This thesis demonstrates how the geometric connection between the integrable Heisenberg spin equation, the nonlinear Schr??dinger equation and fluid flows with constant velocity magnitude along individual streamlines may be exploited. Specifically, we are able to construct explicitly the complete class of constant speed flows where the constant pressure surfaces constitute surfaces of revolution. This class is undoubtedly important as it contains many of the specific cases discussed earlier by other authors.

L'objectif de cette thèse est l'étude d'une classe d'équations aux dérivées partielles sous-elliptiques semi-linéaires avec un potentiel singulier sur le groupe de Heisenberg. Le terme non linéaire de cette équation est contrôlée par les inégalités de Sobolev et la singularité est contrôlé par l'inégalité de Hardy. Ce problème est une généralisation du problème classique de l'espace euclidien. Le premier résultat de cette thèse est une généralisation de l'inégalité classique Hardy avec un potentiel singulier dont la croissance est exactement l'analogue de celle du cas classique. Le second résultat est d'établir l'existence de solution du problème de Dirichlet semi-linéaire avec un potentiel singulier sur le groupe de Heisenberg en utilisant la théorie de points critiques, comme le théorème de Rabinowitz et de Palais-Smale.

Nous etudions des systemes de spin quantiques a temperature finie<br />avec une contrainte d'occupation stricte des sites au moyen d'une procedure<br />introduite par V. N. Popov et S. A. Fedotov. Nous montrons que cette contrainte modifie <br />le comportement d'observables physiques par rapport au cas ou cette<br />contrainte est fixee de facon moyenne par la methode des multiplicateurs de Lagrange. La pertinence de l'etat de Neel est <br />etudiee en presence de la contrainte stricte d'occupation des sites du <br />reseau de spin. <br />La temperature de transition des parametres d'ordre antiferromagnetique<br />de Neel et d'etat de liquide de spins sont doubles par rapport a ceux <br />obtenu par la methode moyenne des multiplicateurs de Lagrange. Nous <br />considerons l'Hamiltonien de basse energie d'ecrit par un Lagrangien de <br />QED3 pour les spinons. Dans ce contexte la masse generee dynamiquement<br />est comparee a celle obtenue par la methode d'occupation moyenne de site.

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This thesis demonstrates how the geometric connection between the integrable Heisenberg spin equation, the nonlinear Schr??dinger equation and fluid flows with constant velocity magnitude along individual streamlines may be exploited. Specifically, we are able to construct explicitly the complete class of constant speed flows where the constant pressure surfaces constitute surfaces of revolution. This class is undoubtedly important as it contains many of the specific cases discussed earlier by other authors.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-26T13:35:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 763296 bytes, checksum: 67a8dbb32f0cc3ff0e3104d5ec7126e0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-03-01 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Heisenberg-like spins lying on the pseudosphere (a 2- dimensional infinite space with constant negative curvature) cannot give rise to stable soliton solutions. Only fractional solutions can be stabilized on this surface provided that at least one hole is incorporated. We also address the issue of in-plane vortices, in the XY regime. Interestingly, the energy of a single vortex no longer blows up as the excitation spreads to infinity. This yields a non-confining potential between a vortex and a antivortex at large distances so that the pair may dissociate at arbitrarily low temperature. / Spins de Heisenberg que se encontram na pseudo-esfera (um espaço infinito 2- dimensional com curvatura constante e negativa) não podem gerar soluções solitônicas estáveis. Apenas soluções fracionárias podem ser estabilizadas nessa superfície desde que um furo seja feito. Dirigimo-nos também à introdução de vórtices no plano no regime XY. Interessantemente, a energia de um único vórtice não diverge quando o sistema tende ao infinito. Isso leva a um potencial não-confinante entre um vórtice e um anti-vórtice a grandes distâncias, de modo que o par possa dissociar-se a uma baixa e arbitraria temperatura.

Nesta tese estudamos as propriedades críticas dos modelos anisotrópicos (isotrópicos) de Heisenberg com spin s arbitrário. O espectro das Hamiltonianas, com condições periódicas de contorno, foi calculado para redes finitas, resolvendo-se as equações do Bethe ansatz associadas. Nossos resultados indicam que a anomalia conforme destes modelos tem o valor c=3s/(1+s), independente da anisotropia, e os expoentes críticos variam continuamente com a anisotropia assim como no modelo de 8-vértices. O conteúdo de operadores destes modelos indica que a teoria de campos que governa a criticalidade destes modelos de spin é descrita por operadores formados pelo produto de um operador Gaussiano por outro com simetria Z(2s). Estudando estes modelos, com certas condições especiais de contorno, mostramos que eles são relacionados com uma nova classe de teorias unitárias recentemente propostas / This thesis is concerned with the critical properties of anisotropic (isotropic) Heisenberg chain,with arbitrary spin-s. The eigenspectrum of these Hamiltoniana, with periodic boundaries, are calculated for finite chains by solving numerically their associated Bethe ansatz equations. The results indicate that the conformal anomaly hás the value c=3s/1+s, independently of the anisotropy, and the exponentes vary continuously with the anisotropy like in the 8-vertex model. The operator content of these models indicate that the underlying field theory governing these critical spin-s models are described by composite fields formed by the product of Gaussian and Z(2s) fields. Studying these models, with some special boundary conditions, we show that they are related with a large class of unitary conformal field theories recntly introduced

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No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - Anne Beatriz Rocha Abreu.pdf: 1366448 bytes, checksum: 47c7b96a4f310e46ae8f497afc56d8cb (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-10-02 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / In this work we study the antiferromagnetic anisotropic Heisenberg spin-1 model with interactions between nearest neighbors (J1 along the rows and J01 along the columns) and between the next nearest neighbors (J2 along the diagonals) on a square lattice. We apply initially the method of linear spin wave theory (LSWT) to study the behavior of the quantum phase transition (T=0) and compare the results with qualitative values obtained for the model J1􀀀J01 􀀀J2, where we explore the two cases of spin-1/2 and spin-1. We analyse the phase diagram in the plane ( J01=J1) versus ( J2=J1). In the case of spin-1/2 the results are not satisfactory in the region of small value of , where disordered region is present for any value of in contradiction with other results available in the literature that present the disordered phase for > 1, whereas for < 1 we have absence of disordered phase with a phase transition of rst order direct between the phases antiferromagnetic (AF) e collinear antiferromagnetic (CAF). The AF state (Néelstate) is characterized by spins oriented antiparallel over all the square lattice. In the CAF state, the spins are oriented parallel in columns and alternated in opposite senses between a horizontal chains. The literature provides only one result in the case of spin-1, which was obtained years ago by Bishop et al. using the cluster coupled method (CCM), in which they demonstrate that no longer exists disordered intermediate phase, not even to = 1, featuring only rst order transitions ( < 1) and second order ( > 1) with presence of a tricritical point. On the other hand, our results for spin waves shows a phase diagram qualitatively similar to those obtained by other methods in the case of spin-1/2. Facing these controversy results found in spin-1, using CCM and LSWT, we will apply the technique of Sachdev operators (bond operators). Our results indicate that we have intermediate desordered phase for any value of > 0. / Neste trabalho estudamos o Modelo de Heisenberg Antiferromagnéico Anisotrópico de spin-1 com interações entre primeiros (J1 ao longo das linhas e J01 ao longo das colunas) e segundos vizinhos (J2 ao longo das diagonais) numa rede quadrada. Aplicamos inicial- mente o método da teoria de ondas de spin linear (LSWT) para estudar o comportamento da transição de fase quântica (T=0) e comparamos os resultados qualitativos com os valores obtidos para o modelo J1 􀀀 J01 􀀀 J2, onde exploramos os dois casos de spin-1/2 e spin-1. Analisamos o diagrama de fase no plano ( J01 =J1) versus ( J2=J1). No caso de spin-1/2 os resultados não são satisfatórios na região de pequeno valor de , onde a região desordenada está presente para qualquer valor de em contradição com outros resultados disponíveis na literatura que apresenta a fase desordenada para > 1, enquanto que para < 1 temos ausência desta fase desordenada com uma transição de fase direta de primeira ordem entre as fases antiferromagnética (AF) e colinear antifer-romagnética (CAF). O estado AF (estado de Néel) é caracterizado por spins orientados antiparalelamente sobre toda a rede quadrada. No caso do estado CAF, os spins estão orientados paralelamente em colunas e alternados em sentidos opostos entre cadeias na horizontal. No caso de spin-1 apenas disponibilizamos de um resultado na literatura, que foi obtido anos atrás por Bishop e colaboradores usando o método do cluster acoplado (CCM), no qual demonstram não existir a fase desordenada intermediária, nem mesmo para = 1, apresentando apenas transições de primeira ordem ( < 1) e segunda ordem ( > 1) com presença de um ponto tricrítico. Por outro lado, nossos resultados de ondas de spin mostram um diagrama de fase qualitativamente similar aos encontrados por outros métodos no caso de spin-1/2. Diante desta controvérsia dos resultados encontrados no spin-1, usando CCM e ondas de spin linear, iremos aplicar a técnica dos operadores de Sachdev (operadores de enlace). Nossos resultados indicam que temos a fase desordenada intermediária para qualquer valor de > 0.

Il n'y a pas de limite fondamentale à une mesure classique : la position d'une aiguille sur un cadran peut être déterminée avec une incertitude arbitrairement faible. Au contraire, dans le monde quantique, la précision de toute mesure est limitée par le bruit quantique. Lorsque l'aiguille de mesure devient un système mésoscopique, tel un moment cinétique J qui évoluerait sur le cadran sphérique d'une sphère de Bloch, les fluctuations quantiques affectant les états cohérents conduisent alors à une incertitude de mesure en 1/√J appelée limite quantique standard. La métrologie quantique consiste à préparer l'aiguille dans un état quantique qui permet de dépasser cette limite et d'atteindre la précision ultime fondamentale, dite limite de Heisenberg, qui évolue en 1/J. Nous proposons et réalisons une approche innovante fondée sur la mesure de la phase relative d'une superposition d'états mésoscopiques du type Chat de Schrödinger. En utilisant un champ radiofréquence polarisé, nous avons en effet pu préparer un atome de Rydberg dans une superposition quantique du moment cinétique décrivant l'électron, dont la sensibilité au champ électrique approche la limite de Heisenberg. Cette méthode a permis la réalisation d'un électromètre à un seul atome mesurant de faibles champs de l'ordre du mV/cm en quelques dizaines de nanosecondes. La grande sensibilité de ces méthodes de mesure de champ résolue en temps et en espace ouvre la voie à de nombreuses applications. / There is no fundamental limit to the precision of a classical measurement. The position of a meter’s needle can be determined with an arbitrarily small uncertainty. In the quantum realm, fundamental fluctuations due to the Heisenberg principle limit the precision of any measurement. When the needle is replaced by a mesoscopic system, for instance a spin J evolving on a spherical dial, the Bloch sphere, the semi-classical spin coherent state quantum fluctuations lead to a measurement uncertainty scaling as 1/√J, the standard quantum limit (SQL). This is far from the ultimate Heisenberg limit (HL), which scales as 1/J. We present here an innovative approach, using interferometric measurements on mesoscopic Schrödinger-cat-like superpositions of Rydberg states to realize a single-atom electrometer measuring weak fields of the order of 1 mV/cm in a few tens of nanoseconds. The sensitivity of this method is beyond the SQL and we check that its uncertainty scales as the HL. The extreme sensitivity of this non-invasive space- and time-resolved field measurement could have many practical applications.

This work is concerned with two different problems in harmonic analysis, one on the Heisenberg group and other on Rn, as described in the following two paragraphs respectively. Let Hn be the (2n + 1)-dimensional Heisenberg group, and let K be a compact subgroup of U(n), such that (K, Hn) is a Gelfand pair. Also assume that the K-action on Cn is polar. We prove a Hecke-Bochner identity associated to the Gelfand pair (K, Hn). For the special case K = U(n), this was proved by Geller, giving a formula for the Weyl transform of a function f of the type f = Pg, where g is a radial function, and P a bigraded solid U(n)-harmonic polynomial. Using our general Hecke-Bochner identity we also characterize (under some conditions) joint eigenfunctions of all differential operators on Hn that are invariant under the action of K and the left action of Hn . We consider convolution equations of the type f * T = g, where f, g ε Lp(Rn) and T is a compactly supported distribution. Under natural assumptions on the zero set of the Fourier transform of T , we show that f is compactly supported, provided g is.