [Na+ + K+] - [Cl- + S2-]) e quatro valores de Balanço Eletrolítico (170, 220, 270 e 320 mEq.kg-1) e uma dieta testemunha (sem fórmula ou valor para balanço eletrolítico) perfazendo um total de nove tratamentos com quatro repetições de seis aves cada, dividido em quatro ciclos, sendo que cada ciclo foi composto por 28 dias. Foram analisados parâmetros de desempenho das aves, qualidade dos ovos e qualidade dos ovos na vida de prateleira. As diferenças entre os tratamentos compostos pelas formulas e balanços eletrolíticos e o testemunha foram pouco consistentes sobre o desempenho ou qualidade dos ovo quando comparada a uma ração formulada sem esse conceito, porém a combinação da fórmula de Ender e do balanço eletrolítico de 270 mEq.kg-1 determinou maior retorno econômico. Na fórmula de Mongin o balanço eletrolítico determinou um comportamento quadrático para consumo de ração, massa de ovos, unidade Haugh de ovos frescos e estocados, indicando melhores resultados na faixa de 241,84 mEq.kg-1, porém o BE 170 mEq.kg-1 favoreceu a qualidade de ovos frescos ou armazenados. Para fórmula de Ender, o aumento no balanço eletrolítico determinou diminuição linear no consumo de ração, produção e massa do ovo e aumento linear na unidade Haugh de ovos frescos e armazenados. No balanço eletrolítico de 270 mEq.kg-1 o uso da fórmula de Ender se mostrou eficiente, conferindo melhor conversão alimentar e maior gravidade específica, além de proporcionar um maior retorno econômico. O aumento nos níveis de balanço eletrolítico promoveu maior excreção de água e potássio. / The objective of this study was to evaluate the technical and economic viability of using different forms of calculation and electrolyte balance in feed formulation for laying hens in the second production cycle. They were used 216 light commercial layers, Lohmann, second production cycle, distributed in a completely randomized design in a factorial scheme (2 x 4 + 1) with split-plot in time. Two calculation formulas of Electrolyte Balance (Mongin = [Na+ + K +] - [Cl] and Ender = [Na+ + K+] - [Cl- + S2-]) and four Electrolyte balance values (170, 220, 270 and 320 mEq.kg-1) and a control diet (no formula or value for electrolyte balance) for a total of nine treatments with four replicates of six birds each, divided into four cycles, each cycle consisted of 28 days. Performance parameters were analyzed for hens, egg quality and egg quality in shelf life. The differences between the treatments comprise the formulas and electrolyte balance and the witness were inconsistent about the performance or quality of the egg compared to a formulated diet without this concept, but the combination of Ender's formula and electrolyte balance 270 mEq.kg-1 determined a higher economic return. In Mongin’s formula the electrolyte balance determined a quadratic behavior for feed intake, egg mass, Haugh unit of fresh and stored eggs, indicating better results in the range of 241.84 mEq.kg-1, but electrolyte balance 170 mEq.kg-1 promoteted the quality of fresh or stored eggs. To Ender's formula, the increase in electrolyte balance determined linear decrease in feed intake, production and mass of the egg and linear increase in the Haugh unit of fresh and stored eggs. In the electrolyte balance of 270 mEq.kg-1 the use of Ender's formula proved to be efficient, providing better feed conversion ratio and higher specific gravity, in addition to providing greater economic return. The increase in electrolyte balance levels promoted increased excretion of water and potassium. / FAPESP: 2014/12820-5

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:25:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2009-07-30Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:53:15Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 nabhan_t_me_botib.pdf: 239064 bytes, checksum: a0903b2fc61ab98911efd89418cc6078 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Existem evidências de que os efeitos deletérios do estresse térmico calórico (ETC) sobre a fertilidade são menos pronunciados em raças tolerantes ao calor devido primariamente às diferenças na capacidade de termorregulação. Experimentos in vitro têm demonstrado que embriões zebuínos (Bos indicus) são mais resistentes ao ETC quando comparados a taurinos (Bos taurus). A fim de melhor compreender as diferenças entre zebuínos e taurinos em relação à resistência ao choque térmico, objetivou-se com o presente trabalho verificar se a resistência ao ETC é resultado da contribuição genética do oócito, do espermatozóide ou de ambos e se o intervalo de tempo entre o abate dos animais e a aspiração do oócito influencia o desenvolvimento do embrião. No experimento 1 oócitos de vacas das raças Nelore e mestiças com fenótipo predominante da raça Holandesa preto e branco (mHPB) foram coletados em frigorífico, maturados e fertilizados com espermatozóide de touros das raças Nelore (N), Angus (An), Brahman (Bra) e Gir (Gir). No experimento 2 oócitos de vacas das raças Nelore e HPB puras foram coletados em frigorífico, aspirados 4 e 6:30 horas após o abate dos animais, maturados e fertilizados com espermatozóide de touros das raças N, Gir e HPB. Em ambos os experimentos, noventa e seis horas pós-inseminação (hpi), os embriões com mais de 16 células foram separados ao acaso em dois grupos: controle e ETC. Os embriões do grupo controle foram cultivados a 39 oC continuamente e do grupo ETC expostos a 41 oC por 12 horas, retornando a seguir para 39 oC. No experimento 1 não foi observado efeito do ETC nas várias raças estudadas, não havendo portanto, redução nas taxas de blastocisto e blastocisto eclodido. As taxas de clivagem e mórula dos embriões mHPB x Gir foram inferiores (p<0,05) as das demais raças. As raças mHPB x N apresentaram taxas de blastocisto... / There are evidences that deleterious effects of heat stress (HS) on fertility are less pronounced in breeds tolerant to high temperatures, due mainly to differences on their thermoregulatory capacity. In vitro experiments have shown that Bos indicus embryos are more resistant to HS when compared to Bos taurus. In order to better understand the differences related to heat shock resistance between Bos indicus and Bos taurus, the main objective of this study was to determine if tolerance to HS is cause by genetic contribution from the oocyte, spermatozoa or both. Additionaly, the influence of the time, between collection of ovaries in the abattoir and oocyte aspiration in the laboratory, on early embryo development was ascertained. In experiment 1, oocytes from Nellore and crossbreed Holstein cows (cHST), were collected in a local abattoir, matured and fertilized using semen from Nellore (N), Angus (An), Brahman (Bra) and Gir (Gir) bulls. In experiment 2, oocytes from Nelore and Holstein (HST) cows were collected in an abattoir and the oocytes were aspired in the laboratory 4 or 6:30 h afterwards, matured and fertilized using semen from N, Gir and HST. In both experiments, 96 h post insemination (hpi), embryos with 16 cells were separated in two groups: control and HS. In the control group the embryos were cultured at 39 oC, whereas in the HS group the embryos were submitted to 41 oC during for 12 h, and then returned to 39 oC. In experiment 1, there was no effect of HS on blastocyst and hatched blastocyst rates in all breeds studied.. The percentage of oocytes that cleaved and reached the morula stage was significantly lower (p<0.05) in cHST x Gir as compared to the other breeds. Additionaly, blastocyst rate was higher in cHST x N than in cHST x An and cHST x Gir (P<0.05). In experiment 2, cleavage, morula and blastocyst rates of Group 4 h were higher (P<0.05) as compared to Group ... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:33:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2011-10-21Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:45:20Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 souza_mg_dr_jabo.pdf: 645894 bytes, checksum: 3d8880788443c1f3e02fca3961023d5c (MD5) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Dois experimentos foram realizados para avaliar o efeito da suplementação de glutamina (Gln) sobre o desempenho, características da carcaça, desenvolvimento da mucosa intestinal e concentrações plasmáticas de triodotironina (T3) de frangos de corte criados em diferentes temperaturas. No primeiro experimento a Gln foi suplementada de 1 a 21 dias de idade. 1350 aves foram distribuídas em delineamento inteiramente casualizado (DIC) em arranjo fatorial 3 x 3, sendo os fatores temperatura de criação (quente, termoneutra e fria) e níveis de Gln (0, 1 e 2%), com 5 repetições. A suplementação de Gln proporcionou melhor desempenho nas duas primeiras semanas de idade com melhora nas características morfométricas da mucosa intestinal. As aves criadas em temperatura quente apresentaram resultados inferiores de desempenho, menor desenvolvimento da mucosa intestinal e redução das concentrações plasmáticas de T3. No segundo experimento a Gln foi suplementada de 22 a 42 dias de idade. Foram utilizadas 360 aves, distribuídas em DIC em arranjo fatorial 2 x 3, sendo os fatores temperatura de criação (termoneutra e quente) e níveis de Gln (0, 1 e 2%), com 5 repetições. O nível de 2% de Gln melhorou o desempenho, sem influência na morfometria intestinal e nas características da carcaça. A exposição ao calor prejudicou o desempenho e as características morfométricas da mucosa intestinal. Conclui-se, que a Gln e a temperatura ambiente, de modo geral, atuam de forma independente sobre o desempenho e o desenvolvimento da mucosa intestinal. A suplementação de Gln, não minimiza os efeitos do estresse térmico sobre o desempenho e a estrutura da mucosa intestinal de frangos de corte / Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of glutamine supplementation (Gln) on performance, carcass characteristics, intestinal mucosa development and plasma concentrations of triiodothyronine (T3) on broiler chickens reared under different temperatures. In the first experiment Gln was supplemented from 1 to 21 days of age. 1350 birds were distributed randomly in factorial 3 x 3 arrangement, with the temperature rearing (hot, cold and thermoneutral) and levels of Gln (0, 1 and 2%), with five repetitions. Gln supplementation provided better performance in the first two weeks of age with improvement in morphometric characteristics of the intestinal mucosa. The birds reared in hot temperature showed worst performance, lower development of intestinal mucosa and reduced plasma concentrations of T3. In the second experiment Gln was supplemented from 22 to 42 days of age. 360 birds were used, distributed randomly in a factorial 2 x 3 arrangement, with the temperature raearing (thermoneutral and hot) and levels of Gln (0, 1 and 2%), with five repetitions. The level of 2% Gln improved performance, but have no effect on intestinal morphology. Exposure to heat affected the performance and morphometric characteristics of the intestinal mucosa. We conclude that the Gln and room temperature, generally act independently on the performance and development of the intestinal mucosa. Gln supplementation, does not minimize the effects of thermal stress on performance and structure of the intestinal mucosa of broilers

Master of Science / Animal Sciences and Industry / Micheal J. Brouk / Study 1 was performed to assess the effect of an evaporative cooling system (ECS) on core body temperature (CBT) and lying times in lactating dairy cows. Respiration rates and rear udder temperatures (T[subscript u]) were also measured. Trial 1 contained 3 environmental treatments while trial 2 contained 2 environmental treatments. Treatments were: OFF (Cyclone fans and fog shut off), FAN (Cyclone fans only, no fog), and FANFOG (Cyclone fans and fog on) and cows exposed to these 3 environments were housed in a bedded pack barn (PACK) equipped with an ECS or a tie-stall barn (TIE). TIE and PACK cows moved between barns every 8 h for milking and both groups moved opposite of each other. Ambient, barn temperature and relative humidity (RH) measurements in addition to vaginal temperatures and lying times were recorded by sensors which took measurements at 1 min intervals. Respiration rates (BPM), for PACK cows during FANFOG were reduced (P < 0.05) when compared to TIE (53 ± 2.0 vs 64 ± 2.0, respectively) in trial 1. Similar results were found in trial 2. Rear udder temperature was measured and found to be decreased (P < 0.05) in PACK cows while housed under FANFOG vs TIE in trial 1. These results could not be repeated in trial 2 because of greater ambient temperatures. Core body temperature (CBT) was reduced during each trial as shown by less time spent above 39.0°C during FANFOG. During trial 2, PACK spent 5.7 and 8.5 h/d less over a CBT of 39.0°C compared to TIE cows. Total daily lying time was tracked and found to increase for cows exposed to the ECS during PACK but no difference between PACK and TIE. In study 2, the same ECS was used but its effects on nonlactating dairy cows were studied. There was a treatment by h interaction for vaginal temperature showing the greatest effects during the afternoon h where FANFOG had numerically decreased CBT vs FAN. FANFOG cows spent reduced time over a CBT of 39.0°C and greater time < 38.0°C. FANFOG cows also had increased lying times of 1.7 h/d compared to FAN.

Doctor of Philosophy / Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology / Robert L. Larson / Bradley J. White / There are multiple modalities available to evaluate health or stress status of animals. The objective of my research was to evaluate different modalities including behavior, rectal and nasal temperature, and blood samples to determine the relationship with these outcomes of interest in bovine respiratory disease (BRD) events, environmental conditions, transportation, and Mannheimia haemolytica challenge model. The objective for the final project was to determine whether diagnostic sensitivity or specificity resulted in greater economic value for the industry using simulation models for identification of BRD. There was a positive association with rectal temperature and probability of not finishing the production cycle normally, but this relationship was not linear. Rectal temperature of feedlot calves at first treatment for BRD had limited value as a prognostic indicator of whether those calves would finish the production cycle normally. A positive association between rectal temperature and ambient temperature and temperature-humidity index was determined. Environmental conditions must be considered when rectal temperature is used as a diagnostic tool. At 48 hours after initiation of transportation there were no differences in body weight, rectal temperature, and time spent at various locations in the pen detected between transported and non-transported control heifers. Transportation of heifers during periods of high ambient temperatures caused transient changes in physiologic and behavioral indices of heifers. Calves challenged with Mannheimia haemolytica had more changes in behavior, body weight, and blood biomarkers during high ambient temperatures compared to control calves. Results of this study may guide research in development of objective assessment tools for identification and management of cattle affected with BRD during extreme summer conditions. For both low and high apparent prevalence cohorts, increasing diagnostic specificity resulted in more rapid, positive change in net returns compared to change in increasing sensitivity. Improvement of diagnostic specificity, perhaps through a confirmatory test or pen-level diagnostics, can increase diagnostic value. Mortality risk was the primary driver for net returns. Results from this study are important for determining future research priorities to analyze diagnostic techniques for BRD and provide a novel way for modeling diagnostic tests.