A síntese de imagens é uma ferramenta valiosa na compreensão de diversos fenômenos da natureza. Nos últimos anos várias abordagens têm sido propostas para sintetizar tais fenômenos. A grande maioria de tais abordagens têm se centralizado no desenvolvimento de modelos procedurais. Porém, cada uma destas técnicas simula exclusivamente um fenômeno natural. Um dos métodos de síntese de imagens fotorealísticas mais proeminente é denominado de Traçado de Raios (Ray Tracing). Contudo, apesar de produzir imagens de excelente qualidade, este método é computacionalmente muito oneroso. A síntese de fenômenos naturais utilizando-se o traçado de raios é um desafio. É importante que este problema seja abordado, apesar da sua complexidade, pois a simulaçao fotorealista da natureza é muito importante para os cientistas e pesquisadores desde o surgimento dos computadores. Um algoritmo versátil e rápido para a síntese de fenômenos da natureza através do traçado de raios utilizando campos de altitude é proposto. O algoritmo utiliza uma modificação do algoritmo do Analisador Diferencial Digital de Bresenham para atravesar uma matriz bidimensional de valores de altitude. A determinação das primitivas geométricas a serem interseccionadas por um raio é obtida num tempo ( N ) , sendo N o número de altitudes no campo de altitude. Este trabalho faz uma comparação em termos de velocidade e realismo deste método com outras abordagens convencionais; e discute as implicações que a implementação deste método traz. Finalmente, destaca-se a simplicidade e versatilidade que este método proporciona devido à pequena quantidade de parâmetros necessária para a síntese de fenômenos naturais utilizando o traçado de raios. Para a criação de animações basta a especificação de novos parâmetros num intervalo de tempo diferente. / Visualization is a powerful tool for better undestanding of several natural phenomena. In recent years, several techniques have been proposed. Considerable interest in natural scene synthesis has focused on procedural models. However, these techniques produce synthetic scenes of only one natural phenomenon. Ray tracing is one of the most photorealistic methods of image syntesis. While providing images of excellent quality, ray tracing is a computationally intensive task. Natural scene synthesis is a challenging problem within the realm of ray tracing. It is important to tackle this problem, despite of its complexity, because photorealistic simulation have been important to scientific community since the appearance of computers. A fast and versatile algorithm for ray tracing natural scenes through height fields is presented. The algorithm employs a modified Bresenham DDA to traverse a two dimensional array of values. The objects tested for intersection are located in ( N ) time where N is the number of values in the field. This work compares the speed-up and photorealism achieved in natural scene synthesis using this method with other algorithms and discusses the implications of implementing this approach. As a final point, the simplicity and versatility of synthesizing complex natural scenes from a few parameters and data is especially attractive. Animated sequences require only the additional specifications of time modified parameters or data.

Este estudo teve por hipótese que o manejo de pastos de Tifton 85 baseado em parâmetros ingestivos dos animais (pastoreio Rotatínuo – RN), resulta em colheita do pasto mais eficiente que no manejo tradicional. Foram estudadas três estratégias de manejo de pastoreio rotativo em pastos de Tifton 85 pastejados por novilhas leiteiras no Sul do Brasil. Os tratamentos consistiam em variações de critério de altura de pasto para entrada e retirada dos animais. O primeiro tratamento foi o método de pastoreio rotativo “clássico” (máximo aproveitamento do pasto) com metas de altura de manejo pré-pastejo de 30 cm e pós-pastejo de 5 cm (30-05). O segundo tratamento foi o Rotatínuo (RN) que permite a máxima taxa de ingestão de forragem, com altura pré-pastejo de 19,2 cm e pós-pastejo de 11,5 cm. No terceiro tratamento foi utilizada uma proposição de rebaixamento de apenas 40% da altura pré-pastejo tradicionalmente recomendada no país, 30 cm de altura pré-pastejo e 18 cm de altura pós-pastejo (30-18). Foram utilizados animais da raça Holandês, com idade de 20±2 meses e peso médio de 496±22 kg. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos completos casualizados com três repetições. O período experimental foi de 67 dias, entre 14 de janeiro a 22 de março de 2014. Os número de pastejos chegaram a 7 para o RN, 2 para o RT e 5 para o 30-18. A taxa de ingestão de forragem foi semelhante entre os tratamentos. Para manter a taxa de ingestão constante os animais utilizaram diferentes componentes do comportamento. No tratamento 30-05 os animais apresentaram maior massa do bocado, e no RN maior taxa de bocado (P<0,05). O RN obteve maior taxa de acúmulo diária de forragem frente aos demais tratamentos, maior massa de forragem colhida e maior eficiência de colheita do pasto (P<0,05). A adoção de metas de manejo do pasto via alturas pré e pós-pastejo definidas por parâmetros ingestivos, conforme previsto no Rotatínuo, possibilitou obter adequada eficiência de colheita de pasto, sem comprometer o potencial de regeneração dos pastos. / This study hypothesized that the grazing management of Tifton 85 based on animal ingestive behavior parameters (Rotatinuous grazing - RN), results in higher harvesting efficiency than traditional management. Three rotational grazing management strategies were tested on Tifton 85 pastures grazed by dairy heifers in southern Brazil. The treatments were different sward height targets to put and take the animals from the strip. The first treatment was the traditional rotational grazing method named "Classic" (maximum pasture harvest) with pre-grazing height of 30 cm and post-grazing of 5 cm (30-05). The second treatment was named Rotatinuous (RN), aimed to maximize the animal herbage intake rate, where the pre-grazing height was 19.2 cm and post-grazing of 11.5 cm. In the third treatment it was proposed the grazing down of 40% of pre-grazing height traditionally recommended in Brazil (30 cm), resulting in 30 cm and 18 cm of pre and post-grazing height, respectively (30-18). Holstein animals, aged 20 ± 2 months, were used with an average weight of 496 ± 22 kg. The experimental design was a randomized complete block design with three replicates. The experimental period was 67 days, from 14 January to 22 March 2014. The numbers of grazing cycles were 7 on RN, 2 on 30-05 and 5 on 30-18 treatments. Herbage intake rate did not differ among treatments (P>0.05). The animals behaved differently using distinct grazing behavior strategies during the grazing down in order to reach the same level of intake rate. In the treatment 30-05 animals presented higher bite mass, whist RN higher bite rate (P <0.05). The RN had higher daily herbage accumulation rate, amount of forage harvested and pasture harvest efficiency (P <0.05). The grazing management goals defined by ingestive parameters (Rotatínuous) provided adequate pasture harvest efficiency without compromising pasture regrowth potential.

The Generalised Star-Height Problem is an open question in the field of formal language theory that concerns a measure of complexity on the class of regular languages; specifically, it asks whether or not there exists an algorithm to determine the generalised star-height of a given regular language. Rather surprisingly, it is not yet known whether there exists a regular language of generalised star-height greater than one. Motivated by a theorem of Thérien, we first take a combinatorial approach to the problem and consider the languages in which every word features a fixed contiguous subword an exact number of times. We show that these languages are all of generalised star-height zero. Similarly, we consider the languages in which every word features a fixed contiguous subword a prescribed number of times modulo a fixed number and show that these languages are all of generalised star-height at most one. Using these combinatorial results, we initiate work on identifying the generalised star-height of the languages that are recognised by finite semigroups. To do this, we establish the generalised star-height of languages recognised by Rees zero-matrix semigroups over nilpotent groups of classes zero and one before considering Rees zero-matrix semigroups over monogenic semigroups. Finally, we explore the generalised star-height of languages recognised by finite groups of a given order. We do this through the use of finite state automata and 'count arrows' to examine semidirect products of the form A x Zr where A is an abelian group and Zr is the cyclic group of order r.

A adoção de uma rede altimétrica consistente constitui uma importante necessidade dentro da modernização do sistema geodésico nos contextos brasileiro e sul-americano. Atualmente na Rede Altimétrica Fundamental do Brasil (RAFB) aplica-se aos desníveis observados uma correção teórica devida ao não paralelismo das superfícies equipotenciais de forma a reduzir este erro, porém esta condição não assegura um significado físico para as altitudes. Buscando apresentar uma solução unívoca para a realização de sistemas altimétricos adota-se as altitudes físicas, as quais são fundamentadas no conhecimento do potencial da gravidade, baseado em importantes condições definidoras de um sistema vertical moderno. A presente pesquisa tem como objetivo determinar e avaliar a magnitude das correções das altitudes dinâmica, normal e ortométrica de Helmert, esta última aplicando a modelagem convencional da redução gravimétrica de Poincaré-Prey e também utilizando um tratamento refinado na redução obtido a partir da determinação de modelo de densidade de massas topográficas, em uma linha de nivelamento pertencente à RAFB situada na região nordeste do estado do Rio Grande do Sul em um trajeto que possui 1.179,73 m de desnível. Para a realização das correções utilizou-se observações de gravimetria terrestre e outra abordagem baseada em dados de modelos do geopotencial. Os resultados obtidos na correção dos desníveis observados para as altitudes físicas mostram que o sistema de altitude normal é o mais compatível à atual rede altimétrica brasileira, pois as correções para este tipo de altitude possuem a maior aproximação ao termo corretivo aplicado aos desníveis da RAFB, dentre os sistemas avaliados. A utilização de dados de gravimetria oriundos de modelos do geopotencial mostra-se eficiente na determinação das correções sobre a linha nivelada em regiões plana, principalmente para a altitude normal. Porém para sua aplicação em áreas de grande variação topográfica esta metodologia necessita de um maior aprimoramento. / The adoption of a consistent altimetric network constitutes an important need within the modernization of the geodetic system in the contexts brazilian and south american. Currently at the Brazilian Fundamental Altimetric Network (RAFB) are applied to the leveling increments observed a theoretical correction due to non-parallelism of equipotential surfaces in order to reduce this error, however this condition does not guarantee a physical meaning for the heights. Searching for provide a univocal solution for the realization of altimetric systems is adopted the physics heights, which are based on knowledge of the gravity potential, based on important conditions for defining a modern vertical system. This study aims to determine and evaluate the magnitude of the correction of dynamic height, normal height, and Helmert orthometric height, this latter applying the conventional modeling of Poincaré-Prey gravity reduction and also using a refined treatment in reduction obtained from the determination of the topographic mass density model, in a leveling line belonging to the RAFB located in the northeast region of the state of Rio Grande do Sul in a path that has 1.179,73 m of gap. The results obtained in the correction of the leveling increments observed for physics heights shows that the normal height system is the most compatible to the current Brazilian altimetric network, because the corrections for this kind of height have the closest approximation to the correction term applied to the height differences of RAFB, among the systems evaluated. The use of gravity data derived from geopotential models proves efficient in the determination of corrections on the leveling line in flat regions, primarily for normal height. However for its application in areas of great topographic variation this approach requires further refinement.

A avaliação nutricional e o acompanhamento do estado nutricional dos pacientes de uma instituição são fundamentais para o planejamento e avaliação do serviço nutricional oferecido. Dentre os métodos de avaliação, a antropometria é recomendada por ser fácil, rápida e segura para ser empregada. Dentre os dados mais comuns o peso e a altura costumam fundamentar a avaliação do estado nutricional, e fundamentam os cálculos da terapia nutricional e doses farmacológicas. Visto que, tais medidas são difíceis de serem realizadas em pacientes acamados, e que na literatura, as equações sugeridas para estimativa de altura e peso são baseadas em amostras de idosos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi de verificar a adequação destas fórmulas, e desenvolver equações apropriadas, para a população hospitalizada local. A metodologia utilizada para elaboração das equações preditivas foram a antropometria, dobras cutâneas, circunferências, comprimentos; e bioimpedância. Considerando que as formas de estimativa de peso e altura sugeridas na literatura apresentaram diferença significativa das medidas nesta amostra; e visando facilitar a metodologia de estimativa de peso, foram desenvolvidas quatro equações para peso e duas para altura. As novas equações parecem ser apropriadas, sendo a mais simples delas, para estimativa de peso, a equação: Peso (kg) = 0,8956 (circunferência do braço, cm) + 0,3858 (circunferência abdominal, cm) + 1,1180 (circunferência da panturrilha, cm) - 31,759 (r = 0,88 e p> 0,05); e Altura (m) = 83,8750 - 4,3810 (masculino = 2 e feminino = 1) - 0,0872 (idade ,anos) + 1,0840 (meia envergadura, cm), (r = 0,86 e p > 0,05). Sugerimos que estas equações possam ser utilizadas para estimar peso e altura de pacientes acamados. / Anthropometry, including weight and height, is considered as an easy, a fast and a safe procedure for nutritional status evaluation. Body weight (W) and height (H) are both indicators of nutritional status changes and together with others body measurement, is a tool for nutritional therapy and medicine doses prescription. Regarding the impossibility to obtain these measurements from those individuals who cannot stand, formulas to estimate weight and height, based on elderly subjects, have been used for all adults patients. The aim of the current protocol was search, for easily acquired anthropometric measurements and bioimpedance, formulas to estimate weight and height from hospitalized patients. For the construction of predictive equations, anthropometry (skinfold thickness, circumferences, lengths) and bioelectrical impedance analysis were applied. Four equations suggested to estimate body weight, and two for body height the simplest are: W (Kg) = 0,8956 (arm circumference, cm) + 0,3858 (abdominal circumference, cm) + 1,1180 (calf circumference, cm) - 31,759 ( r = 0,88, p > 0,05); and H (m) = 83,8750 - 4,3810 (male = 1 e female = 2) - 0,0872 (age ,year) + 1,0840 (half spread ,cm) (r = 0,86 e p > 0,05). Residuals analysis showed that the error from both formulas was less than 5% (95% range variation). Therefore, when is impossible to get weight or height we suggested the use of those formulas.

Orientador: Maria Beatriz B. de Araujo / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Odontologia de Piracicaba / Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-24T18:22:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Pallu_VeraRegina_M.pdf: 3768838 bytes, checksum: d9a89c72fdbf1b6bdb1a428ad28eabd3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 1998 / Resumo: O objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar as alturas faciais anterior (AFA) e posterior (AFP), a fim de estabelecer valores médios para o Índice de Altura Facial (IAF), numa amostra de 70 telerradiografias em norma lateral de, indivíduos brasileiros, da região de Piracicaba, sendo 35 do sexo masculino e 35 feminino, numa faixa etária de 11 a 17 anos de idade, com oclusão clinicamente excelente e não submetidos a tratamento ortodôntico. As proporções faciais estudadas estavam baseadas nas seguintes dimensões: altura facial anterior (Pp-Me), altura facial posterior (Ar-Go), bem como a razão entre a altura facial posterior e a altura facial anterior, descrita como Índice de Altura Facial. Os resultados mostraram que não houve diferenças estatisticamente significantes para as médias das alturas faciais anterior e posterior, assim como, para o índice de altura facial com relação as médias de sexo, indicando que não existiu dimorfismo sexual. As médias de idade para essas três dimensões também não mostraram diferenças 5, estatisticamente significantes, em ambos os- sexos. As alturas faciais anterior e posterior apresentaram um aumento constante e equilibrado durante o crescimento, que foi maior no sexo masculino do que no feminino, Porém, na idade de 17 anos houve uma tendência a diminuição dos valores para AFA e AFP. Os valores médios obtidos para altura facial anterior foi de 64,11 milímetros e para altura facial posterior foi de 51,14 milímetros. Para o índice de altura facial o valor médio obtido foi de 0.79 milímetros / Abstract: The aim of this study was to evaluate the anterior and posterior facial heights, to determine the average to the Facila Height Index seventy cephalometric radiographs taken fro Piracicaba children and adolescent, 35 female and 35 males, from 11 to 17years old presenting normal occlusion and nor submitted to previous treatment orthodontic. The facial proportions were studied, based on the following dimensions: ENA-Me (AFA); Ar-Go (AFP) and Facial Height Index (IAF) which was obtained dividing AFP per AFA. The results showed that there wasn¿t statistical difference for anterior and posterior facial heights and Facial Height Index to sex and age means, indicating that there were no sexual dimorfism. The mean anterior and posterior facial heights was stable and equilibrate during growth, from 11 to 16 years old and presenting a tendency to decrease in adhult age, grom 17 years old which was greater in the males than females. The mean anterior and posterior facial heights for studied sample was 64.11 mm and 51.14 respectivelly. The mean Facial Height Index was 0.79 / Mestrado / Ortodontia / Mestre em Odontologia

Interspeech posture (ISP) is a term used to define the position of a person’s articulators when they are preparing to speak. Research suggests that ISP may be representative of a speaker’s phonological knowledge in a particular language, as determined empirically with ultrasound measures of the tongue in English-French bilinguals (Wilson & Gick, 2014). It is possible, therefore, that measuring ISP could be a diagnostic tool for determining phonological knowledge in bilingual speakers. However, more information on ISP in typical adult bilingual speakers is needed before diagnostic claims can be made. For example, ISP is believed to be language specific, and the typical ISP for each language must be determined. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to extend the research by Wilson and Gick (2014) to investigate ISP in Spanish-English speaking adults. To this end, 13 bilingual Spanish-English adults were asked to produce 30 sentences while speaking in monolingual and bilingual modes. While they were speaking, ultrasound images of the oral cavity were obtained by placing a probe sub-mentally and analyzing the position of the tongue using Articulate Assistant Advanced 2.0 software (Articulate Instruments, 2012). Tongue and palate contour measurements were made by using a curved tongue spline that was manually drawn and semi-automatically fit to each speaker’s tongue/palate contour. ISP was measured using the participant’s tongue tip height along a reference angle from the probe to the alveolar ridge. Additionally, monolingual English speaking adults were asked to rate the accentedness of each bilingual’s speech in English as a behavioral correlate of language proficiency. Overall results of this study were non-significant; bilingual Spanish-English speakers utilized similar postures in monolingual Spanish and English modes, and in bilingual mode, in contrast with the findings of Wilson and Gick (2014). Accentedness ratings in English v indicated that the bilingual speakers were relatively uniform in their lack of accentedness. Although overall results from this study differ from those of Wilson and Gick (2014) a subset of their participants- speakers that were rated as having non-native accents- had similar results in that they also showed no difference in ISP. Related ISP’s across languages may be due to participants having native sounding English but non-native Spanish. Due to contrasting findings from Wilson and Gick (2014), further investigation with accented speakers is needed to determine if distinct ISPs exist for bilingual Spanish-English speakers.

The mine planning process converts resources into economically mineable reserves, focusing on value addition and risk reduction. Equipment selection is traditionally addressed late in the process and addresses production capacity, equipment matching and equipment allocation. The primary focus being to reduce the operating cost per unit of material handled. Mineral resource management is an integration of the key functions in the mining process. A focus on resource utilisation plays a key role in the management process and leads to the question whether lower operating costs always add value in the long term. It was determined that traditional equipment selection methods are not effective for all mineral deposits and might even be short sighted, destroying value over the long term. The mine planning process was adapted to allow for an early investigation into the potential for increased recovery. The effect of selectivity in the loading action is simulated in a 3D environment over a range of bench heights. The results are analysed with a grade tonnage curve and the saleable product at each bench height is calculated, taking account of the required product qualities. The concept of financial materiality is applied to classify the resource as either a massive or selective deposit. A massive deposit support the traditional drive for bigger equipment and will benefit from lower operating costs. A selective deposit requires less focus on production capacity, equipment matching and allocation and more on resource recovery. In order to take advantage of the potential indicated in the evaluation, it is necessary to modify the traditional equipment selection techniques. A thorough understanding of the capabilities of the loading equipment is required in an attempt to match these abilities with the geometry of the ore deposit. The objective is to identify the equipment that will ensure the highest mining recovery at the lowest cost. This will be achieved when the loading equipment can attain a mining recovery smaller than the bench height it is mining or if the equipment can be applied economically on small bench heights. The most suitable equipment can only be determined at the hand of a total value chain costing analyses. This means that the production cost i.e. the cost to produce the final product must be evaluated and not the operating cost i.e. the cost to move a unit of material, as is often the case. The proposed mine planning approach and equipment selection technique was used on the Thabazimbi iron ore mine deposits. The results indicated that the NPV of the project could be increased dramatically. It was concluded that the ability to load selectively cannot be calculated mathematically. It is a judgment made on a thorough evaluation of the design and operating features of the shovel in conjunction with the ore body geometric parameters and the loading face conditions. The efficiency of the selected shovel can be manipulated through the application of different bench heights, and the optimum combination can only be determined through a total value chain costing analyses. / Dissertation (MEng (Mining Engineering))--University of Pretoria, 2005. / Mining Engineering / unrestricted

Lodging is a key agronomic problem in E. tef. due to morpho-physiological features, such tall and slender phenotype of the plant. Gibberellins metabolic genes are key targets in the control of plant height. Plant growth regulators (PGRs) that inhibit GA biosynthesis are used to shorten stem length thereby increasing lodging resistance. E. tef responded to treatment with PGRs such as GA, chlormequat chloride (CCC) and paclobutrazol (PBZ). Both PGRs reduced E. tef plant height but CCC treatment did not affect grain yield. Stem diameter was not affected by PGR treatment and also not the poor tapering (acropitally increasing diameter). Putatively transformed E. tef plants carrying a bean GA 2-oxidase (PcGA2ox) coding sequence were further produced via embryogenic callus after Agrobacterium-mediated transformation and plants were successfully grown into mature fertile plants. Eight putative transformed plants were finally generated carrying the insert (PcGA20 ox or nptII gene sequence) at the T0 generation. Constitutive expression of the GA 2-oxidase (PcGA2ox) coding sequence in E. tef resulted in phenotypic changes such as reduction in culm height, change in biomass, reduction in amount of GA in putative transformant semi-dwarf plants. The challenges found in the transgene detection in the T1 generation has been highlighted. Pheno-morphic changes occurred with little or no effect on yield. Genes involved in height control (orthologs to the rice sd-1 gene) and signaling (Rht) in E. tef were also identified and characterized. Activity of the protein for the putative rice sd-1 orthologs was further confirmed by heterologous expression. The three putative sequences in E. tef were named EtGA20ox1a, EtGA20ox1b and EtGA20ox2. Expression analysis showed that EtGA20ox2 were much less transcribed compared to the others and EtGA20ox1b could be the functional equivalent to the rice sd-1 (OsGA20ox2) gene in E. tef. Further, E. tef mutants with a semi-dwarf phenotype could be developed through mutagenesis and TILLING. However, regardless of height, grain yield was severely reduced in all mutants except in the semi-dwarf mutant GA-10. This line also had significantly higher diameter in most internodes which might contribute to the stiffness of stem. G-10 is therefore a promising line for further investigations. / Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2012. / Plant Science / unrestricted

This study looks at how professional male athletes—particularly undersized athletes—are represented throughout televised sport. Based on the assumption that televised sport is a gendered and predominantly masculine genre, the focus of this analysis is to demonstrate whether or not professional male athletes are evaluated differently based on physical stature, and whether or not such representations reinforce a dominant—mythic—male ideology. Grounded mainly in Gramscian hegemony and Peircean semiotics, the subsequent analysis compares broadcast commentary and visuals taken from the 2010 men’s Olympic ice hockey tournament and the 2010 men’s FIFA World Cup. In both events, it was generally found that taller athletes were praised more positively than smaller athletes. These findings appear to support common sports-related stereotypes, such as, the apparent media-reinforced expectation that professional male athletes be almost inhuman, mythical representations of ordinary men, i.e., the best athletes should be large, intimidating, aggressive, and hyper-masculine symbols.